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Jun.  2026
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YANG LiYu, DU XueBin, JIANG DongHui, XIAO JiaFu, CHEN KeYi, LI XinYi. Quantitative Characterization of Ichnofabric and Its Significance for Indicating Sedimentary Environment: An example from the Pinghu Formation⁃Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei area, Xihu Sag[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(3): 869-882. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.106
Citation: YANG LiYu, DU XueBin, JIANG DongHui, XIAO JiaFu, CHEN KeYi, LI XinYi. Quantitative Characterization of Ichnofabric and Its Significance for Indicating Sedimentary Environment: An example from the Pinghu Formation⁃Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei area, Xihu Sag[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(3): 869-882. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.106

Quantitative Characterization of Ichnofabric and Its Significance for Indicating Sedimentary Environment: An example from the Pinghu Formation⁃Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei area, Xihu Sag

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.106
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  • Corresponding author: DU XueBin, E-mail: basindu@163.com
  • Received Date: 2024-07-09
  • Accepted Date: 2024-11-04
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-09-29
  • Available Online: 2024-11-04
  • Publish Date: 2026-06-10
  • Objective Abundant ichnofossils present in the Eocene Pinghu Formation and Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei area, Xihu Sag. It is of practical significance for the division of sedimentary systems in the Xihu Sag to study the characteristics and distribution of its ichnofabrics and their indication of sedimentary environment. Methods Using core observations, the study identified ichnofossils and ichnofabrics in the Pingbei area. The IDIPA technique was employed to objectively quantify ichnofossil abundance and accurately determine both the bioturbation index and the ichnofabric index. By integrating these findings with ichnological indices, this study summarizes the characteristics of the planar distribution and vertical evolution of ichnofabric in the study area. Results (1) The study identified six ichnogenera of ichnofossils and divided them into four types of ichnofabrics: Planolites ichnofabric, Thalassinoides ichnofabric, Teichichnus ichnofabric and Beaconites ichnofabric. (2) The study area features a high landform in the northwest and a low landform in the southeast. Seawater invades from south to north, and the sedimentary environment transitions from a subtidal zone to an intertidal zone, and finally to a supratidal zone in the northwest where the highest terrain is located. The evolution pattern of the corresponding ichnofabrics follows the sequence Thalassinoides → Teichichnus → Planolites → Beaconites, consistent with regional sedimentary zoning and paleoclimate analysis. (3) From the Pinghu Formation to the Baoshi Formation in the study area, the study found an increase in the size, diversity and abundance of ichnofossils. The tiering transitioned from simple and shallow to complex and deep. The variety of organisms and the degree of bioturbation increased, and the biological habits evolved continuously, indicating that the sedimentary environment changed from anoxic to oxic. Conclusions Based on the characteristics of ichnofossils, ichnofabrics and sedimentary structures, the response relationship between the ichnofabrics and the sedimentary environment was established in the Pinghu Formation⁃Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei area. These findings provide new evidence for the changes in sedimentary environment from the perspective of ichnology in the Xihu Sag during the Eocene.
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  • Received:  2024-07-09
  • Revised:  2024-09-29
  • Accepted:  2024-11-04
  • Published:  2026-06-10

Quantitative Characterization of Ichnofabric and Its Significance for Indicating Sedimentary Environment: An example from the Pinghu Formation⁃Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei area, Xihu Sag

