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东昆仑山新生代初始广泛隆升始于约20 Ma——低温热年代学的证据

周伟 王亚东 袁四化

周伟, 王亚东, 袁四化. 东昆仑山新生代初始广泛隆升始于约20 Ma——低温热年代学的证据[J]. 沉积学报, 2026, 44(4): 1311-1332. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.012
引用本文: 周伟, 王亚东, 袁四化. 东昆仑山新生代初始广泛隆升始于约20 Ma——低温热年代学的证据[J]. 沉积学报, 2026, 44(4): 1311-1332. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.012
ZHOU Wei, WANG YaDong, YUAN SiHua. Cenozoic Initial Widespread Uplift of the Eastern Kunlun Mountains Onset at Approximately 20 Ma: Evidence from low-temperature thermochronology[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(4): 1311-1332. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.012
Citation: ZHOU Wei, WANG YaDong, YUAN SiHua. Cenozoic Initial Widespread Uplift of the Eastern Kunlun Mountains Onset at Approximately 20 Ma: Evidence from low-temperature thermochronology[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(4): 1311-1332. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.012

东昆仑山新生代初始广泛隆升始于约20 Ma——低温热年代学的证据

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.012
基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金项目 41971013

国家自然科学基金项目 41601007

第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目 2019QZKK0707

详细信息

Cenozoic Initial Widespread Uplift of the Eastern Kunlun Mountains Onset at Approximately 20 Ma: Evidence from low-temperature thermochronology

More Information
  • 摘要: 目的 东昆仑山作为青藏高原北部显著的地貌分界带,其山脉初始隆升的时间问题,仍存在较大争议。 方法 整合东昆仑地区37项低温热年代学研究成果,包括203个磷灰石裂变径迹数据和142个磷灰石(U-Th)/He数据,通过可视化低温热年代学年龄分布、建立平均径迹长度与年龄关系以及汇编热历史模拟结果,综合分析东昆仑新生代隆升历史。 结果 晚白垩世以来,东昆仑山地表岩石普遍呈相对稳定或缓慢冷却的状态,滞留在磷灰石裂变径迹部分退火带和磷灰石(U-Th)/He部分保留带,未形成广泛的正地形。直到约20 Ma,东昆仑山发生初始广泛隆升,伴随着岩石相对地表约2 km的位移。 结论 这一认识为理解古柴达木盆地解体时间、青藏高原北部早中新世古海拔历史、隆升过程和动力学机制提供了新的证据。
  • 图  2  东昆仑区域地质图(据庞健峰等,2017修改)

    Figure  2.  Geological map of the Eastern Kunlun (modified from Pang et al., 2017)

    图  3  低温热年代学数据分布图

    Figure  3.  Distribution map of Low⁃temperature thermochronological data

    图  4  磷灰石(U⁃Th)/He年龄概率密度图

    Figure  4.  Probability density plot of apatite (U⁃Th)/He age

    图  5  磷灰石裂变径迹年龄概率密度图

    Figure  5.  Probability density plot of apatite fission track age

    图  6  平均径迹长度与年龄关系

    Figure  6.  Relationship between mean track length and age

    图  7  热历史模拟结果汇编图

    Figure  7.  Compilation of thermal history modeling results

    图  8  柴达木盆地和可可西里盆地始新世—渐新世古流向和沉积格局(据肖爱芳等,2005Meng and Fang,2008Yi et al.,2008Yin et al.,2008bCheng et al.,2019aXia et al.,2021Li et al. 2023a,2023b修改)

    Figure  8.  Paleocurrent and sedimentary configuration of the Qaidam Basin and Hoh Xil Basin during Eocene⁃Oligocene (modified from Xiao et al., 2005; Meng and Fang, 2008; Yi et al., 2008; Yin et al., 2008b; Cheng et al., 2019a; Xia et al., 2021; Li et al., 2023a, 2023b)

    图  9  东昆仑山新生代隆升模式图

    Figure  9.  Cenozoic uplift pattern of the Eastern Kunlun Mountains

    图  10  柴达木盆地新生代地层平均沉积速率垂向分布图(据Lu and Xiong,2009Chang et al.,2015Ji et al.,2017修改)

