Sequence Stratigraphic Framework and Development Model of the Cretaceous in Northeast Block, Oriente Basin, Ecuador

LIU Chang; ZHANG Qin; XIE Yin-fu; QIAO Li-jing-yu; SUN Jie-fu; MEI Xiao-han

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Article Navigation > Acta Sedimentologica Sinica > 2014 > 32(6): 1123-1131

LIU Chang, ZHANG Qin, XIE Yin-fu, QIAO Li-jing-yu, SUN Jie-fu, MEI Xiao-han. Sequence Stratigraphic Framework and Development Model of the Cretaceous in Northeast Block, Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2014, 32(6): 1123-1131.

Citation:

LIU Chang, ZHANG Qin, XIE Yin-fu, QIAO Li-jing-yu, SUN Jie-fu, MEI Xiao-han. Sequence Stratigraphic Framework and Development Model of the Cretaceous in Northeast Block, Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2014, 32(6): 1123-1131.

Sequence Stratigraphic Framework and Development Model of the Cretaceous in Northeast Block, Oriente Basin, Ecuador

1.
College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249;
2.
Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083

Received Date: 2014-04-25
Rev Recd Date: 2014-05-20
Publish Date: 2014-12-10

Abstract

The Oriente basin of Ecuador has produced a substantial amount of oil over the past years. The Cretaceous is the main exploration target in the northeastern block of Oriente Basin in Ecuador. But now in the study area, there are certain differences on the understanding of the sequence development number, the position of the sequence boundary and the sequence composition among different scholars. The classification projects of sequence stratigraphy haven't been systematically recognized. It greatly restricts any further exploration of hydrocarbons. Therefore, it has great theoretic and practical significance to carry out thorough researches on sequence stratigraphy of Cretaceous in northeastern block. Based on the comprehensive analysis of core, well logging and seismic data, sequence boundaries of the Cretaceous in northeastern block of Oriente Basin are identified according to seismic reflection terminal, the stacking patterns of sequence as well as changes of lithology and isochronous stratigraphic framework of the Cretaceous including Hollin and Napo Formation is established. Hollin and Napo Formations are divided into one second order sequence (KSS1), six third order sequences (KSQ1-KSQ6), sixteen fourth order sequences and thirty-four fifth order sequences. The KSQ1-KSQ5 has complete system tract composition which develops SMST, TST and HST system tract. The KSQ6 only develops SMST system tract. According to synthetic records for calibration of the seismic profile and combining with drilling and logging sequence stratigraphic division, seismic as well as drilling and logging data consistency of sequence stratigraphic division of Cretaceous in the study area has been implemented.
In the sequence division of Cretaceous in the northeastern block of Oriente Basin, the characteristics of sequence boundary recognition at all levels are obvious. Second order sequence boundaries correspond to typical seismic profile unconformity truncation feature. Third order sequence boundaries include partly onlap, truncation and downlap seismic reflection termination. Drilling profile are all lithological abrupt change surface, showed the abrupt change surface in the well logging due to the sediments from the shallow water to the deep water. The lowstand of fourth order sequence are shelf marginal systems tracts. It is difficult to identify fourth order sequence boundaries in seismic line, but it is easy to identify in well logging. The key element to identify interfaces is to determine the first flooding surface and the maximum flooding surface. Mainly based on the change of parasequence group staked style in well logging, showed the conversion interface of aggradation-retrogradation-progradation. Fifth order sequence boundaries correspond to the main flooding surface. The identification of interfaces are depending on the thickness of the formation development, the overlay style, the well logging response characteristics and the basic upward shoaling succession cycle of the relative sea level.
Typical mixed clastic and carbonate gentle dipping slope sequence stratigraphy development mode has been identified in the study area. Cretaceous as a relatively complete second order sequence, experienced a complete sedimentary cycle that the relatively down-up-down sea level. Also, the third order sequence has apparent transgression-regression cycle which responds to sedimentary environment that undergo multi-period transitions from tidal flat to restricted platform, to inner shelf subaqueous shoal and to outer shelf mudstone. Then the sea level drops, meanwhile the sedimentary environment evolves into inner shelf limestone bank and restricted platform. Establishment of isochronous stratigraphic framework of the Cretaceous will provide scientific basis for predicting the distribution of favorable sand body in the northeast block, Oriente Basin.
- sequence stratigraphic framework,
- sequence boundary,
- development model,
- Cretaceous,
- Oriente Basin