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.106

Abstract: Objective Abundant ichnofossils present in the Eocene Pinghu Formation and Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei area, Xihu Sag. It is of practical significance for the division of sedimentary systems in the Xihu Sag to study the characteristics and distribution of its ichnofabrics and their indication of sedimentary environment. Methods Using core observations, the study identified ichnofossils and ichnofabrics in the Pingbei area. The IDIPA technique was employed to objectively quantify ichnofossil abundance and accurately determine both the bioturbation index and the ichnofabric index. By integrating these findings with ichnological indices, this study summarizes the characteristics of the planar distribution and vertical evolution of ichnofabric in the study area. Results (1) The study identified six ichnogenera of ichnofossils and divided them into four types of ichnofabrics: Planolites ichnofabric, Thalassinoides ichnofabric, Teichichnus ichnofabric and Beaconites ichnofabric. (2) The study area features a high landform in the northwest and a low landform in the southeast. Seawater invades from south to north, and the sedimentary environment transitions from a subtidal zone to an intertidal zone, and finally to a supratidal zone in the northwest where the highest terrain is located. The evolution pattern of the corresponding ichnofabrics follows the sequence Thalassinoides → Teichichnus → Planolites → Beaconites, consistent with regional sedimentary zoning and paleoclimate analysis. (3) From the Pinghu Formation to the Baoshi Formation in the study area, the study found an increase in the size, diversity and abundance of ichnofossils. The tiering transitioned from simple and shallow to complex and deep. The variety of organisms and the degree of bioturbation increased, and the biological habits evolved continuously, indicating that the sedimentary environment changed from anoxic to oxic. Conclusions Based on the characteristics of ichnofossils, ichnofabrics and sedimentary structures, the response relationship between the ichnofabrics and the sedimentary environment was established in the Pinghu Formation⁃Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei area. These findings provide new evidence for the changes in sedimentary environment from the perspective of ichnology in the Xihu Sag during the Eocene.

YANG LiYu, DU XueBin, JIANG DongHui, XIAO JiaFu, CHEN KeYi, LI XinYi. Quantitative Characterization of Ichnofabric and Its Significance for Indicating Sedimentary Environment: An example from the Pinghu Formation⁃Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei area, Xihu Sag[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(3): 869-882. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.106
Citation: YANG LiYu, DU XueBin, JIANG DongHui, XIAO JiaFu, CHEN KeYi, LI XinYi. Quantitative Characterization of Ichnofabric and Its Significance for Indicating Sedimentary Environment: An example from the Pinghu Formation⁃Baoshi Formation in the Pingbei area, Xihu Sag[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(3): 869-882. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.106
  • 平北地区位于东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷平湖构造带的中北部,前人主要利用井—震结合、孢粉组合、微量元素及古生物化石分析等方法,针对西湖凹陷平湖组和宝石组进行大量的研究,但对于其沉积环境及相带划分目前依然存在较大争议。蒋海军等(2011)认为平湖组上部为陆相沉积,中下部为海相沉积;徐博等(2021)认为平湖组沉积于陆相淡水沉积环境;蒋一鸣等(2020)认为平湖组发育三角洲—潮坪沉积体系,且中部主要发育潮坪沉积环境;陈忠云等(2022)将西湖凹陷平湖组分为河控三角洲、受潮汐影响的三角洲及潮坪三种主要的沉积体系类型,并认为平北地区以河控三角洲沉积为主。宝石组沉积环境的研究同样存在多种认识,分别为陆相沉积(蒋海军等,2011)、浅海相沉积(李昆等,2017)、海陆过渡的半封闭海湾沉积(李磊等,2023)及近岸滨海海湾沉积(李宁等,2024)。

    西湖凹陷平北地区始新统平湖组和宝石组中发现丰富的遗迹化石,目前尚未有学者从遗迹化石角度对平湖组和宝石组的沉积环境特征进行分析。遗迹化石在古环境还原方面具有自身独特优势,可以利用遗迹学对沉积环境中的含氧量、营养水平、水体盐度等做进一步分析。因此,本文以西湖凹陷平北地区平湖组、宝石组遗迹化石为研究对象,在对研究区7口钻井岩心详细观察的基础上,鉴定遗迹化石属种,分析遗迹组构特征,并从丰度、歧义度、生物扰动指数、阶层分布等多方面对生物遗迹进行定量表征,在平面分布和垂向演化上对西湖凹陷始新统沉积环境进行分析,建立遗迹组构演化规律,旨在为西湖凹陷平湖组—宝石组沉积环境的研究提供遗迹学角度的新证据。

  • 西湖凹陷位于东海陆架盆地东北部,属于狭长形的新生代沉积凹陷,总面积超过4.6×104 km2,油气资源丰富(周心怀,2020)。西湖凹陷的基底断裂系统以NNE向和NW向为主,受断裂控制其形态总体上呈北北东向展布(胡梦颖等,2017;蒋一鸣,2019),自西向东可划分为西部保俶斜坡带、三潭深凹、中央背斜带、白堤深凹和天屏断阶带等五个区带(江东辉等,2022),平北地区位于西湖凹陷保俶斜坡平湖构造带的中北部(图1a)。本次研究主要目的层为平湖组和宝石组,平湖组自上而下可分为上、中、下三段,宝石组分为上、下二段(图1b)。