    Figure  10.  Vertical distribution of average sedimentation rates in Cenozoic strata of the Qaidam Basin(modified from Lu and Xiong, 2009; Chang et al., 2015; Ji et al., 2017)

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  • 收稿日期:  2025-01-17
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目录

    东昆仑山新生代初始广泛隆升始于约20 Ma——低温热年代学的证据

    doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.012
      基金项目:

      国家自然科学基金项目 41971013

      国家自然科学基金项目 41601007

      第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目 2019QZKK0707

      作者简介:

      周伟,男,2000年出生,硕士研究生,构造地质学,E-mail: zhouwei221@mails.ucas.ac.cn

      通讯作者: 王亚东,女,副教授,E-mail: wangyd2015@lzb.ac.cn
    • 中图分类号: P542;P534.6

    摘要: 目的 东昆仑山作为青藏高原北部显著的地貌分界带,其山脉初始隆升的时间问题,仍存在较大争议。 方法 整合东昆仑地区37项低温热年代学研究成果,包括203个磷灰石裂变径迹数据和142个磷灰石(U-Th)/He数据,通过可视化低温热年代学年龄分布、建立平均径迹长度与年龄关系以及汇编热历史模拟结果,综合分析东昆仑新生代隆升历史。 结果 晚白垩世以来,东昆仑山地表岩石普遍呈相对稳定或缓慢冷却的状态,滞留在磷灰石裂变径迹部分退火带和磷灰石(U-Th)/He部分保留带,未形成广泛的正地形。直到约20 Ma,东昆仑山发生初始广泛隆升,伴随着岩石相对地表约2 km的位移。 结论 这一认识为理解古柴达木盆地解体时间、青藏高原北部早中新世古海拔历史、隆升过程和动力学机制提供了新的证据。

    English Abstract

    周伟, 王亚东, 袁四化. 东昆仑山新生代初始广泛隆升始于约20 Ma——低温热年代学的证据[J]. 沉积学报, 2026, 44(4): 1311-1332. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.012
    引用本文: 周伟, 王亚东, 袁四化. 东昆仑山新生代初始广泛隆升始于约20 Ma——低温热年代学的证据[J]. 沉积学报, 2026, 44(4): 1311-1332. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.012
    ZHOU Wei, WANG YaDong, YUAN SiHua. Cenozoic Initial Widespread Uplift of the Eastern Kunlun Mountains Onset at Approximately 20 Ma: Evidence from low-temperature thermochronology[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(4): 1311-1332. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.012
    Citation: ZHOU Wei, WANG YaDong, YUAN SiHua. Cenozoic Initial Widespread Uplift of the Eastern Kunlun Mountains Onset at Approximately 20 Ma: Evidence from low-temperature thermochronology[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(4): 1311-1332. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2025.012
      • 东昆仑山位于青藏高原北部,北临柴达木盆地,南临可可西里盆地,东西两端分别被温泉走滑断裂和阿尔金走滑断裂所截切,呈近北西—南东走向,全长约1 500 km,平均海拔5 500~6 000 m,构成了青藏高原内部显著的地貌分界带。中生代早期,随着古特提斯洋的闭合,柴达木地块与羌塘或巴颜喀拉地体发生碰撞作用,形成了古昆仑增生型造山带(Yin and Harrison,2000Song et al.,2014Dong et al.,2018)。新生代时期,印度—欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应触发了区域构造活化,并被解释为先存弱点(即古构造薄弱带)的重新激活(Yin,2010Zuza et al.,2017Wu et al.,2019a),从而引发构造隆升,最终塑造了现今的高海拔地貌。

