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LI Bin, SHUI BoNian, YU Yang, LÜ CongCong, LI XueLi, SHANGGUAN MingZhu, WEI Zhen, HU ChengYe. Burial Characteristics and Source Analysis of Organic Carbon in Mangrove Sediments, Yanpu Bay, China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2025, 43(6): 2004-2014. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.126
Citation: LI Bin, SHUI BoNian, YU Yang, LÜ CongCong, LI XueLi, SHANGGUAN MingZhu, WEI Zhen, HU ChengYe. Burial Characteristics and Source Analysis of Organic Carbon in Mangrove Sediments, Yanpu Bay, China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2025, 43(6): 2004-2014. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.126

Burial Characteristics and Source Analysis of Organic Carbon in Mangrove Sediments, Yanpu Bay, China

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.126
  • Received Date: 2023-10-25
  • Accepted Date: 2024-01-03
  • Rev Recd Date: 2023-12-05
  • Available Online: 2024-01-03
  • Publish Date: 2025-12-10
  • Objective Mangroves are an important coastal blue carbon ecosystem, with a strong carbon sink function that has a profound impact on the global carbon cycle. In recent years, the sources and burial characteristics of organic carbon in mangrove wetland sediments have become a hot topic at home and abroad. However, there are few studies on the sources and biogeochemical cycles of organic carbon in mangrove wetland sediments at high latitudes. Methods A high-resolution 210Pb chronostratigraphic framework was established in the Yanpu Bay mangrove research area using the 1.5 m deep column sediment collected from the mangrove as a carrier. The sediment accumulation rate (SAR), organic carbon accumulation rate (OCAR), potential sources of organic carbon, and their contribution rates were analyzed according to the characteristics of the total organic carbon content (TOC), carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), median particle size (D50) and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C, δ15N). Results The sedimentation rate of mangrove sediments along Yanpu Bay is approximately 2.2cm/a, and a continuous sedimentary sequence of almost 70 years has been obtained. The particle size components are mainly silt and clay components. The proportion of different components of particle size and D50 remained unchanged with depth, and the activity of excess 210Pb was closely related to depth, indicating that the sedimentary environment was relatively stable. The average content of TOC is 1.63%, while the average content of TN is 0.10%. There was a significant positive correlation between TOC and TN (R2=0.238 09), and a significant negative correlation between TOC and δ13C (R2=0.472 69), indicating that the sources of organic carbon and nitrogen in sediments were consistent, and carbon sources with lower δ13C values were the main contributors to organic carbon in sediments. According to the vertical trend of TOC content, SAR and OCAR, the sedimentary record of organic carbon can be divided into three stages: the first stage is from 1955 to 1982, the second stage is from 1982 to 2014, and the third stage is from 2014 to 2021. The SAR values ranged from 52.03 to 233.61 g/(cm2·a), with an average value of 177.68 g/(cm2·a), OCAR values ranged from 112.78 to 473.97 g/(m2·a), with an average value of 286.65 g/(m2·a). TOC and OCAR showed no significant correlation (R2=0.095 78), while SAR and OCAR showed a significant positive correlation (R2=0.457 66). SAR of mangrove sediments may be an important factor that affects the burial of organic carbon in sediments. According to the distribution range of δ13C, δ15N and C/N values of mangrove columnar sediments, it is preliminarily concluded that the deposition of terrigenous organic matter is mainly contributed by terrigenous plants, C3 plants and organic matter in lost soil. Marine organic matter deposition is mainly caused by aquatic plants, marine phytoplankton and suspended organic particles brought by seawater perfusion. Among them, the contribution rate of mangrove litter was the highest (59.44%), followed by the average contribution rate of POM (25.91%), and the contribution rate of SOM and phytoplankton was relatively small. The contribution rate of POM is the largest, which is mainly affected by downstream seawater injection and the upstream runoff. The water conservancy facilities are the main limiting factor of the contribution rate of POM. Mangrove area and POM delivery are important factors that affect the burial of organic carbon burial in sediments. Conclusions Mangrove sediment organic carbon in Yanpu Bay is a mixed source of marine and land, and the sources of organic carbon and nitrogen in the sediment are consistent. Mangrove plant litter is the main contributor to organic carbon in sediments. Extreme weather, natural disasters, and water conservancy projects increase the complexity of sediment organic carbon sources. The sediment mass burial rate is the main factor affecting the organic carbon burial flux of mangrove sediments along Yanpu Bay. The sediment mass burial rate is mainly affected by extreme weather such as typhoon, and the use of upstream sluices and estuarine sluices also has a significant influence on it. Through reconstruction of the organic carbon burial records of mangrove sediments in Yanpu Bay, it is found that the burial of organic carbon in mangrove sediments is greatly affected by extreme weather and water conservancy projects, forming a phased deposition process.
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  • Received:  2023-10-25
  • Revised:  2023-12-05
  • Accepted:  2024-01-03
  • Published:  2025-12-10