    Figure 1.  (a) Division of structural units and (b) stratigraphic column in the Xihu Sag (modified from Qu et al., 2024)

    从区域演化来讲,古近纪始新世晚期是西湖凹陷断—坳转换的关键阶段,始新统平湖组和宝石组的沉积时期为断陷阶段(图1b),构造格局受到断裂分布和古地形的共同影响(刘金水等,2020)。平湖组主要为潮坪—潟湖沉积环境,早中期断层活动强烈,潮汐影响下的三角洲河道砂体展布明显受断层控制(蔡华等,2019;侯国伟等,2019;陈哲等,2020);至平湖组沉积晚期,断裂活动减弱,对沉积的影响逐渐减小(周心怀等,2019)。宝石组沉积发生在断陷阶段初期,边缘控凹断裂活动显著,西部保俶斜坡带受潮汐作用影响加强,形成了以三角洲、潮汐影响三角洲及潮坪为主的沉积体系(李磊等,2023)。

  • 对研究区L1、W1、W4、W5、B2、T3、K1等7口钻井岩心照片进行观察,识别出反映生物行为习性的遗迹化石,按造迹生物行为学分类可分为居住迹、进食迹和觅食迹,共6个属(表1),分别是Arenicolites、Thalassinoides、Taenidium、Beaconites、Planolites、Teichichnus。研究区典型遗迹化石特征见图2。

    生态分类遗迹化石属名围岩主要分布层段
    居住迹Arenicolites钙质泥岩/粉砂质泥岩平湖组中段、宝石组上段
    Thalassinoides泥岩/粉砂质泥岩平湖组中段、下段
    进食迹Taenidium泥岩/泥岩与砂岩互层平湖组下段、宝石组上段
    Beaconites泥岩/钙质泥岩平湖组下段下部
    觅食迹Planolites泥岩/粉砂岩/钙质泥岩平湖组中段、宝石组上段
    Teichichnus钙质泥岩/泥岩与砂岩互层平湖组上段、下段、宝石组上段

    Table 1.  Classification and distribution of ichnofossils

    Figure 2.  Photographs of typical ichnofossils in the study area

  • Arenicolites的形态为简单、不分枝的U形潜穴,U形管通常向下垂直于岩石层面,在岩心纵切面上主要表现为U形或弓形潜穴(胡斌等,1997;杨式溥等,2004)(图2a),存在与W形和Y形潜穴的共生现象。Arenicolites的管穴直径通常小于10 mm,长度介于50~100 mm,不同造迹生物造成的U形管的尺寸、直径、深度和管间距均大不相同。U形管的管壁有衬壁,且通常具有砂质硅质碎屑或碳酸盐岩的底质,也会出现在泥质沉积物中。造迹生物多为多毛虫类和角足类甲壳动物,大多数Arenicolites由居住地的悬浮摄食生物活动造成的,常被动填充,通常含砂。

  • Thalassinoides由具垂向竖管的水平网形成的空间网络组成,呈现出各种规模的复杂水平网络,通常有水平迷宫状和蜂窝状构造,分支为Y形和T形,具有典型的膨大连接。Thalassinoides的三维几何学难以在岩心材料中还原,但相对较大的潜穴尺寸区别于相关联的遗迹分类群,且潜穴横截面呈现出圆形和椭圆形,伴随很少垂向竖管,被动充填通常会与宿主沉积物形成对比(Knaust,2017),参考图3辅助在岩心中识别该遗迹化石。研究区Thalassinoides遗迹化石出现在砂岩间的泥岩夹层,表现为水平形式的、被动充填的大个椭圆形潜穴截面(图2b),分支处具典型膨大特征,潜穴没有衬壁且砂质充填。其造迹生物主要为节肢动物(如三叶虫)、海葵及蠕虫(例如肠虫)。

    Figure 3.  Thalassinoides core identification reference (modified from Knaust, 2017)

