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GUO Jian, LIU GuiZhen, LI LinWei. High-Frequency Sequence Division and Its Control on Reservoirs in the Ma51⁃5 Sub-Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation, Tao 7 Block, Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 339-354. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.023
Citation: GUO Jian, LIU GuiZhen, LI LinWei. High-Frequency Sequence Division and Its Control on Reservoirs in the Ma515 Sub-Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation, Tao 7 Block, Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 339-354. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.023

High-Frequency Sequence Division and Its Control on Reservoirs in the Ma515 Sub-Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation, Tao 7 Block, Ordos Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.023
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  • Corresponding author: LIU GuiZhen, E-mail: liuguizhen509@xsyu.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 2023-10-19
  • Accepted Date: 2024-03-28
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-01-29
  • Available Online: 2024-03-28
  • Publish Date: 2026-02-10
  • Objective To discuss the high-frequency sequence division and its control on reservoirs in carbonate strata. Methods This study used the Th/U curve in natural gamma ray spectrum logging as the indicator curve. combined with the Fischer diagram and lithological assemblage sequence, high frequency sequence of Ma515sub-member of Majiagou Formation was divided quantitatively in the Tao 7 block of the Ordos Basin. Results The research shows that the Th/U value in natural gamma-ray spectroscopy logging can be used as an indirect alternative index of astronomical orbit in carbonate strata. The high-frequency sequence can be effectively divided by quantitative and qualitative analysis methods such as spectrum analysis combined with the Fischer diagram and lithologic lithofacies analysis. The Ma515 sub-member in the Tao 7 block can be divided into one third-order sequence, six fourth-order sequences, and twenty fifth-order sequences. It is estimated that the average deposition rate of the Ma515 sub-member is 5.03 cm/kyr, and the deposition time is approximately 2.43 Ma. The gypsum pseudocrystal dolomite, which developed in the upper part of the intertidal zone and in the top of the high-frequency sedimentary cycle with upward shallowing, is the dominant facies belt for reservoir development. Near the high-frequency sequence boundary of the fourth-order sequence is the favorable interval for reservoir development. The early karst caused by frequent changes of sea level was the main driving force for the formation of model pores in the Ma514 sub-member and laid the foundation for the krast in later supergene stage. Conclusions Quantitative identification and division of high-frequency sequence is important for reservoir prediction in carbonate strata.
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  • Received:  2023-10-19
  • Revised:  2024-01-29
  • Accepted:  2024-03-28
  • Published:  2026-02-10

High-Frequency Sequence Division and Its Control on Reservoirs in the Ma515 Sub-Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation, Tao 7 Block, Ordos Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.023

Abstract: Objective To discuss the high-frequency sequence division and its control on reservoirs in carbonate strata. Methods This study used the Th/U curve in natural gamma ray spectrum logging as the indicator curve. combined with the Fischer diagram and lithological assemblage sequence, high frequency sequence of Ma515sub-member of Majiagou Formation was divided quantitatively in the Tao 7 block of the Ordos Basin. Results The research shows that the Th/U value in natural gamma-ray spectroscopy logging can be used as an indirect alternative index of astronomical orbit in carbonate strata. The high-frequency sequence can be effectively divided by quantitative and qualitative analysis methods such as spectrum analysis combined with the Fischer diagram and lithologic lithofacies analysis. The Ma515 sub-member in the Tao 7 block can be divided into one third-order sequence, six fourth-order sequences, and twenty fifth-order sequences. It is estimated that the average deposition rate of the Ma515 sub-member is 5.03 cm/kyr, and the deposition time is approximately 2.43 Ma. The gypsum pseudocrystal dolomite, which developed in the upper part of the intertidal zone and in the top of the high-frequency sedimentary cycle with upward shallowing, is the dominant facies belt for reservoir development. Near the high-frequency sequence boundary of the fourth-order sequence is the favorable interval for reservoir development. The early karst caused by frequent changes of sea level was the main driving force for the formation of model pores in the Ma514 sub-member and laid the foundation for the krast in later supergene stage. Conclusions Quantitative identification and division of high-frequency sequence is important for reservoir prediction in carbonate strata.