        东昆仑山广泛发育早古生代和二叠纪—三叠纪的花岗岩类侵入体(Cheng et al.,2017Dong et al.,2018),整体呈反S形弧形造山带。山脉西端和东端分别发育新生代山间盆地(库木库里盆地)和复杂的逆冲断裂系(鄂拉山断裂系)(图2b)。造山带内部受昆北逆冲断裂、昆中逆冲断裂和东昆仑走滑断裂的控制。值得注意的是,在格尔木和都兰地区,还分别发育斜截山体基岩的未命名断裂(F1)和察汗乌苏断裂(CWF),这些断裂的位置与山脉弯曲形态基本一致。结合这些断裂的分布及已有的热年代学研究对东昆仑山初始隆升时间约束的时空差异,东昆仑山被划分为三个段落:东昆仑山西段、东昆仑山中段和东昆仑山东段(图2c),以进一步探讨其构造演化特征。

        图  2  东昆仑区域地质图(据庞健峰等,2017修改)

        Figure 2.  Geological map of the Eastern Kunlun (modified from Pang et al., 2017)

        东昆仑山西段以祁漫塔格山为主体,呈北西—南东走向,并以阿达滩断裂为界分为北峰和南峰,分别发育晚古生代和中生代花岗岩类侵入体(Li et al.,2013)。地球化学研究发现祁漫塔格北峰形成于早古生代活动大陆边缘,而祁漫塔格南峰形成于早古生代洋内岛弧环境(Yu et al.,2017)。祁漫塔格地区的基底由新太古代—中元古代金水口群和新元古代冰沟群组成(庞健峰等,2017),覆盖前中生代及新生代沉积盖层。东昆仑山中段位于格尔木与都兰之间,呈东西走向,出露晚古生代—早中生代花岗岩类侵入体。基底主要包括新太古代—中元古代金水口群、古元古代—中元古代万宝沟群和苦海岩群(庞健峰等,2017)。二叠纪—三叠纪沉积物主要分布在山脉南部,而新生代沉积物主要覆盖于山区,共同构成区域的沉积盖层。东昆仑山东段位于都兰和乌兰之间,以鄂拉山为主体,发育一系列北西—南东向的复杂逆冲断裂系统。该地区受温泉右行走滑断裂和东昆仑左行走滑断裂共同控制,广泛出露晚古生代—早中生代的花岗岩类侵入体(庞健峰等,2017)。基底岩系主要为新太古代—中元古代金水口群。三叠纪和新生代沉积物主要分布在山区,构成区域性的沉积盖层。

      • 库木库里盆地位于东昆仑山西段以南,是一个巨型新生代山间盆地。盆地主要沉积始新世—上新世地层,并受后期构造变形作用形成了北西—南东背斜。根据古生物化石和区域地层关系(张云翔等,1996Meng and Fang,2008),盆地新生代地层自下而上可划分为:花条山组(E2-3)、红石梁组(N11)、风尘口组(N12)、碱土梁组(N2)四个单元。花条山组沉积期间,近源沉积相仅分布于盆地南部,而北部主要为细粒岩相,并显示一致向北的古流向,可与柴达木盆地西南部的路乐河组和下干柴沟组的细粒沉积物对比(肖爱芳等,2005Meng and Fang,2008)。因此,库木库里盆地在始新世—渐新世期间被认为是古柴达木盆地南部的一部分(Meng and Fang,2008)。中新世时期,库木库里盆地演变为孤立的内流型山间盆地,开始发育沉积中心,其周缘被近源的冲积—河流相粗粒沉积所环绕(Meng and Fang,2008)。

      • 地表侵蚀和构造作用会使岩石从地壳深处剥露至地表。由于地温梯度的存在,这种相对地表发生位移的过程会伴随着矿物的冷却。低温热年代学,如磷灰石(U⁃Th)/He(封闭温度(Stockli et al.,2000):80 ℃~40 ℃)和磷灰石裂变径迹(封闭温度(Reiners and Brandon,2006):120 ℃~60 ℃),可以敏感地记录岩石经过封闭深度(即与封闭温度相对应的地壳深度)的时间(Reiners and Brandon,2006)。结合封闭温度和地温梯度,磷灰石(U-Th)/He和磷灰石裂变径迹技术可以用于揭示地壳浅部1~5 km的岩石冷却历史,被广泛用于约束与深部构造、地球动力学、地貌演化和自然资源形成过程相关的岩石和矿物的热演化(Boone et al.,2023)。