  • Taenidium为圆柱形、新月形潜穴,多为近水平卷曲(图2c),少数倾斜或垂直。潜穴直径介于5~450 mm,通常介于5~10 mm。潜穴没有衬壁或很薄,无分枝。新月形回填的间距往往很小,岩性、粒度或颜色的差异小。这类构造通常发育在细粒的砂岩中,可能为节肢动物(如甲虫幼虫、蝉稚虫等)和蠕虫状生物的活动造成。Taenidium为进食碎屑、移动和居住行为结合产生的潜穴,既可出现在浅海沉积中(Buckman,2001),也可存在于河流、湖泊沉积中(Savrda et al.,2000;Melchor et al.,2006),属于广相遗迹化石。

  • Beaconites为圆柱状、无分支、具有回填纹饰构造的潜穴,呈直或弯曲,产状上显示出各种倾斜方向(图2d)。相较于Taenidium,Beaconites的新月形回填构造外有薄层潜穴壁。研究区Beaconites遗迹的潜穴直径约10 mm,长度介于8~30 mm,潜穴间存在叠置现象。Beaconites的造迹生物通常生活在适宜的海水温度、盐度以及良好的水体循环环境中,充足的陆源碎屑物质供给为其提供食物来源,多形成于正常浪基面之下的浅海环境(Pollard,1988)。

  • Planolites是一种简单的、水平到稍倾斜的圆柱形潜穴,其潜穴形态上通常为直的或略微弯曲且不含分叉,潜穴表面较光滑、无衬壁并且具有主动均质填充,直径较小,介于2~5 mm,底质通常为泥岩或泥质砂岩。Planolites会出现在海洋和非海洋的所有水生环境,是浅层遗迹相的常见组分。在岩心中,Planolites拉长的水平管具有圆形到椭圆形的截面,主动充填且无衬壁,参考图4可以更准确识别岩心中的Planolites(Knaust,2017)。研究区的Planolites遗迹化石潜穴截面表现为尺寸较小的圆形或椭圆形(图2e),沙质充填,常出现在泥质为主的岩性中,在不同深度的岩心中均有出现,分布较为广泛。

    Figure 4.  Planolites core identification reference (modified from Knaust, 2017)

  • Teichichnus为具有蹼状构造的墙形潜穴,此类构造是食沉积动物随着沉积作用,不断向上位移而形成的一系列叠覆潜穴。在岩心剖面上观察,Teichichnus是整体轮廓呈现具蹼状构造的无分枝的垂直潜穴(图2f),潜穴直径介于5~150 mm,不同种的潜穴尺寸差异较大。Teichichnus是由甲壳类动物形成的穿相遗迹,由造迹生物的摄食沉积物活动所致,底质主要为砂岩和粉砂质泥岩,通常出现在浪基面以下的开阔浅海或亚滨海沉积环境(王约,2003)。

  • 根据识别出的遗迹化石的组成、形态特征与分布、丰度和歧义度、伴生关系和生物扰动的程度,结合围岩特征进行分析,共识别出4种遗迹组构:(1)Planolites遗迹组构;(2)Thalassinoides遗迹组构;(3)Teichichnus遗迹组构;(4)Beaconites遗迹组构。

  • Planolites遗迹组构的分子组成包括Planolites、Arenicolites和Thalassinoides,以Planolites占绝对优势,丰度和歧义度较低,生物扰动指数通常介于1~2。研究区该遗迹组构主要发育在泥岩、泥质粉砂岩中,常发育薄层泥岩与粉砂岩互层现象(图5)。

    Figure 5.  Planolites ichnofabric

    岩心纵向剖面上主要为椭圆形潜穴,直径介于2~4 mm,潜穴壁厚约1 mm,内部光滑无分枝和衬壁,填充物颜色与围岩不同。生物潜穴交切关系分析(Taylor et al.,2003;牛永斌等,2024)发现,Planolites存在相互交切现象,而Arenicolites、Thalassinoides遗迹化石不易相互交切。该遗迹组构主要分布于层面上,可能是多种食沉积物的造迹生物在觅食过程中不断活动的痕迹,包括环节动物、半索动物、昆虫幼虫等蠕虫状动物。当时环境能量较低,水动力条件不足,沉积速率缓慢,沉积了大量营养物质,导致生物沿层面大量聚集。