Burial Characteristics and Source Analysis of Organic Carbon in Mangrove Sediments, Yanpu Bay, China

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.126

Abstract: Objective Mangroves are an important coastal blue carbon ecosystem, with a strong carbon sink function that has a profound impact on the global carbon cycle. In recent years, the sources and burial characteristics of organic carbon in mangrove wetland sediments have become a hot topic at home and abroad. However, there are few studies on the sources and biogeochemical cycles of organic carbon in mangrove wetland sediments at high latitudes. Methods A high-resolution 210Pb chronostratigraphic framework was established in the Yanpu Bay mangrove research area using the 1.5 m deep column sediment collected from the mangrove as a carrier. The sediment accumulation rate (SAR), organic carbon accumulation rate (OCAR), potential sources of organic carbon, and their contribution rates were analyzed according to the characteristics of the total organic carbon content (TOC), carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), median particle size (D50) and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C, δ15N). Results The sedimentation rate of mangrove sediments along Yanpu Bay is approximately 2.2cm/a, and a continuous sedimentary sequence of almost 70 years has been obtained. The particle size components are mainly silt and clay components. The proportion of different components of particle size and D50 remained unchanged with depth, and the activity of excess 210Pb was closely related to depth, indicating that the sedimentary environment was relatively stable. The average content of TOC is 1.63%, while the average content of TN is 0.10%. There was a significant positive correlation between TOC and TN (R2=0.238 09), and a significant negative correlation between TOC and δ13C (R2=0.472 69), indicating that the sources of organic carbon and nitrogen in sediments were consistent, and carbon sources with lower δ13C values were the main contributors to organic carbon in sediments. According to the vertical trend of TOC content, SAR and OCAR, the sedimentary record of organic carbon can be divided into three stages: the first stage is from 1955 to 1982, the second stage is from 1982 to 2014, and the third stage is from 2014 to 2021. The SAR values ranged from 52.03 to 233.61 g/(cm2·a), with an average value of 177.68 g/(cm2·a), OCAR values ranged from 112.78 to 473.97 g/(m2·a), with an average value of 286.65 g/(m2·a). TOC and OCAR showed no significant correlation (R2=0.095 78), while SAR and OCAR showed a significant positive correlation (R2=0.457 66). SAR of mangrove sediments may be an important factor that affects the burial of organic carbon in sediments. According to the distribution range of δ13C, δ15N and C/N values of mangrove columnar sediments, it is preliminarily concluded that the deposition of terrigenous organic matter is mainly contributed by terrigenous plants, C3 plants and organic matter in lost soil. Marine organic matter deposition is mainly caused by aquatic plants, marine phytoplankton and suspended organic particles brought by seawater perfusion. Among them, the contribution rate of mangrove litter was the highest (59.44%), followed by the average contribution rate of POM (25.91%), and the contribution rate of SOM and phytoplankton was relatively small. The contribution rate of POM is the largest, which is mainly affected by downstream seawater injection and the upstream runoff. The water conservancy facilities are the main limiting factor of the contribution rate of POM. Mangrove area and POM delivery are important factors that affect the burial of organic carbon burial in sediments. Conclusions Mangrove sediment organic carbon in Yanpu Bay is a mixed source of marine and land, and the sources of organic carbon and nitrogen in the sediment are consistent. Mangrove plant litter is the main contributor to organic carbon in sediments. Extreme weather, natural disasters, and water conservancy projects increase the complexity of sediment organic carbon sources. The sediment mass burial rate is the main factor affecting the organic carbon burial flux of mangrove sediments along Yanpu Bay. The sediment mass burial rate is mainly affected by extreme weather such as typhoon, and the use of upstream sluices and estuarine sluices also has a significant influence on it. Through reconstruction of the organic carbon burial records of mangrove sediments in Yanpu Bay, it is found that the burial of organic carbon in mangrove sediments is greatly affected by extreme weather and water conservancy projects, forming a phased deposition process.