GUO Jian, LIU GuiZhen, LI LinWei. High-Frequency Sequence Division and Its Control on Reservoirs in the Ma51⁃5 Sub-Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation, Tao 7 Block, Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 339-354. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.023
Citation: GUO Jian, LIU GuiZhen, LI LinWei. High-Frequency Sequence Division and Its Control on Reservoirs in the Ma515 Sub-Member of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation, Tao 7 Block, Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 339-354. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.023
  • 碳酸盐岩是重要的油气储集层之一,我国鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界、四川盆地三叠统以下海相地层、塔里木盆地下古生界均发育巨厚碳酸盐岩沉积(赵文智等,2022)。碳酸盐岩层序地层形成受海平面升降、构造沉降和古气候等因素影响。构造沉降、海平面升降控制可容纳空间大小,影响准层序叠加样式,古气候变化控制沉积物类型。

    高频层序这一概念最早由Mitchum and van Wagoner(1991)提出,是指四级以上海平面旋回变化产生的沉积响应,主要受天文轨道变化引起古气候变化和高频海平面震荡综合影响(Posamentier et al.,1992)。高频层序概念提出后,不断发展完善并用于指导生产实践。陈洪德等(2000)对上扬子克拉通南缘中泥盆统—石炭系地层分析岩石岩相叠置特征,利用Fischer图解法分析高频层序发育特征及控制因素;郑兴平等(2004)利用自然伽马能谱Th/K指标对川东渝北下三叠统和塔里木盆地英买力地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩台地相进行高频层序定量划分和分析,并将研究结果应用于指导油气藏勘探开发;于炳松等(2007)分析认为塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系浅水台地相沉积水体向上变浅的高频层序顶部,往往有利于岩溶储层发育;石巨业等(2023)利用天文轨道周期实现陆相富有机质页岩多尺度地层等时对比,为页岩油勘探中优质烃源岩层段预测提供精细年代框架。碳酸盐岩的形成过程对海平面变化高度敏感,能够记录不同级别的层序及其界面特征,识别和划分高频层序是碳酸盐岩研究的热点,高频层序的叠置样式和层序界面特征与油气烃源岩、储集层发育密切相关。

    鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组为浅水碳酸盐岩台地沉积,沉积后受加里东构造运动影响,整体抬升遭受剥蚀,马五段上部沉积地层残缺不全,使得层序划分难度加大。前人对马家沟组层序划分有多种见解。田景春等(2001)将长庆气田马家沟组划分为5个三级层序,其中马五1-5亚段划分为1个三级层序,4个四级层序;黄正良等(2015)将鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马家沟组划分为3个三级层序,其中马四段—马五段为1个三级层序,马五1-5亚段划分为1个四级层序;王起琮等(2018)将鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马家沟组划分为3个三级层序,其中马五6亚段下部—马六段为一个三级层序;张涛等(2023)将鄂尔多斯盆地中东部马家沟组划分为5个三级层序,其中马五5-6亚段和马五1-4亚段—马六段为2个三级层序。三级层序界面是个局部不整合面,马家沟组古构造和古地理背景差异及其形成演化较为复杂,因此三级层序及以上层序划分存在局部不统一情况。综合研究区情况,马五1-5亚段为1个三级层序,可在三级层序内进一步细化高频层序。

    米兰科维奇理论讨论天文轨道驱动力控制的古气候变化,此变化引起数米到数十米海平面周期性升降变化,使沉积地层中岩性、岩相上呈现韵律性、旋回性特征。其中测井资料以其具有采样密度大,高精度等优点,在高频层序定量划分上具有独特优势。王媛等(2017)根据自然伽马(GR)测井曲线、Th/U值和成像测井等资料,对哈萨克斯坦Marsel探区下石炭统碳酸盐岩台地内划分出18个高频层序(四级层序);Omidpour et al.(2021)综合利用同位素,微量元素和自然伽马能谱测井等资料,研究分析扎格罗斯盆地Asmari组含油气碳酸盐岩—硅质碎屑岩混合沉积的高频层序地层。上述研究体现出测井资料在识别和划分高频层序有比较好的优势。