  • 该遗迹组构的分子组成包括Thalassinoides、Planolites等(图6),整体上丰度中等、歧义度较低,生物扰动指数为2。Thalassinoides遗迹组构多发育在泥岩和粉砂质泥岩中,从岩心剖面上看,潜穴呈椭圆形或梭形,内壁较光滑,水平分布的潜穴系统占主导地位,也可见少量垂向分支连接至表面。潜穴直径一般约5 mm,最大潜穴直径可超过10 mm。层内Thalassinoides化石相互交切,而Planolites一般处于该遗迹组构深部阶层,不易被其他遗迹化石交切。Thalassinoides的造迹生物主要是甲壳类动物(Ekdale and Bromley,2003),是海陆过渡带常见的遗迹化石(杨式溥,1999),前人研究认为Thalassinoides遗迹组构主要出现于海湾(潟湖)及潮坪沉积环境(宋慧波,2015;牛永斌等,2018)。研究区内遗迹化石主要受潮坪环境中食悬浮生物所控制,沉积物为泥岩或粉砂质泥岩,底质疏松,因此生物就有可能为适应环境向下掘穴形成Thalassinoides遗迹组构。

    Figure 6.  Thalassinoides ichnofabric

  • 该遗迹组构的分子组成主要包括Teichichnus和Taenidium(图7),在平湖组下段底部偶见Planolites,多发育在泥岩砂泥互层中。该组构中的遗迹化石具中—高等歧义度和丰度,生物扰动指数介于2~3。层内Teichichnus化石相互交切,局部与Taenidium交切。前人研究表明,Teichichnus遗迹组构主要形成于低能、静水的沉积环境中,如局限碳酸盐岩台地的潟湖、开阔碳酸盐岩台地内的滩间海和台内洼地(牛永斌等,2018),特点是沉积速率较慢,水体盐度适中,光照充足,含较丰富有机质(宋慧波等,2012)。

    Figure 7.  Teichichnus ichnofabric

  • 该遗迹组构的分子组成主要为Beaconites和少量Planolites,多发育在钙质泥岩中(图8)。该组构中的遗迹化石具中等歧义度和丰度,生物扰动指数为2。层内Beaconites化石存在相互交切叠置现象,遗迹化石主要为与层面斜交或高角度倾斜,甚至垂直的进食迹,说明沉积基地营养物质含量丰富,造迹生物聚集进食。Planolites一般位于较深阶层,未发现交切现象。前人研究发现,Beaconites造迹生物生活在潮坪环境中的泥质沉积物中,可能处于潮上带或潮间带上部(李妲和齐永安,2022)。

    Figure 8.  Beaconites ichnofabric

  • 本文使用IDIAP(Ichnological Digital Images Analysis Package)技术(Dorador andRodríguez-Tovar,2014)定量计算岩心照片中遗迹化石丰度,从丰度、生物扰动指数与遗迹组构指数、歧义度、阶层分布等方向对研究区生物遗迹进行定量分析。通过对各遗迹学参数的统计,总结研究区平湖组—宝石组遗迹组构的垂向演化特征(表2)。

    层位遗迹组构丰度/%BIii歧义度阶层类型岩性特征
    平湖组上段Teichichnus5~1822~3低简单浅—中阶层灰色泥岩与砂岩互层
    中段Planolites10~2523较低简单浅阶层灰色泥岩,灰黑色钙质泥岩与泥质粉砂岩互层
    下段Beaconites10~1323中等复杂中阶层钙质泥岩
    Thalassinoides11~2823较低简单浅阶层灰—深灰色粉砂质泥岩
    Teichichnus13~422~33~4较高复杂深阶层灰白色钙质泥岩,黑色泥岩与砂岩互层
    宝石组上段Teichichnus14~452~33~4较高复杂深阶层灰白色与深灰色钙质泥岩互层
    Planolites2~231~22~3较低简单浅阶层深灰色生物碎屑粉砂岩,黑色泥岩夹薄煤线