        近年来,通过构建直观的低温热年代学信息框架用于区域性研究的做法被越来越多的学者支持和采用。这种方法被用于量化山脉和大陆隆升—剥露的时间和规模(Gleadow et al.,2002Kohn et al.,2002Vernon et al.,2008Lanari et al.,2023Wang et al.,2023),同时用于探究气候、构造和山脉剥露之间的相互联系(Herman et al.,2013Glorie and de Grave,2016Schildgen et al.,2018Jepson et al.,2021)。东昆仑山已被广泛采样用于低温热年代学研究。本研究整合了34篇学术论文和3篇学位论文的低温热年代学数据,共包含142个磷灰石(U-Th)/He和203个磷灰石裂变径迹样本(附件S1,图3)。在数据集的整理阶段,为确保数据的准确性和可靠性,本研究严格遵循低温热年代学对样品选择的标准(Gleadow and Lovering,1974Arne et al.,1989Kohn et al.,2019),并结合前人的研究范例(Gleadow et al.,2002Kohn et al.,2002Vernon et al.,2008Lanari et al.,2023Wang et al.,2023),制定了一系列严格的数据筛选策略。这些策略包括:(1)仅关注地表基岩样品,明确排除碎屑岩样品,以减少其复杂热历史带来的不确定性;(2)保留高级变质岩样品(如片麻岩),排除低级变质岩样品(如千枚岩),因为不完全的退火会引入复杂的热历史。此外,这些低级变质岩样品不适合裂变径迹测试,通常也不适用于严谨分析;(3)排除了碳酸盐岩、糜棱岩、石英岩脉、断层泥以及高度蚀变或矿化的岩石样本,因为这些岩石可能具有特殊的物理化学性质会干扰热年代学分析;(4)排除多重测年技术结果矛盾的样品,例如锆石(U⁃Th)/He年龄显著小于磷灰石(U⁃Th)/He年龄(Dai et al.,2013);(5)排除不同研究中重复发表的数据,以确保数据的唯一性,防止计算冗余。这些策略旨在最大程度地降低由实验误差、样品特性以及复杂热历史带来的干扰,从而提高数据集的准确性和可靠性。

        图  3  低温热年代学数据分布图

        Figure 3.  Distribution map of Low⁃temperature thermochronological data

        早期发表的论文通常未能规范地提供完整的样品信息,例如地理坐标或海拔(Jolivet et al.,20012003Wang et al.,2004Wang et al.,2006Yuan et al.,2013),限制了数据透明性和后续研究的可重复性。因此,尽可能联系这些论文的作者,或通过审阅原文中的插图和文字描述补充缺失的样品信息。作为补充措施,本研究根据美国国家航空航天局提供的SRTM 30 m数字高程模型(https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/),使用QGIS对文献中的相关图件进行地理配准,从而确定样品的经纬度和/或海拔,并在附件S1中做了详细的注释。

      • 为揭示东昆仑山的新生代隆升历史,本研究采用三种方法对低温热年代学数据集进行组织和综合分析。具体包括:可视化磷灰石(U-Th)/He和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄的概率密度分布(图45),建立平均径迹长度与年龄关系(图6),以及汇编热历史模拟结果(图7)。

        图  4  磷灰石(U⁃Th)/He年龄概率密度图

        Figure 4.  Probability density plot of apatite (U⁃Th)/He age

        图  5  磷灰石裂变径迹年龄概率密度图

        Figure 5.  Probability density plot of apatite fission track age

        图  6  平均径迹长度与年龄关系

        Figure 6.  Relationship between mean track length and age

        图  7  热历史模拟结果汇编图

        Figure 7.  Compilation of thermal history modeling results

      • 低温热年代学年龄分布模式是地表过程和构造活动相互作用导致近地表环境冷却的结果(Gallagher et al.,1998Hill and Kohn,1999Gleadow and Brown,2000),能够用于初步了解区域地表岩石的冷却特征和方式。根据地理位置和海拔(以500 m为间隔),将数据划分至东昆仑山不同段落,并采用DensityPlotter(Vermeesch,2012),对磷灰石(U-Th)/He和磷灰石裂变径迹数据的年龄分布进行可视化,分析不同区域和不同海拔之间的数据差异(图45)。这种方法不仅揭示了低温热年代年龄的空间平面分布特征,还能联合不同海拔岩石的热年代学信息,构建东昆仑山现今地表岩石柱体(约2 km)的低温热年代学信息序列,从而有助于整体评估岩石隆升与冷却事件之间的关系和判断简单或复杂的温度—时间路径。