    本文选择鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田桃7区块,在沉积环境分析基础之上,优选自然伽马能谱Th/U比值曲线进行频谱分析,结合Fischer图解和岩性组合序列,进行高频层序识别和划分,并分析其控储效应,以期为油气勘探中储层预测提供地质依据。

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地是华北板块西部发育的一个多旋回叠合盆地。奥陶系马家沟组沉积期,L型中央古隆起由北部伊盟古陆和盆地西南部镇原隆起构成,东边为吕梁低隆,中东部为鄂尔多斯坳陷,鄂尔多斯盆地总体表现为三隆两凹一凸古构造格局(胡安平等,2022)。

    奥陶系马家沟组沉积时期,中央古隆起以东是陆表海局限台地沉积,地势整体较为平缓,发育靖西和米脂两凹陷,形成隆起和凹陷相间的古地理格局(图1a)。根据岩性、标志层和沉积演化过程,鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组自下而上分为马一段到马六段等六个层段,其中马一、马三和马五沉积期处于相对海退期,以局限台地和蒸发台地相沉积为主,岩性主要发育白云岩夹膏盐岩。马二、马四和马六段沉积期处于相对海侵期,以开阔台地和局限台地相沉积为主,发育白云岩和灰岩两种岩性。马家沟组沉积后受加里东运动影响,地层抬升后经历了超过130 Ma风化剥蚀和沉积间断(李振宏等,2010李文厚等,2012),盆地内马六段、马五段地层残缺不全。马五段自上而下又分为马五1—马五10十个亚段,盐上地层组合为马五1-5亚段(图1b),马五1-4亚段处于海退时期的蒸发沉积环境,主要发育白云岩,膏质白云岩和膏岩。马五5亚段沉积时期经历小规模的相对海侵,形成了区域性稳定分布石灰岩,局部发育白云岩,俗称黑腰带灰岩沉积层。

    Figure 1.  Palaeogeographic map and stratigraphic comprehensive histogram of the Majiagou Formation, Ordos Basin(modified from Huang et al., 2015)

  • 自20世纪层序地层的概念提出以来,引起了地质学者广泛关注,层序发育是构造沉降、海平面升降、物源供给及古气候的函数。Vail et al.(1991)最早提出层序时间跨度,一级层序时间跨度大于50 Ma,二级层序时间约3~50 Ma,三级层序时间约0.5~3.0 Ma,四级层序时间约0.08~0.50 Ma,五级层序时间约0.03~0.08 Ma,六级层序时间约0.01~0.03 Ma;梅冥相(2010)提出超层序、大层序、层序、亚层序、准层序和韵律层等层序级别;王鸿祯和史晓颖(1998)将层序划分为巨层序、大层序、中层序、正层序、亚层序和小层序6个级别层序单元(表1)。

    类型时限分类/Ma
    Vail et al.(1991)梅冥相(2010)王鸿祯等(1998)
    构造型I级层序(>50)超层序(200~500)巨层序(500~600)
    Ⅱ级层序(3~50)大层序(10~100)大层序(60~120)
    III级层序(0.5~3.0)层序(1~10)中层序(30~40)
    冰川型Ⅳ级层序(0.08~0.5)亚层序(0.1~1.0)正层序(2~5)
    V级层序(0.03~0.08)准层序(0.01~0.10)亚层序(0.1~0.4)
    VI级层序(0.01~0.03)韵律层(<0.01)小层序(0.02~0.04)

    Table 1.  Sequence stratigraphic classification

    高频层序指四级以上层序,由多级次高频旋回叠置组成。高频沉积旋回(IV-VI)的驱动机制目前认为与天文轨道参数所产生的周期性气候变化—米兰科维奇(Milankovitch)旋回有关。米兰科维奇旋回理论认为高频层序发育主要受气候控制,而决定地球气候的唯一因素是辐射量,影响辐射量的主要因素是天文轨道因素,主要包括长、短偏心率、自转斜率(地轴倾斜度)和岁差等周期性变化。四级层序受长偏心率轨道周期影响,五级层序受短偏心率轨道周期影响,六级层序受短周期斜率或者岁差影响,时间约束范围以Lasker et al.(2004)学者的理论天文解决方案为主。