    Table 2.  Vertical changes of ichnological indices

  • 遗迹组构的歧义度反映了造迹生物种类和造迹习性的多样性。研究区遗迹组构歧义度整体不高,一般为低—中等,在平湖组上段仅发现少量遗迹化石,只有平湖组下段和宝石组上段Teichichnus遗迹组构歧义度较高,由3~4种遗迹属组成。歧义度的增加,一定程度上反映了生物种类的增多和生物习性的不断演化,而歧义度的降低可能与沉积环境的变化或生态压力有关。

  • 遗迹化石丰度是评估造迹生物活动频率和反映生态环境的关键指标之一(郑伟等,2023)。在特定条件下,造迹生物的活动频率与生存环境的适宜性呈正相关。在更有利的生存条件下,生物在沉积物中留下的痕迹更丰富,相应地,遗迹化石的丰度也更高。反之,如果生存环境较为恶劣,生物活动减少,沉积物中的痕迹也会相对减少,导致遗迹化石的丰度降低。本研究使用IDIAP技术(Dorador and Rodríguez-Tovar,2014),在Adobe Photoshop®软件内对岩心照片中遗迹化石进行数字估计,利用RefineEdge工具细化所选区域(Miguez-Salas et al.,2019),根据选中遗迹化石与整体岩心在直方图中的像素点比值,计算生物扰动构造百分量,即遗迹化石丰度。由于研究层段中含大量砂泥互层现象容易影响遗迹化石的选取结果,本研究使用磁性套索工具细化处理,从而更细致地表征遗迹化石(图9)。

    Figure 9.  Schematic diagram of the ichnofabric processed by IDIAP

  • 生物扰动的量化是遗迹学分析要点之一,传统上是使用指数来给出的。最常用的是生物扰动指数(BI)与遗迹组构指数(ii),根据沉积物因生物活动而被扰动的沉积物的百分比(丰度),分别将生物扰动定为5级和6级(Droser and Bottjer,1986;Taylor and Goldring,1993)。这些数值越大,反映生物扰动越强烈和彻底。在传统方案中,遗迹化石丰度主要通过肉眼测定,其生物扰动等级是由主观决定的。本研究结合IDIAP技术确定遗迹化石丰度,计算所得生物扰动的百分比是客观量化的,因此分配的生物扰动等级更可靠(图10),从而精确判定各遗迹组构生物扰动强度。

    Figure 10.  Bioturbation index (BI), ichnofabric index (ii) and abundance of IDIAP⁃processed images

  • 遗迹化石在沉积界面之下的垂直分布,称为遗迹阶层或梯序(Ausich and Bottjer,1982)。平湖组上部遗迹组构歧义度低,主要发育Teichichnus遗迹组构。生物扰动主要出现在层面或层内中部,也向沉积物下延伸,属简单浅—中阶层类型。平湖组中部发育Planolites遗迹组构,潜穴轮廓较清晰,遗迹潜穴少见交切现象,属于简单浅阶层类型。平湖组下部主要发育Beaconites遗迹组构、Thalassinoides遗迹组构、Teichichnus遗迹组构,生物扰动量较大。Beaconites遗迹组构中遗迹化石为斜向向下掘穴的潜穴,存在交叉叠置现象,属复杂中阶层类型。Thalassinoides遗迹组构主要沿层面发育,潜穴无明显交切现象,为简单浅阶层类型。Teichichnus遗迹组构的潜穴由层面向下延伸,轮廓清晰,扰动深度较大,介于2~3 cm,潜穴之间存在交切关系,属复杂深阶层类型。宝石组上部主要发育Teichichnus遗迹组构和Planolites遗迹组构,其中Teichichnus遗迹组构的生物扰动向层面下延伸,潜穴轮廓较清晰,扰动深度介于0.5~2.0 cm,潜穴之间存在交切关系,属复杂深阶层类型。Planolites遗迹组构生物扰动主要沿层面分布,潜穴之间较少出现交切关系,属简单浅阶层类型。一般情况下,复杂的阶层类型形成于相对稳定的环境中,当时地层处于沉积速率较低、沉积周期较长的时期,给了多期生物足够的时间来对沉积物进行反复扰动。