LI Bin, SHUI BoNian, YU Yang, LÜ CongCong, LI XueLi, SHANGGUAN MingZhu, WEI Zhen, HU ChengYe. Burial Characteristics and Source Analysis of Organic Carbon in Mangrove Sediments, Yanpu Bay, China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2025, 43(6): 2004-2014. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.126
Citation: LI Bin, SHUI BoNian, YU Yang, LÜ CongCong, LI XueLi, SHANGGUAN MingZhu, WEI Zhen, HU ChengYe. Burial Characteristics and Source Analysis of Organic Carbon in Mangrove Sediments, Yanpu Bay, China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2025, 43(6): 2004-2014. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.126
  • 红树林作为滨海湿地典型生态交错带,长期处于滞水状态,物质分解缓慢,有利于有机质的积累,具有强大的碳汇功能,是重要的滨海“蓝碳”生态系统[13]。全球红树林面积不足陆地面积的1%,却埋藏了至少10%的陆地有机碳,这些有机碳主要来自红树植物凋落物及其根系更新[45]。朱耀军等[6]通过对湛江高桥红树林有机碳分布埋藏特征研究发现,凋落物是沉积物有机碳的重要来源。此外,红树植物根系发达,可有效减弱水动力,固定外源沉积的有机碳[7]。研究表明,潮汐淹没频率以及极端天气引起的水动力变化是影响水体中悬浮有机颗粒沉积速率的主要驱动因子,稳定的水动力条件能固定更多外源性有机碳[8]

    目前红树林湿地沉积物有机碳的来源和埋藏特征已成为国内外研究热点,主要集中在外源性有机颗粒输入、红树林退化、水动力作用等对沉积物有机碳埋藏的影响。刘大路等[9]通过研究养殖排污导致的有机颗粒输入变化对湛江红树林湿地沉积物有机碳分布的影响,发现过量的养殖排污会抑制红树林的发展,降低红树林的储碳能力。另外,白亚之等[8]通过分析泰国湾百年来有机碳埋藏记录,发现人类活动导致的红树林退化是影响红树林沉积物有机碳埋藏的重要因素。Smoak et al.[10]基于210Pb测年分析研究红树林沉积物的沉积和有机碳埋藏与海平面上升和风暴事件的关系,发现风暴活动的增加或海平面上升的速度超过红树林沉积物的沉积速率可能会导致沉积物有机碳再悬浮、流失和沉积。

    沿浦湾位于浙江省温州市南部沿海,地处浙闽交界区,早在20世纪50年代曾引种秋茄(Kandelia candel)成功,形成了3 m多高的红树林,面积达6.6×104 m2。然而,受自然因素和人类活动的影响,沿浦河沿岸红树林逐步被养殖塘取代,红树林面积锐减,红树林面积的变化可能是影响沉积物有机碳沉积过程的重要因素。沿浦湾常受台风、赤潮等自然灾害的影响[11],极端天气造成的水动力变化以及赤潮等自然灾害输入的大量浮游植物在某些时期可能影响沉积物有机碳的埋藏。人类活动也会直接或间接影响沉积物有机碳埋藏。例如,水利工程建设会显著改变红树林沉积物有机碳埋藏的方式和通量。沿浦湾周边城镇密集,是农业产业密集区,为保护人民生命财产安全,实现高质量发展,当地大规模修建水闸、防波堤、海堤等水利工程。然而,水利工程建设会影响水体的流通性,改变水的流动方向和速率,从而影响沉积条件及有机质的输入和输出,最终改变沉积物有机碳的埋藏特征[12]。本研究以沿浦湾红树林柱状沉积物为载体,基于稳定同位素技术分析沉积物的沉积质量埋藏速率(SAR)与有机碳埋藏通量(OCAR),结合总有机碳(TOC)含量、碳氮比(C/N)等指标的变化特征,利用贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR)量化有机碳潜在来源贡献。研究结果将有助于揭示红树林生态系统在沿海碳循环中的作用,更好地评估人类活动对红树林沉积物碳埋藏的影响,为红树林生态系统的管理和保护提供科学依据。