    碳酸盐岩地层中记录多级次高频旋回信息。例如:Anderson et al.(1984)Anderson and Goodwin(1990)对纽约州泥盆系和南威尔士石炭系高频旋回研究,探讨米兰科维奇旋回界面特点;Osleger(1991)对潮坪相潮下带碳酸盐岩高频旋回研究,探讨风暴和波浪改造和再分配对米级旋回的抑制影响;Read et al.(1986)潮坪相碳酸盐岩机器模拟高频沉积旋回与实际剖面对比研究;Massetti et al.(1991)对深水沉积环境的非对称高频旋回研究;我国地质学者梅冥相等(1993)梅冥相和徐德斌(1996)据相序组构特征和岩石组成单元对高频旋回类型的研究;李蓉等(2016)依据电阻率测井曲线旋回变化结合岩性岩相的变化规律对碳酸盐岩高频层序结构类型的研究;高达等(2022)依据微相和碳氧同位素映射海平面变化对碳酸盐岩高频层序和沉积演化的控制研究。高频沉积旋回及其地层叠置样式具有与三级层序中准层序组或体系域相似的特征,可将碳酸盐岩地区岩性、岩相组合变化与米兰科维奇旋回联系起来,进行高频层序划分。

  • 自然伽马能谱测井是在自然伽马测井基础上发展起来,可以定量测试元素铀(U)、钍(Th)、钾(K)的含量。铀(U)含量与有机碳含量、钾(K)含量与黏土矿物含量均呈正相关关系,相对海平面上升,水深增加,有机碳含量和黏土矿物含量均增高,最大海泛面处一般出现铀(U)、钾(K)高值(冯伟明等,2016)。尤其在碳酸盐岩地层中,元素比值(Th/U和Th/K值)变化指示海平面升降或基准面变化(高达等,2016),Th/U值增加指示沉积水体加深、泥质增多,比值减少指示沉积水体变浅、泥质减少(Ehrenberg andSvånå,2001)。研究区Th/U曲线指示水体变化方面更优于GR曲线。因此,本次研究选择研究区桃79井Th/U比值曲线作为古气候替代指标,通过Th/U曲线的包络线在垂向上的变化趋势进行高频层序识别和划分(图2)。

    Figure 2.  Logging curve characteristics of the Ma515 sub⁃member from well Tao 79, Tao 7 block

  • 自然伽马能谱测井曲线记录地层沉积信号同时也记录了噪音信号,为识别和获取相对准确的天文轨道周期控制信号,预处理消除环境噪音,主要步骤为插值、去趋势和预白化处理,获得最终频谱分析数据序列(图3)。

    Figure 3.  Pretreatment curve of Th/U in the Ma515 sub⁃member from well Tao 79, Tao 7 block

  • 对鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组高频旋回研究基于La2004天文轨道方案(图4a),即长偏心率405 kyr,短偏心率周期125 kyr和95 kyr,斜率周期25.7 kyr,岁差周期18.2 kyr、17.5 kyr和15.5 kyr。常用频谱分析方法有快速傅里叶变换,小波分析等,方法各有特点,分析结果大致相近,本次基于Acycle时间序列分析软件对指示曲线进行频谱分析(Li et al.,2019)。选择MTM(Multitaper Method)方法对预处理Th/U数据进行频谱分析,识别天文旋回信号,优势峰值超过95%置信度的(图4b)旋回厚度(频率倒数)有20,7.98,6.91,6.27,5.97,2.63,2.01,1.41,1.11,0.86,深度域旋回厚度23.6~18.1∶7.98~5.85∶1.44~1.09与La2004天文轨道方案长偏心率、短偏心率和斜率的时间域理论比值接近,因此将这三个旋回频带分别解释为长偏心率,短偏心率和斜率周期控制。

    Figure 4.  Theoretical astronomical orbital time and analysis using the multitaper method