        Vermeesch(2012)建议分析师使用核密度算法代替概率密度算法拟合年龄分布特征,因为当数据量(分析数量)或数据质量(精度)较高时,概率密度算法可能会产生一些违反直觉的结果。然而,核密度算法同样存在局限性。它无法对小型数据集实现收敛拟合,并且会生成过于平滑、信息量很少的核密度曲线。在实际操作中,当数据集被切片后,每个子集的样本量通常较小(2<N<39),并且238U原子的裂变属于泊松过程,这会导致基于单颗粒年龄计算的样品年龄存在较大的不确定性(Galbraith,19881990Galbraith et al.,1999)。因此,本研究采用概率密度算法对年龄分布进行拟合,以避免核密度算法在小数据集上的局限性。

      • 尽管低温热年代学年龄分布为了解岩石冷却特征提供了初步线索,但无法反映冷却速率随时间的变化。理论上,裂变径迹初始形成时的长度可达20 μm(Paul and Fitzgerald,1992)。在自然条件下,由于矿物经历不同的温度—时间路径,受到不同程度的退火影响,从而影响最终保留的平均径迹长度。通常,快速冷却的岩石能够保留较长的平均径迹长度(大于13 μm),而缓慢冷却或具有复杂热历史的岩石则表现为较短的平均径迹长度(小于13 μm)。因此,本研究建立了平均径迹长度与年龄的关系(图6),揭示冷却速率随时间的变化趋势,识别潜在的部分退火或重置。这一方法还用于评估热年代学年龄是否能够真实反映岩石通过封闭温度等温面所对应的时间,从而为区域热历史的定性分析提供依据(Gleadow et al.,2002)。

      • 虽然基岩的低温热年代学年龄分布特征和平均径迹长度与年龄关系能够分别用于揭示地表岩石的冷却特征和方式,以及冷却速率随时间的变化趋势。但是,其无法提供详细的热演化路径,尤其是对于经历过复杂构造—热作用的岩体。通过结合热年代学年龄、裂变径迹长度和Dpar值,并运用退火模型,进行热历史模拟,能够重建样品可能经历过的最合理的温度—时间路径(Ketcham,2005Ketcham et al.,2007Gallagher,2012Guenthner et al.,2013Vermeesch and Tian,2014)。本研究汇总了已发表的81条温度—时间曲线(均由HeFTy软件生成)(图7),并根据样品地理位置划分至东昆仑山的不同区域,以利于直观地理解和对比区域时空演化模式。此外,热历史模拟结果还可以进一步验证和补充上述两种方法得出的热历史结论。

        需要注意的是,热历史模拟仅适用于解释磷灰石裂变径迹样品在120 ℃~60 ℃范围内的温度—时间演化路径,以区分自然事件与模拟过程中可能产生的伪影(Jolivet et al.,2001Ketcham et al.,2009)。在高于120 ℃或低于60 ℃的温度条件下,磷灰石裂变径迹系统分别处于开放系统和完全封闭系统,此时无法记录热信息。因此,当温度超过120 ℃或低于60 ℃时,如果温度—时间曲线的斜率显著偏离预期的单调冷却趋势,则被视为异常,这种现象源于模拟过程引入的伪影。这类温度—时间曲线应予以排除,因为它们并未真实反映实际的热事件。

      • 通过对磷灰石(U-Th)/He和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄峰值的梳理,得到以下结果:磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄分布显示三个主要组分,分别为85~55 Ma、40~30 Ma和22~17 Ma(图4)。磷灰石裂变径迹分布表现出四个主要组分,分别为165~150 Ma、105~80 Ma、60~40 Ma和23~15 Ma(图5)。此外,尽管概率密度年龄谱中还出现了小于10 Ma的年龄峰,但由于涉及样品数量太少(1~2个),不具有统计意义,因此未将该年龄峰纳入本文分析。