  • 于2022年5月17日使用泥炭钻取样器(BBS-44)在浙江省温州市苍南县沿浦镇沿浦湾红树林(27°13′22.09″ N,120°27′16.34″ E)采集1.5 m深的柱状沉积物,现场以5 cm为间隔切割分装并使用食品级铝箔袋密封。以柱状沉积物采样点断面为中心,在红树林区沿河流走向向两侧各150 m处设置两条断面,共3条断面(红树林集中分布在沿浦河沿岸)。根据河滩潮间带水位变化,每条断面设置3个站位(L1H~L1D、L2H~L2D、L3H~L3D),每个站位均采集土壤有机物(SOM)和红树凋落物(1 m×1 m的样方)。浮游植物通过浮游植物网(0.077 mm孔径)于沿浦河水平拖网60 min采集,采集的样品用0.1 mm孔径的筛绢过滤筛选后,用锡箔纸包裹密封。悬浮有机颗粒(POM)的获取是通过采集9份5 L水样(沿浦河上游至下游随机采样)并抽滤,抽滤后的玻璃纤维滤膜用锡箔纸包裹密封。所有样品均置于-20 ℃的冰箱内恒温保存,带回实验室处理分析。

  • 柱状沉积物样品冷冻干燥后研磨至200目,称取1 g置于离心管中,滴加1 mol/L的盐酸溶液反应12 h,直至不冒泡为止,再用超纯水清洗至中性,60 ℃干燥至恒重后研磨。称取10~20 mg原始样品在元素分析仪上测得总碳(TC)和总氮(TN)的含量,称取10~20 mg酸洗样品在元素分析仪上测得TOC含量,无机碳(TIC)含量为原始样品与酸洗样品的含量差。碳氮比为质量浓度比,可由测定的总有机碳含量与总氮含量计算得到[1314]。采用550 ℃烧失量法测定沉积物有机质含量。

  • 称取0.4~0.6 mg酸洗后的沉积物样品用锡舟包埋,使用稳定同位素质谱仪测定碳氮的稳定同位素比值(δ13C和δ15N)。δ13C(‰)和δ15N(‰)计算公式[1314]如下:

    δ13C(‰)=[(Rsample-Rstandard)/Rstandard]×1 000,R=13C/12C; (1)
    δ15N(‰)=[(Rsample-Rstandard)/Rstandard]×1 000,R=15N/14N; (2)

    式中:Rsample是酸洗样品碳氮比值,Rstandard是标准碳氮比值。13C/12C和15N/14N分别对应国际标准(Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite,VPDB)与大气中的氮标准,分析误差为小于±0.2‰。

  • 称取2 g未研磨的原始样品置于离心管中,加入3 mL浓度为0.5 mol/L的六偏磷酸钠溶液震荡2 min后静置8 h,再次震荡均匀后,吸取4~5滴混合溶液加入激光粒度仪(Bettersize2600)中测定黏土、粉砂、砂的组分含量以及中值粒径(D50)。

  • 210Pb测年分析采用γ能谱仪分析系统进行分析,检测沉积物样品中210Pb、226Ra和137Cs的放射性。每个样品的计数时间为24 h。基于恒通量—恒沉积速率模式(Constant Fluxconstant Sedimentation Rate Model,CF-CS)[15]。计算公式如下:

    210Pb-226Ra=(210Pb0-226Ra0)e-dl (3)

    式中:210Pb-226Ra为l深度沉积物中过剩210Pb的活度(210Pbex),210Pb0-226Ra0为初始表层沉积物中过剩210Pb的活度,d为柱状沉积物不同深度210Pbex的对数与深度拟合曲线斜率。基于该模式的独特性,表层沉积物存在明显的生物扰动,导致过剩铅分布趋势呈现反向走势。因此,去掉0~5 cm和部分过剩铅呈现反向走势的样品计算沉积速率。沉积速率V为:

    V=ln2dT (4)

    式中:T210Pb的半衰期22.26 a。基于沉积速率,不同深度柱状沉积物的埋藏年代为:

    a=2022-DV (5)

    式中:D是柱状沉积物的深度。

  • 有机碳的埋藏通量是指有机碳在单位时间和面积内被埋藏的量[16]。计算公式如下:

    ρdry=TV (6)
    FS=ρdryS (7)
    FO=ρdrySCO (8)

    式中:ρdry为单位体积沉积物内干燥沉积物的质量,即容重(kg/m3),T为不同深度沉积物干重(kg),V为不同深度沉积物的原始体积(m3);FS为沉积质量埋藏速率SAR(kg/(m2·a));FO为有机碳埋藏通量OCAR(g/(m2·a));S为沉积速率V(m/a);CO为有机碳的含量(g/kg)。

  • 采用MixSIAR模型量化不同有机碳潜在来源的贡献比例。模型中SOM、POM、红树凋落物以及浮游植物的δ13C和δ15N值全部使用测定的原始数据,默认不发生同位素分馏,Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)运行步长设定为正常[17],模型误差选取“process+residual”。将沉积记录的不同阶段(根据TOC与OCAR随时间变化的趋势,可将有机碳的沉积分为三个阶段)和POM、SOM、红树植物凋落物以及浮游植物的同位素组成作为潜在有机碳源的分组依据,再将4个潜在有机碳源的δ13C和δ15N值代入模型确定其贡献比例。

  • 总体而言,沉积柱的总210Pb活度和210Pbex活度的垂向变化趋势基本相同,随着深度的增加,活度的垂向变化呈现衰减的趋势,即活度的数值逐渐降低(图1a)。基于恒通量—恒沉积速率模式可知,沿浦湾红树林的沉积速率约为2.2 cm/a(图1b)。在此基础上可获得近70年的连续沉积序列。此外,通过137Cs分析对沉积序列的特殊年代作为时间标记,进而验证结果的准确性。总体上,137Cs活度波动较大,蓄积峰深度为88 cm,其对应蓄积在沉积地层中的年代时间可定位1986年(图1c)。基于沉积速率可知,该深度沉积物的埋藏年代为1983年,两者较为一致。不同层位210Pbex活度对数与深度之间具有较好的相关性(R2=0.877 50),表明红树林现代沉积环境相对稳定(图1b)。

    Figure 1.  Vertical distribution of 210Pb and 137Cs dating in columnar sediments

  • 红树林柱状沉积物的粒度相对偏细,主要为粉砂和黏土组分。沉积物中粉砂组分含量最高,平均值为60.4%,而黏土组分含量的平均值为39.5%,相比之下,砂组分含量较少,平均值仅为0.1%(图2a)。此外,D50的平均值为5.34 μm(图2b)。不同粒径组分含量所占比例以及D50随深度变化基本保持不变,表明沉积环境相对稳定。TOC含量平均值为1.63%,相较于TOC含量,TN含量较少,平均值为0.10%(图2c,d)。C/N的平均值为15.99(图2e),其值较高表明红树林沉积物有机碳来源具有一定的复杂性。δ13C平均值为-24.08‰,δ15N平均值为4.21‰(图2f,g)。有机质含量平均值为14.28%(图2h)。TOC与TN呈显著性正相关(R2=0.238 09,图3a),表明红树林沉积物有机碳、氮的来源较一致;而TOC与δ13C呈显著性负相关(R2=0.472 69,图3b),表明较低δ13C值的碳源是沉积物有机碳的主要贡献者。

    Figure 2.  Vertical changes of organic carbon and its environmental factors in columnar sediments

    Figure 3.  Correlation between TOC and TN/δ13C in columnar sediments

  • 红树林柱状沉积物SAR值介于52.03~233.61 g/(cm2·a),平均值为177.68 g/(cm2·a)(图4b),沉积物OCAR值介于112.78~473.97 g/(m2·a),平均值为286.65 g/(m2·a)(图4c)。根据TOC、SAR和OCAR随时间变化的趋势(图4a~c),可将有机碳的沉积记录分为三个阶段:(1)第一阶段为1955—1982年,这一阶段TOC含量与OCAR整体呈上升趋势,SAR最小值为152.74 g/(cm2·a),最大值为233.01 g/(cm2·a),OCAR出现最大值473.97 g/(m2·a);(2)第二阶段为1982—2014年,主要表现为TOC与OCAR整体呈下降的趋势,SAR从223.73 g/(cm2·a)下降到127.87 g/(cm2·a),OCAR也从473.97 g/(m2·a)下降到192.60 g/(m2·a);(3)第三阶段为2014—2021年,TOC与OCAR均呈先上升后下降的趋势,SAR呈下降趋势并出现最低值52.03 g/(cm2·a),OCAR出现最低值112.78 g/(m2·a)。TOC、OCAR无明显相关性(R2=0.095 78,图5a),SAR、OCAR显著性正相关(R2=0.457 66,图5b),表明红树林沉积物的SAR可能是沉积物有机碳埋藏的一个重要影响因素,较高的SAR有利于有机碳的沉积与埋藏。