  • 沉积速率分析是检验旋回地层沉积厚度的评价参数,本次使用COCO(Correlation Coefficvient)模块进行目的层段沉积速率量化匹配,模拟匹配最优沉积速率(Li et al.,2018Meyers,2019石巨业等,2019)。

    Wilson(1975)统计,全新世浅水碳酸盐岩的沉积速率平均为1 m/kyr,礁带为3 m/kyr;大巴哈马滩和安德罗斯岛潮坪相平均沉积速率为70 cm/kyr,深水为1 cm/kyr。考虑研究区潮坪相沉积环境以及参考前人研究,先以0.5 cm/kyr为最小值,80.0 cm/kyr为最大值,以0.1 cm/kyr为步长模拟测试,最优平均沉积速率大概范围集中在1.8~6.0 cm/kyr。之后以1.6 cm/kyr为最小值、30.0 cm/kyr为最大值,在该范围内以0.1 cm/kyr为步长进行模拟,结果显示最优平均沉积速率约为5.03 cm/kyr(图5),表明与上文频谱分析长偏心率控制的旋回厚度最佳拟合峰值为20.37 m,模拟最优平均沉积速率与王红罡等(2000)对马家沟组分析的平均沉积速率(5.0~6.0 cm/kyr)相接近。王起琮等(2016)据前人锆石定年和同位素测试数据结合划分的层序,确定马家沟组马五1-5亚段沉积时限约为2.7 Ma。本次计算结果表明,马五1-5亚段沉积年限约为2.43 Ma,与2.7 Ma结果较为接近,可为地质年代的精细定年提供参考;采用COCO模拟沉积速率的方法,有效避免了频谱分析过程中可能引入的人为周期偏移。

    Figure 5.  COCO(Correlation Coefficvient) analysis of the Th/U curve in the Ma515 sub⁃member from well Tao 79, Tao 7 block

  • 碳酸盐岩地层中岩性及岩性组合体现一定的沉积环境。研究区马家沟组马五1-5亚段主要沉积环境为潮坪沉积,主要发育凝灰质泥岩、灰岩和白云岩,灰岩段进一步细分为灰岩、含云灰岩和云质灰岩,白云岩细分为含灰白云岩、泥质白云岩和粉晶白云岩。灰岩代表相对水深的潮间带下部或潮下带沉积,而白云岩代表水体较浅的潮间带上部沉积。

    碳酸盐岩高频沉积旋回受古地貌和高频海平面升降影响,形成不同岩石类型和组合特征。马五1-4亚段发育7种岩性组合(图6),其中在马五4亚段和马五3亚段下部组合有凝灰质泥岩、云质灰岩、泥质白云岩、云质灰岩和粉晶白云岩组合;马五3亚段上部和马五1+2亚段组合为凝灰质泥岩、泥质白云岩和粉晶白云岩。马五5亚段发育2种岩性组合:灰岩、含云灰岩和云质灰岩,灰岩和云质灰岩。研究区潮坪沉积岩性序列整体为向上水体变浅的岩性组合序列,粉晶白云岩(含膏)多发育在层序界面附近,代表水体较浅的沉积,而相对沉积水体较深的沉积岩性为灰岩段。

    Figure 6.  Lithology assemblage sequence of the Ma515 sub⁃member in the Tao 7 block

  • Fischer图解是20世纪60年代Fischer(1964)提出关于海平面变化的图解。Goldahmmer et al.(1987)使用Fischer图解来研究与米兰科维奇旋回有关的高频旋回;Osleger and Read(1991)Read and Goldhammer(1988)研究表明,经构造沉降校正、压实校正之后的Fischer图解,可以定量表明长周期三级海平面变化幅度;伊海生(2011)提出一种新的高频旋回计算方法,利用测井曲线一阶差分法建立Fischer图解。本文选取Th/U比值曲线为图解数据,对Th/U比值曲线一阶差分法建立马五1-5亚段Fischer图解进行高频层序分析(图7)。

    Figure 7.  Data processing of cumulative thickness deviation for the Ma515 sub⁃member in well Tao 79