  • 西湖凹陷平北地区平湖组和宝石组遗迹组构与沉积环境具有较好的响应关系。平北地区遗迹组构分布图显示(图11),研究区遗迹组构分布具有分带性:Planolites遗迹组构主要出现在研究区北部的平中段和宝上段,Beaconites遗迹组构位于西北部海拔较高地区的平下段;中部以Teichichnus遗迹组构占据主导地位,在平湖组和宝石组均有发现;南部主要是Thalassinoides遗迹组构,且主要位于平下段。研究区整体地貌西高东低、北高南低,海水由南至北侵入(谢国梁等,2013;李磊等,2023),对应遗迹组构Thalassinoides→Teichichnus→Planolites→Beaconites的演变规律。其中W1井孢粉分析指示狭盐性富营养水体(李磊等,2023),为海陆交互沉积环境,与W1井Teichichnus遗迹组构环境分析具有一致性。前人研究认为平北地区始新世中晚期—早始新世经历了较为明显的气候变化,且北部气候整体温湿于南部(谢国梁等,2013),与研究区由南至北的遗迹组构分带演化规律具有良好的响应关系。

    Figure 11.  Distribution of sedimentary model and ichnofabric in the study area

    通过统计遗迹学指标垂向数据(表2),发现研究区平湖组—宝石组同类遗迹化石的尺寸呈逐渐增长趋势;遗迹化石的歧义度和丰度也呈上升趋势,在平下段及宝上段上部达到峰值,在宝上段下部则有所下降。生物扰动指数和遗迹组构指数变化表现为:平上段和平中段较小且稳定,平上段到宝上段上部增大,到宝上段下部减小。垂向上,遗迹组构阶层分布也从简单阶层向复杂阶层过渡,又回到简单阶层,由浅阶层向深阶层过渡,又回到浅阶层。

    生物扰动强度与水体氧化还原条件之间存在良好的对应关系(Savrda and Bottjer,1989,1991;丁奕和张立军,2023)。在富氧环境中,造迹生物活动会更加活跃,因此扰动程度也更大;当水体含氧量降低时,造迹生物活动量随之减小,相应的扰动程度也会降低(胡斌等,1997;杨式溥等,2004)。平上段—平下段各项指数逐渐增大,说明造迹生物生存环境好转,造成生物活动加剧、丰度变大,反映水体环境由贫氧向相对富氧的变化过程;平下段和宝上段上部各项遗迹学指数均较大,说明此时属于富氧环境。同时,研究区各遗迹学指数的变化表明,平湖组下段和宝石组上段水体动能更低、沉积环境更稳定、更适合造迹生物生存活动。各遗迹组构在平湖组—宝石组垂向演化特征见图12。

    Figure 12.  Vertical evolution of ichnofabric and sedimentary environment

  • (1) 西湖凹陷平北地区平湖组—宝石组发育了大量的遗迹化石,按造迹生物行为学分类可分为居住迹、进食迹和觅食迹,共6个属。根据沉积学和遗迹学特征,共识别出4种遗迹组构:Planolites遗迹组构、Thalassinoides遗迹组构、Teichichnus遗迹组构、Beaconites遗迹组构。

    (2) Planolites遗迹组构多生活在水体较宁静或低能的沉积环境,Thalassinoides遗迹组构在泥质潮下沉积中最为常见,Teichichnus遗迹组构主要出现在滨岸带低能和浅海沉积环境,Beaconites遗迹组构出现在潮间带泥坪沉积环境。研究区由南至北遗迹组构出现Thalassinoides→Teichichnus→Planolites→Beaconites的演变规律,与研究区古气候变化和沉积环境分区具有良好的响应关系,在后期研究中遗迹组构特征分析可作为沉积环境判断的有力证据。

    (3) 研究区平湖组遗迹丰度介于5%~42%,BI=2~3,ii=2~4,宝石组遗迹丰度介于2%~45%,BI=1~3,ii=2~4。垂向上看,研究区平湖组到宝石组同类遗迹化石尺寸、遗迹歧义度和丰度均呈增长趋势,阶层主要从简单浅阶层类型转变为复杂深阶层类型,这一变化与水体含氧量的增加和沉积环境的稳定性有关,反映研究区平湖组—宝石组沉积环境由贫氧到富氧的变化过程。

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