    Figure 4.  Vertical distribution of TOC, SAR, OCAR in columnar sediments

    Figure 5.  Correlation between OCAR and TOC/SAR in columnar sediments

  • 根据红树林柱状沉积物的δ13C值的分布范围,初步判定C3植物、土壤有机质以及水生植物为有机碳的主要贡献者(图6a)。红树林柱状沉积物的δ15N值的分布范围表明红树林柱状沉积物氮主要受土壤流失氮和大气干湿沉降的影响(图6b)。此外,红树林柱状沉积物的C/N值范围指示海洋浮游植物、土壤有机质、陆地植物为有机质埋藏的主要贡献者(图6c)。因此,红树林柱状沉积物中有机质组成为海陆混合来源。

    Figure 6.  Source distribution of δ13C, δ15N and C/N in columnar sediments

    基于MixSIAR模型量化沉积物有机碳来源的贡献率发现,凋落物贡献率最大,介于49.30%~78.70%,平均值为59.44%(图7a,d);POM贡献率介于4.60%~39.90%,平均值为25.91%,POM的贡献率整体呈下降趋势(图7a,b);SOM的贡献率最小,介于2.80%~15.10%,平均值为6.09%(图7a,c);浮游植物的贡献率介于4.00%~15.40%,平均值为8.56%,SOM和浮游植物的贡献率整体呈增长趋势(图7a,c,e)。

    Figure 7.  Contribution rate and distribution of potential sources of TOC in columnar sediments

  • 通过分析红树林沉积物中的TOC、TN和C/N,可以了解其碳、氮循环特征、物源贡献和环境变化。红树林柱状沉积物不同层位中的TOC、TN含量变化趋势基本一致,且呈显著性正相关,表明沉积物的有机碳和氮来源较为一致[8]。与沉积物中的TOC含量相比,TN含量较少可能是因为红树植物的适应策略、生物作用和环境影响综合所致,沿浦河河滩红树植物分布较集中,且有大量的大型底栖生物分布,根系吸收和生物分解等生物作用也进一步降低总氮含量,潮汐和水动力的流失与冲刷过程导致的流失和淋溶,也是沉积物中TN含量偏低的重要原因[1820]。同时,红树林柱状沉积物δ15N值的变化范围较小(3.37‰~5.08‰),表明沉积物受外源氮污染负荷影响相对较小[2122],沉积物氮主要受土壤流失氮和大气干湿沉降的影响,但SOM的贡献率相对较低,这可能是沉积物中TN含量较少的原因之一。此外,TOC和δ13C显著性负相关,表明具有较低δ13C值的碳源是沉积物有机碳的主要贡献者。红树林常受到河流输入的影响,河水携带的外源性有机碳的δ13C值较低,故降低沉积物的δ13C值[22]。同时,红树植物的δ13C值相对较低(红树植物δ13C值介于-30‰~-22‰,柱状沉积物δ13C值介于-27.16‰~-22.39‰),红树凋落物的分解会提高沉积物有机碳含量,但会降低沉积物的δ13C值。C/N比值是表征有机质来源的重要指标,通过分析C/N值可以获得有关沉积物中有机质的来源和性质信息,沉积物C/N>8,即被认为至少受2种物源的影响,陆源有机质所占的比例越高,C/N值越大[13]。红树林柱状沉积物各深度的C/N值较大,介于11.05~22.65,表明有机质来源具有一定的复杂性。