        总体来说,除较老的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄组分(165~150 Ma)出现在东昆仑山西段外,其他组分均表现为磷灰石(U-Th)/He与磷灰石裂变径迹年龄组分接续或包含。尤其是最年轻的磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄组分(22~17 Ma)与磷灰石裂变径迹年龄组分(23~15 Ma)明显重叠(图45)。这些年龄组分并不随海拔发生变化,且在不同高程区段中普遍共存。这一现象与典型的年龄—海拔关系相矛盾,因为通常情况下,不同热年代学系统的年龄会随海拔的增加而增加。

      • 平均径迹长度与年龄关系(图6)显示:前中新世样品的平均径迹长度以小于13 μm为特征,而中新世以来的样品普遍具有大于13 μm的平均径迹长度。此外,少数年龄较老的样品(前中新世)仍显示出较长的平均径迹长度(大于13 μm)。这一现象可能归因于这些样品具有较强的抗退火能力,因此尽管它们年龄很大,但仍能保留较长的裂变径迹长度。

      • 东昆仑山不同区域的岩石热历史模拟结果呈现出一个共同特征(图7):晚白垩世期间,东昆仑山地表岩石普遍经历了广泛的快速冷却,进入磷灰石裂变径迹的部分退火带。此后,这些岩石在部分退火带内保持相对稳定或缓慢冷却,直至约20 Ma,区域内再次经历了一次大范围的快速冷却事件,将其剥露至地表。

      • 热历史模拟结果显示,东昆仑山现今地表岩石普遍在晚白垩世进入磷灰石裂变径迹的部分退火带,并以相对稳定或缓慢冷却的状态长期滞留在磷灰石裂变径迹的部分退火带和磷灰石(U-Th)/He的部分保留带(否则不能同时记录两种低温热年代学年龄),直到约20 Ma才快速冷却至地表(图7)。该结果和平均径迹长度与年龄关系(图6),以及磷灰石(U-Th)/He和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分布特征(图45)相匹配。然而,已有的研究认为,东昆仑山在始新世—早渐新世期间发生的快速剥露与山脉初始隆升密切相关(王国灿等,2007Clark et al.,2010Wang et al.,20162017aLiu et al.,2017Jiang et al.,2024)。这一观点可能并不恰当。首先,东昆仑山现今地表岩石普遍在20 Ma之前并未离开磷灰石裂变径迹的部分退火带(图7)。由于冷却年龄和封闭温度概念仅适用于岩石从高温到低温单调冷却的情况(Dodson,1973Villa,1998)(图7d)。因此,经历缓慢冷却或复杂热作用影响的岩石的热年代学年龄并不具有实际地质意义,只能被视为表观年龄。这些年龄无法准确地反映新生代早期山脉快速剥露事件。其次,格尔木(Clark et al.,2010Wang,2017a)、诺木洪(Clark et al.,2010Wang et al.,2016)和香日德(王国灿等,2007Clark et al.,2010Wang et al.,20162017a)地区已发表的磷灰石(U-Th)/He和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄—高程/深度剖面,均为没有明显拐点的低斜率直线,表明岩石的热状态基本没有发生显著改变。此外,新生代早期的平均径迹长度普遍以小于13 μm为特征(图6),表明岩石在该时期经历了缓慢冷却或复杂的热历史(Vernon et al.,2008Wang et al.,2023),未发生显著的广泛隆升或冷却剥露事件。不仅如此,相邻盆地的沉积记录对东昆仑新生代早期初始广泛隆升的认识构成了挑战。