References

[1]	李文涛,赵铭江,张波,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地11区块油气勘探潜力分析[J]. 油气地质与采收率,2004,11(1):33-35[Li Wentao, Zhao Mingjiang, Zhang Bo, et al. Analysis on petroleum exploration potential in Block 11 of the Oriente Basin in Ecuador[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2004, 11(1): 33-35]
[2]	徐佑德,柳忠泉,许世红,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地16区块油气地质及勘探潜力[J]. 海洋石油,2006,26(3):25-30[Xu Youde, Liu Zhongquan, Xu Shihong, et al. Analysis on petroleum geology and exploration potential in Block 16 of Oriente Basin in Ecuador[J]. Offshore Oil, 2006, 26(3): 25-30]
[3]	丁增勇,陈文学,高彦楼,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地Horm-Nantu油田纳波组潮坪微相研究[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(6):43-50[Ding Zengyong, Chen Wenxue, Gao Yanlou, et al. Tidal microfacies of Napo Formation of Horm-Nantu Oil Field, Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology, 2009, 29(6): 43-50]
[4]	衣英杰,姜在兴,赵伯宇. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部潮坪相识别[J]. 科技信息,2010(13):421-422[Yi Yingjie, Jiang Zaixing, Zhao Boyu. Sedimentary microfacies in the South Block of Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Science & Technology Information, 2010(13): 421-422]
[5]	田继军,姜在兴,陈诗望. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块Napo组层序地层模式与岩性地层圈闭预测[J]. 现代地质,2010,24(4):678-684[Tian Jijun, Jiang Zaixing, Chen Shiwang. Sequence stratigraphy mode and lithologic traps prediction of Napo Formation in South Block of Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Geoscience, 2010, 24(4): 678-684]
[6]	陈诗望,姜在兴,田继军,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块沉积特征[J]. 海洋石油,2008,28(1):32-34[Chen Shiwang, Jiang Zaixing, Tian Jijun, et al. Sedimentary characteristics in the South Block of Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Offshore Oil, 2008, 28(1): 32-34]
[7]	牟汉生,姜在兴,田继军,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块Napo组层序地层特征及成藏条件分析[J]. 大庆石油地质与开发,2007,26(5):46-47[Mou Hansheng, Jiang Zaixing, Tian Jijun, et al. Sequence stratigraphy characteristics and reservoir generation conditions of Napo Formation in South Block of Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2007, 26(5): 46-47]
[8]	陈诗望,姜在兴,滕彬彬,等. 厄瓜多尔奥连特盆地白垩系M1油藏沉积储层新认识[J]. 地学前缘,2012,19(1):182-187[Chen Shiwang, Jiang Zaixing, Teng Binbin, et al. New understanding of sedimentation and reservoir characteristics of M1 zone in Cretaceous strata of Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012, 19(1): 182-187]
[9]	陈诗望,姜在兴,田继军,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块沉积模式及有利目标区预测[J]. 油气地质与采收率,2008,15(2):20-23[Chen Shiwang, Jiang Zaixing, Tian Jijun, et al. Sedimentary facies model and favorable target areas prediction, South Block, Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2008, 15(2): 20-23]
[10]	Shanmugam G, Poffenberger M, Toro A J. Tide-dominated estuarine facies in the Hollin and Napo Formations. Sacha field,Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2000, 84(5): 652-654
[11]	Richard O L, David B. Sand thickness prediction from band limited seismic attributes using neural networks:Oriente Basin, Ecuador [J]. SEG Expanded Abstracts, 2002, 21: 2451-2454
[12]	叶德燎,徐文明,陈荣林. 南美洲油气资源与勘探开发潜力[J]. 海外勘探,2007(2):70-76[Ye Deliao, Xu Wenming, Chen Ronglin. South American oil and gas resources and exploration potential[J]. Oversea Exploration, 2007(2): 70-76]
[13]	何彬,刘毅,郝斐,等. 奥连特盆地油气系统特征与勘探潜力[J]. 石油天然气学报,2011,33(4):34-38[He Bin, Liu Yi, Hao Fei, et al. Petroleum system characteristics and exploration potential of Oriente Basin[J]. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology, 2011, 33(4): 34-38]
[14]	李涛,魏春光,何雨丹. 南美前陆盆地隐蔽油气藏勘探[J]. 地球物理学进展,2012,27(1):320-325[Li Tao, Wei Chunguang, He Yudan. Exploration of subtle reservoir of foreland basin in South America[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2012, 27(1): 320-325]
[15]	Dashwood M F, Abbotts I L. Aspects of the petroleum geology of the Oriente Basin, Ecuador[C]//Brooks J. Classic petroleum provinces: Geologic Society Special Publication,1990, 50: 89-117
[16]	White H J, Skopec R A, Ramirez F A, et al. Reservoir characteristics of the Hollin and Napo Formations, western Oriente Basin, Ecuador[C]//Tankard A J, R. Suárez S, Welsink H J, Petroleum basins of South America. AAPG Memoir 62: 573-596
[17]	Canfield R W, Bonilla G, Robbins R K. Sacha Oli field of Ecuatorian Oriente[J]. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1982, 61: 1076-1090
[18]	Higgs R. Tide-dominated estuarine facies in the Hollin and Napo (“T”and“U”) formations (Cretaceous), Sacha field,Oriente Basin, Ecuador: discussion[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2002, 86(2): 329-334
[19]	丁增勇,陈文学,熊丽萍,等. 厄瓜多尔奥连特盆地构造演化特征[J]. 新疆石油地质,2010,31(2):211-215[Ding Zengyong, Chen Wenxue, Xiong Liping, et al. Tectonic evolution in Oriente Basin of Ecuador[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2010, 31(2): 211-215]
[20]	Baby P, Rivadenerra M, Christophoul F. Style and timing of deformation in the Oriente Basin of Eduador[C]. Extended Abstract ISAG99, 1999, 68-72
[21]	Belotti Hugo, Jose Silvestro, Gustavo Conforto. Recognition of tectonic events in the conformation of structural traps in the eastern Oriente Basin, Ecuador[C]. AAPG Annual Convention, 2003, 5: 11-14
[22]	纪友亮,张世奇,张宏. 层序地层学原理及层序成因机制模式[M]. 北京:地质出版社,1998:1-30[Ji Youliang, Zhang Shiqi, Zhang Hong. Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy and Sequence Formation Mechanism Model[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1998: 1-30]
[23]	朱筱敏. 层序地层学[M]. 北京:石油大学出版社,2000:1-28[Zhu Xiaomin. Sequence Stratigraphy[M]. Beijing: University of Petroleum Press, 2000: 1-28]
[24]	谢里夫. 勘探地震学[M]. 初英,等译.北京:石油工业出版社,1999[Sheriff R E. Exploration Seismology[M]. Translated by Chu Ying, et al. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1999]
[25]	李思田,解习农,王华,等. 沉积盆地分析基础与应用[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2004[Li Sitian, Xie Xinong, Wang Hua, et al. Sedimentary Basin Analysis and Application[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2004]
[26]	苗顺德,李秋芬,欧阳诚. 黄骅坳陷古近系层序地层格架特征及模式研究[J]. 中国地质,2008,35(2):256-263[Miao Shunde, Li Qiufen, Ouyang Cheng. Paleogene sequence stratigraphic framework and model in the Huanghua depression[J]. Geology in China, 2008, 35(2): 256-263]
[27]	李思田,杨士恭,林畅松. 论沉积盆地等时地层格架和基本建造单元[J]. 沉积学报,1992,10(4):11-22[Li Sitian, Yang Shigong, Lin Changsong. On the chronostratigraphic framework and basic building blocks of sedimentary basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1992, 10(4): 11-22]
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Sequence Stratigraphic Framework and Development Model of the Cretaceous in Northeast Block, Oriente Basin, Ecuador