    柱状沉积物粒度组分和D50随深度变化基本保持不变,其中,D50是沉积物粒度组成的重要参数,反映沉积物整体粒度含量变化情况[23],故沉积环境较为稳定。值得注意的是,在1966年前后D50明显减小,表明河流的输沙量可能发生了变化。1965年前后,沿浦河上游水闸(27°13′45.53″ N,120°27′24.14″ E)投入使用,其拦截作用使得上游输沙量减少,导致沉积物中不同粒径的颗粒比例发生变化,从而导致沉积物D50变小,黏土组分含量增加至最大值(42.51%)。然而,在2013年前后沉积物D50明显增大,这主要是受台风影响。2013年10月7日,台风“菲特”在沙埕港沿岸登陆,沿浦湾内及周边河流水动力极大增强,水体的冲刷与流失过程导致沉积物表层的细颗粒物质流失并进入水体,故沉积物粒径出现粗化。在此之后D50变小可能是因为河口水闸(27°13′10.67″ N,120°27′26.31″ E)以及老鼠尾防波堤(27°10′0.52″ N,120°27′29.44″ E)投入使用,造成水体水动力条件减弱,水体中大量悬浮颗粒沉降到河滩表层,沉积物粒径出现迅速细化,沉积物粒度组分中黏土、粉砂含量增大。因此,极端天气和水利工程建设可能是影响红树林沉积物粒度组成的重要因素,进而影响沉积物有机碳埋藏通量。

  • 红树林柱状沉积物中SAR和OCAR的垂直分布趋势较为一致,OCAR与SAR呈显著正相关,但TOC含量与OCAR无显著相关性,表明沉积质量埋藏速率是沉积物有机碳埋藏通量变化的主要影响因素。在第一阶段(1955—1982年),红树林沉积物TOC含量整体呈稳定上升趋势,OCAR呈波动较大且明显上升趋势。然而,在1962年和1971年两个节点,TOC、SAR和OCAR均呈明显下降的趋势,这可能与高位养殖塘的扩建以及上游水闸投入使用有关。20世纪60年代初,沿浦湾周边地区开始兴起海水养殖并大规模扩建养殖塘,导致红树林生境受到挤压,部分生境的丧失降低了沉积物有机碳含量。首先,红树植物凋落物是重要的有机碳来源,当红树林被破坏后,树源和外源性有机碳输入减少,沉积物有机碳含量呈下降趋势;红树林破坏进一步促进沉积物暴露在氧化条件下,加速有机质的分解,从而降低有机碳含量。其次,红树植物根系发达能够稳定沉积物,促进上覆水悬浮有机颗粒的快速沉降;而红树林受到破坏后,根系的稳固作用减弱,降低了沉积质量埋藏速率。因此,TOC、SAR和OCAR均呈明显下降的趋势。同时,在1977年前后红树凋落物的贡献率再次显著下降,SAR却有明显的增长,这可能是因为上游水闸开闸清淤,大量淤泥随水流运输到下游红树林区域导致SAR明显上升,OCAR也呈增长趋势。此外,SAR和POM的贡献率在1971年前后存在减弱的趋势,这与上游水闸的投入使用有关,水闸拦截了大量来自上游的悬浮有机颗粒,使得OCAR呈明显的下降趋势。但在1966年前后,在上游水闸投入使用导致输沙量减少的情况下,POM和SAR的贡献率却明显增加。由于上游水闸隔绝了河流的连通性,使得大量海水在红树林潮滩蓄积,海水中的悬浮有机颗粒和泥沙滞留时间延长,从而促进这些颗粒物质的沉积。

    在第二阶段(1982—2014年),各项指标总体上呈现较大波动,但在该阶段的前期(1984—1991年)SAR和其他指标变化比较稳定,这主要与海堤建成有关。1984年前后,沿浦镇下在村至岭尾村的海堤开始建设,并于当年12月投入使用,海堤改变了水动力条件,影响沉积物的输运和分布。海堤的迎水面会受到波浪和潮流的冲刷,堤前潮间带主要由砂砾或岩石组成,而海堤的背水面受水流的阻滞影响,导致沉积物的淤积和沉降,形成较细的粉砂或黏土沉积[2425],使得位于背水侧的红树林沉积物SAR以及其他各项指标的变化相对稳定。1994年前后,强台风“弗雷德”登陆浙江南部,温州市沿海海堤几乎全线崩溃,严重影响沉积物的运输和分布,水动力增强使得SAR和其他指标均有明显的减少,堤前潮间带沉积的大颗粒物质被大量运输到河滩,沉积物表层的细颗粒物质被冲刷并进入水体,导致D50明显增大。而在1997年前后,沉积物中TOC含量显著增加,SOM和浮游植物的贡献率显著上升,但SAR却呈显著下降的趋势。1997年台风“温妮”使浙闽交界处海堤损坏严重并伴有严重的山洪暴发[11],大量陆源性有机颗粒输入,导致SOM的贡献率明显增加。同时期我国沿海发生多次大规模的赤潮事件导致浮游植物的贡献率明显增加[26],陆源性有机颗粒和大量浮游植物成为沉积物有机碳埋藏的重要来源。