        沉积相分析表明,库木库里盆地北部的花条山组主要由细粒湖相沉积组成,可与柴达木盆地西南部的路乐河组和下干柴沟组对比(Meng and Fang,2008)。古生物学研究表明,可可西里盆地的雅西错组与柴达木盆地下干柴沟组具有高度相似的孢粉组合(Miao et al.,2016)。古流向研究显示,柴达木盆地西南缘(Xia et al.,2021)、库木库里盆地(肖爱芳等,2005Meng and Fang,2008)及东昆仑山中段南缘和北缘(Li et al.,2023a2023b)的始新世—渐新世地层中,记录了一致向北的古流向(图8)。此外,柴达木盆地古近纪时期是一个逐步发展的简单向斜洼地(Meng and Fang,2008),路乐河组和下干柴沟组沉积期间柴达木盆地的次级沉积中心分布在东昆仑山北缘山前(Yin et al.,2008bCheng et al.,2019a)(图8),因此该时期次级沉积中心的边缘应向南跨越现今东昆仑山的地理位置。并且,可可西里盆地北缘的古流向研究表明,在始新世时期,古水流向北流动,具有单向扩散模式(图8),表明东昆仑山地区没有明显广泛的正地形(Yi et al.,2008)。此外,晚白垩世—古近纪期间,东昆仑山现今地表岩石普遍以相对稳定或缓慢冷却的状态长期滞留在磷灰石(U-Th)/He的部分保留带和磷灰石裂变径迹的部分退火带(图79)。这些证据表明当时东昆仑山并未形成广泛的地形屏障,其相邻盆地之间的河流系统可能局部是相互连通的(图9b)。并且印度—亚洲碰撞初期的应力通过阿尔金断裂的走滑运动得以释放(Yue et al.,2004),最大程度减少了青藏高原北部内部所需的地壳增厚量(Zhuang et al.,2018),从而能够合理地解释东昆仑山在古近纪的大规模埋藏。因此,新生代早期的热事件与山脉的初始广泛隆升无关。

        图  8  柴达木盆地和可可西里盆地始新世—渐新世古流向和沉积格局(据肖爱芳等,2005Meng and Fang,2008Yi et al.,2008Yin et al.,2008bCheng et al.,2019aXia et al.,2021Li et al. 2023a,2023b修改)

        Figure 8.  Paleocurrent and sedimentary configuration of the Qaidam Basin and Hoh Xil Basin during Eocene⁃Oligocene (modified from Xiao et al., 2005; Meng and Fang, 2008; Yi et al., 2008; Yin et al., 2008b; Cheng et al., 2019a; Xia et al., 2021; Li et al., 2023a, 2023b)

        图  9  东昆仑山新生代隆升模式图

        Figure 9.  Cenozoic uplift pattern of the Eastern Kunlun Mountains

        白垩纪以来的冷却事件(图7)以及响应印度—欧亚板块碰撞(Yin,2010Zuza et al.,2017Wu et al.,2019a),导致东昆仑山古近纪期间可能存在零星的高地,为周缘盆地提供物源(Li et al.,2015Cheng et al.,2016Xia et al.,2021Jian et al.,2024)(图9b),并与南部唐古拉山(Wang et al.,2008Dai et al.,2012Li et al.,2012)、北部祁连山(Jian et al.,2013Lu et al.,2019Song et al.,2019Li et al.,2023a)以及阿尔金山(Li et al.,2015Jian et al.,2024)共同构成泛盆地的物源体系(图9b)。由于东昆仑山局部地区缺乏足够的热年代学数据,无法对数据覆盖不足的地区(如阿尔喀山地区)作出准确的评估。因此,本研究不能完全排除东昆仑山脉在古近纪期间存在零星高地的可能性,但对低温热年代学数据集进行多方法联合分析表明,东昆仑山的初始广泛隆升发生在约20 Ma。热历史模拟显示,东昆仑山现今地表岩石普遍在约20 Ma发生快速冷却,从磷灰石裂变径迹的部分退火带快速冷却至地表(图7),并保留了较长的平均径迹长度(大于13 μm)(图6)。由于岩石在这过程中经历了单调冷却路径,其热年代学年龄可以用于反映岩石通过封闭温度等温面对应的时间(Gleadow et al.,1986)。进一步分析显示,最年轻的早中新世磷灰石(U-Th)/He(22~17 Ma)和磷灰石裂变径迹(23~15 Ma)年龄组分重叠,且不随海拔发生变化(图45)。这一现象表明,东昆仑山岩石柱体(约2 km)在早中新世迅速且连续地穿过磷灰石裂变径迹的部分退火带和磷灰石(U-Th)/He的部分保留带,岩石相对地表发生的位移量应不少于记录了该年龄组分的岩石柱体长度,即约2 km(图9a)。不仅如此,早中新世山脉的初始广泛隆升也被来自相邻盆地的证据所支持。