  • 三级层序界面的判识特征在Th/U曲线上表现得较为明显。桃79井在3 696~3 682 m和3 682~3 572 m井段存在由小变大和由大变小的变化,向上Th/U比值总体变小,Fischer图解—累积厚度偏差也存在这种变化趋势;从岩性上,Th/U比值减小,以发育泥质白云岩和粉晶白云岩为主,Th/U曲线最大值对应岩性为泥晶灰岩,反映海侵,整体上马五1-5亚段为一个三级层序。

    在三级层序内部,可以识别出多个Th/U比值由突然增大到逐渐减小的变化旋回,结合Fischer图解和岩性组合特征,四级层序界面处表现为Th/U比值降低,在岩性上表现为粉晶白云岩,四级层序内部海泛面处Th/U比值增大,主要对应岩性为灰岩、凝灰质泥岩、云质灰岩、泥质白云岩等代表水体突然变深的岩性。五级层序中Th/U比值进一步体现了水进—水退沉积旋回。

    在频谱分析、Fischer图解趋势特征分析结合研究区岩性岩相组合特征的基础上,对桃79井进行高频层序定量划分(图8),研究区马五1-5段发育受长偏心率控制的四级层序6个,其中马五5亚段划分1个四级层序,马五3-4亚段划分4个四级层序,马五1-2划分为1个四级层序,受短偏心率控制的五级层序19个,由于桃79井马家沟组马五段上部也存在少量剥蚀,五级层序共20个。

    Figure 8.  High⁃frequency sequence division scheme of the Ma515 sub⁃member in well Tao 79, Tao 7 block

  • 以桃79井为标准井,建立高频层序地层格架,在横向上具有很好的对比性(图9)。层序厚度整体较稳定,局部存在古地貌差异,横向上略有变化,由于顶部地层剥蚀,个别井层序发育不完整。三级层序内四级层序叠置自下而上(SQ1-2至SQ1-4)表现为加积,SQ1-5、SQ1-6表现为前积特征。

    Figure 9.  High⁃frequency sequence stratigraphic framework of the Ma515 sub⁃member in the Tao 7 block

    四级层序内五级层序表现出不同的叠置型式,反映沉积背景和沉积过程的差异。垂向上四级层序内发育多个向上变浅的加积型五级层序,反映了潮间带沉积特征;四级层序SQ1-1以潮间带下部相对低能的泥质灰岩、白云质灰岩沉积为主,反映相对深水的沉积背景;四级层序SQ1-2和SQ1-3则为含云灰岩、含灰白云岩及粉晶白云岩组合,反映潮间带中部沉积背景;四级层序SQ1-4和SQ1-5由泥质白云岩和粉晶白云岩组成,反映潮间带上部沉积特征。岩性组合自下而上,代表水体整体变浅的过程(图9)。

  • 研究区马家沟组沉积环境整体为潮坪相沉积,其储层具有厚度薄、横向上延伸远的特征。马五1-4亚段储集层岩性主要为含膏粉晶白云岩,膏模溶孔、晶间溶孔和微裂缝为主要储集空间(图10)。储集层主要发育在马五123、马五2、马五31、马五41、马五42,具有层多、层薄的特征。加里东期—海西早期构造运动导致的盆地整体抬升和长期暴露形成了风化壳岩溶型储集层(何治亮等,2014)。马五5亚段储集层岩性主要为颗粒白云岩和粉晶白云岩,储集空间为残余粒间孔、晶间溶孔、晶间孔。物性统计分析表明马五41物性最好,整体上马五5物性相比马五1-4较差(表2)。

    Figure 10.  Typical petrological and reservoir space characteristics of the Ma515 sub⁃member in the Tao 7 block

    层位小层孔隙度/%渗透率/×10-3 μm2
    最小值最大值平均值最小值最大值平均值
    马五1马五120.1658.2694.217
    马五130.1063.2222.3590.0010.2380.038
    马五2马五211.1472.9581.7950.0770.0910.084
    马五221.7284.2322.7340.0010.1160.019
    马五3马五310.1724.6302.6000.0010.1270.036
    马五321.2402.9001.9420.0230.0460.038
    马五330.2933.3091.014
    马五4马五410.35412.4454.8570.00135.0209.876
    马五421.6404.4203.6780.0030.0390.017
    马五430.6286.4513.0640.0011.0510.070
    马五50.7972.5101.5810.0010.0090.003