    在第三阶段(2014—2021年)河口水闸和老鼠尾防波堤建成使用以及红树林修复工程的开展,使得河流水动力趋于稳定,沉积物有机碳来源由海源向树源转变,红树凋落物成为主要来源。在2014—2018年期间,受水闸的阻碍影响,海水的输入量大大减少,SAR基本保持不变,POM、SOM、浮游植物的贡献率明显下降。虽然该时期沉积物有机碳的潜在来源多元化受到遏制,但TOC含量仍有明显增加的趋势,故稳定的沉积环境和红树凋落物持续输出对有机碳的埋藏至关重要。而在2016—2018年期间,受“桑美”等台风的扰动影响红树林沉积物理化性质出现明显的波动。通过对SAR、TOC含量等指标的变化以及沉积物有机碳潜在来源贡献率变化的综合分析,可直观反映极端天气对沉积物有机碳埋藏过程的影响。台风引起的沉积环境扰动,是沉积物有机碳埋藏通量的关键影响因素;而沉积环境稳定时,有机碳的潜在来源以及水利工程建设等因素共同影响红树林沉积物有机碳的埋藏。

  • 根据红树林柱状沉积物的δ13C和C/N值的分布范围,初步判断红树林沉积物陆源有机质沉积主要为陆源植物、C3植物以及流失土壤中的有机质;海源有机质沉积主要为水生植物和随海水灌注带来的海洋浮游植物和悬浮有机颗粒物[1314]。进一步分析发现,红树林柱状沉积物有机碳的埋藏过程受红树植物凋落物的影响最大,其次是POM,而SOM和浮游植物的贡献率较小。红树凋落物是林内沉积物有机碳的直接来源,且容易分解沉积,故凋落物是沉积物有机碳埋藏的主要贡献者。当红树凋落物贡献率有明显地减少时,表明红树林生境遭受破坏。

    与红树凋落物相比,SOM的贡献较小,但整体呈上升趋势。红树林周边多为养殖区,水土流失的防控会限制SOM的输入,但养殖污水的排放也会裹挟少量陆地土壤和塘泥输入到红树林中,使得SOM贡献率存在轻微上升的趋势。而POM的贡献率变化幅度最大,整体呈下降趋势,主要受下游海水注入量和上游径流量的影响。沿浦河上游水闸和河口水闸分别投入使用后,上游淡水的输出量和下游海水的输入量大大减少,直接降低水体中悬浮有机颗粒的沉降量,因此水利设施成为红树林沉积物POM贡献率的限制因子。

    浮游植物的贡献率主要受海水输入量以及赤潮的影响。在赤潮爆发期间,输入河流的海水中所携带的浮游植物的数量和密度都会显著增加,浮游植物的贡献率也会呈显著上升的趋势。同时,上游水闸和河口水闸的使用对浮游植物输入量也有一定的影响。水闸的开启和关闭会直接影响海水进入河流的数量和速度,从而影响进入河流的浮游植物数量[27],最终影响浮游植物对红树林沉积物有机碳的贡献率。

  • (1) 沿浦湾红树林沉积物有机碳为海陆混合来源,沉积物的有机碳和氮来源较为一致,红树植物凋落物是沉积物有机碳的主要贡献者,极端天气、自然灾害、水利工程等增加沉积物有机碳来源变化的复杂性。

    (2) 沉积质量埋藏速率是影响沿浦湾红树林沉积物有机碳埋藏通量的主要影响因素,沉积质量埋藏速率主要受台风等极端天气的影响,上游水闸和河口水闸的使用对其影响也十分显著。

    (3) 通过对沿浦湾红树林沉积物有机碳埋藏记录重建,发现红树林沉积物有机碳的埋藏受极端天气和水利工程的影响较大,形成阶段性的沉积过程。

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