        柴达木盆地中南缘和东南缘的地震剖面显示,始新世—渐新世地层厚度基本一致,而中新世—上新世生长地层向南楔状减薄(Mao et al.,2014),或以超覆形式出现(杜忠明等,2016),表明东昆仑山的隆升开始于中新世(Mao et al.,2014)。柴达木盆地西南缘还发现一处与东昆仑山初始广泛隆升同期的不整合面(Wang et al.,2015)。沉积相研究显示,柴达木盆地南部边缘下油砂山组的粗粒沉积相较于上干柴沟组更加普遍,并且存在砾岩层(Meng and Fang,2008)。柴达木盆地西南缘中新世地层的ZTR指数相比古近纪地层显著降低,重矿物组合也发生了明显变化(Li et al.,2015Zhu et al.,2017)。柴达木盆地东部及共和盆地的磁性地层学研究发现,盆地底部的沉积始于22~21 Ma(Lu et al.,2012)。本研究还从柴达木盆地收集了3个具有代表性的地层厚度—磁性地层学年龄图,将其进一步转化为沉积年龄—平均沉积速率曲线(图10),结果显示柴达木盆地上干柴沟组沉积期间的平均沉积速率为90~110 m/Myr,而下油砂山组沉积期间的平均沉积速率倍增至140~200 m/Myr。类似地,与上干柴沟组沉积时期相比,下油砂山组沉积期间,柴达木盆地的沉积通量和平均缩短率也呈倍增趋势(Bao et al.,2017)。此外,可可西里盆地和柴达木盆地的碎屑锆石年代学研究表明,古近纪地层均含有来自松潘—甘孜地体的1 800 Ma和2 500 Ma独特年龄峰,而柴达木盆地新近纪地层缺少该年龄组分的碎屑锆石(McRivette et al.,2019Wu et al.,2019b)。可可西里盆地北缘的地层等厚线表明,五道梁组湖相碳酸盐岩地层向东昆仑山方向增厚,体现出山脉隆升的负载效应引起了盆地的构造沉降(Liu and Wang,2001Zhu et al.,2006)。不仅如此,库木库里盆地的沉积相和古水流证据表明,红石梁组沉积期间盆地开始演化为一个孤立的山间盆地,开始发育独立的沉积中心,并被近端冲积河流粗粒岩相所环绕,且在风尘口组和碱土梁组沉积期间开始出现自北向南的古流向(张云翔等,1996肖爱芳等,2005Meng and Fang,2008)。以上证据表明,东昆仑山的广泛隆升始于早中新世,并显著影响了相邻盆地的沉积演化,同时调整了区域的源—汇关系。

        图  10  柴达木盆地新生代地层平均沉积速率垂向分布图(据Lu and Xiong,2009Chang et al.,2015Ji et al.,2017修改)

        Figure 10.  Vertical distribution of average sedimentation rates in Cenozoic strata of the Qaidam Basin(modified from Lu and Xiong, 2009; Chang et al., 2015; Ji et al., 2017)

      • (1) 东昆仑山现今地表岩石普遍在晚白垩世进入磷灰石(U-Th)/He部分保留带和磷灰石裂变径迹部分退火带,并以相对稳定或缓慢冷却的状态滞留。新生代早期热事件与山脉的广泛隆升无关,并未形成广泛的正地形。

        (2) 东昆仑山初始广泛隆升发生在约20 Ma,岩石相对地表发生的位移量应不少于记录了早中新世磷灰石(U-Th)/He(22~17 Ma)和磷灰石裂变径迹(23~15 Ma)年龄组分的岩石柱体长度估计约为2 km。

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