    Table 2.  Physical property statistics of the Ma515 sub⁃member in the Tao 7 block (from core analysis)

  • 一般而言,较低级别(一级~三级)层序界面与不整合面或局部的不整合面相对应,主要控制表生期岩溶储层形成,而四级和五级层序界面由于暴露时间短,准同生期多期次高频海进—海退旋回导致易溶组分暴露溶蚀,对改善储层物性起到至关重要作用(刘忠宝等,2004刘嘉庆等,2010Ronchi et al.,2010)。

    研究区内马五1-4段是风化壳储层,有利储集层段发育不仅与表生期岩溶有关,而且与沉积环境和四级、五级层序界面有关(图89)。马家沟组马五1-5段划分为6个四级层序(SQ1-1至SQ1-6),在层序内部储集层发育呈现出一定规律性。SQ1-1层序对应于马五5,以潮下带相对低能泥质灰岩、白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩为主,反映较深水沉积背景,储集层相对不发育;四级层序SQ1-2、SQ1-3、SQ1-4对应于马五4,发育多套向上变浅的含灰白云岩、泥质白云岩、粉晶白云岩组合,代表水体变浅的潮间带下部到潮间带上部沉积过程,高频海平面震荡式结果,储集层发育。SQ1-5至SQ1-6层序,对应于马五1-3,沉积序列组合为泥岩、泥质白云岩、粉晶白云岩,代表水体相对较浅,具有潮间带上部沉积背景,储集层发育。马五1-4亚段储集层主要发育在马五41顶部、马五42底部、马五43底部,马五31底部、马五2、马五12—马五13等6个层段,普遍分布在四级层序界面附近,四级层序基准面下降早期(半旋回顶部)和上升早期(半旋回底部)(图9)。

    马家沟组马五1-5段发育向上变浅的9种沉积序列中(图6),其顶部都是潮间带上部含膏粉晶白云岩,是有利储集相带。马五1-5段有利储层分布均在四级层序界面附近(图89),SQ1-1短期海侵,可供成岩早期选择性溶解的物质基础缺乏,因此储层相对不发育,SQ1-2至SQ1-6含膏白云岩较发育,受四级和五级海平面下降的影响,发生的大气淡水溶蚀作用和准同生期的白云化作用进一步形成了晶间孔和溶蚀孔(图10),高频早成岩期岩溶作用是马五1-4亚段溶模孔形成的基础,有利储层多发育在四级层序基准面下降早期(半旋回顶部)和上升早期(半旋回底部)。马五1-4段高频旋回引起的早成岩期岩溶作用是风化壳岩溶储层的基础(谢康等,2020),再叠加表生期岩溶形成多层系复合岩溶系统。

  • (1) 碳酸盐岩浅水台地具有较好的高频旋回特征。基于自然伽马能谱Th/U曲线作为天文轨道间接替代指标,通过频谱分析,结合Fischer图解、岩性岩相分析等定量加定性分析方法可以有效识别高频旋回,划分高频层序。

    (2) 研究区段马家沟组马五1-5亚段高频层序划分方案为一个三级层序,6个四级层序,20个五级层序。经估算马五1-5亚段纵向上平均沉积速率约束为5.03 cm/kyr,沉积时限约为2.43 Ma。三级层序内四级层序叠置自下而上(SQ1-2至SQ1-4)表现为加积,SQ1-5、SQ1-6表现为前积特征。垂向上四级层序内发育多个向上变浅的加积型五级层序,整体反映了潮间带下部向潮上带沉积演化特征。

    (3) 马五1-5段发育9种自下而上变浅的沉积序列组合,其序列顶部主要为粉晶白云岩(含膏),是储层发育的优势相带;另一方面储集层主要发育在四级高频层序界面附近,海平面频繁变化引起早期岩溶作用,是马五1-4亚段储层溶模孔形成的主要动力,为后期表生期岩溶作用奠定了基础。

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