1. College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249;

2. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083

Received Date: 2014-04-25

Rev Recd Date: 2014-05-20

Publish Date: 2014-12-10

Key words:

Abstract: The Oriente basin of Ecuador has produced a substantial amount of oil over the past years. The Cretaceous is the main exploration target in the northeastern block of Oriente Basin in Ecuador. But now in the study area, there are certain differences on the understanding of the sequence development number, the position of the sequence boundary and the sequence composition among different scholars. The classification projects of sequence stratigraphy haven't been systematically recognized. It greatly restricts any further exploration of hydrocarbons. Therefore, it has great theoretic and practical significance to carry out thorough researches on sequence stratigraphy of Cretaceous in northeastern block. Based on the comprehensive analysis of core, well logging and seismic data, sequence boundaries of the Cretaceous in northeastern block of Oriente Basin are identified according to seismic reflection terminal, the stacking patterns of sequence as well as changes of lithology and isochronous stratigraphic framework of the Cretaceous including Hollin and Napo Formation is established. Hollin and Napo Formations are divided into one second order sequence (KSS1), six third order sequences (KSQ1-KSQ6), sixteen fourth order sequences and thirty-four fifth order sequences. The KSQ1-KSQ5 has complete system tract composition which develops SMST, TST and HST system tract. The KSQ6 only develops SMST system tract. According to synthetic records for calibration of the seismic profile and combining with drilling and logging sequence stratigraphic division, seismic as well as drilling and logging data consistency of sequence stratigraphic division of Cretaceous in the study area has been implemented.
In the sequence division of Cretaceous in the northeastern block of Oriente Basin, the characteristics of sequence boundary recognition at all levels are obvious. Second order sequence boundaries correspond to typical seismic profile unconformity truncation feature. Third order sequence boundaries include partly onlap, truncation and downlap seismic reflection termination. Drilling profile are all lithological abrupt change surface, showed the abrupt change surface in the well logging due to the sediments from the shallow water to the deep water. The lowstand of fourth order sequence are shelf marginal systems tracts. It is difficult to identify fourth order sequence boundaries in seismic line, but it is easy to identify in well logging. The key element to identify interfaces is to determine the first flooding surface and the maximum flooding surface. Mainly based on the change of parasequence group staked style in well logging, showed the conversion interface of aggradation-retrogradation-progradation. Fifth order sequence boundaries correspond to the main flooding surface. The identification of interfaces are depending on the thickness of the formation development, the overlay style, the well logging response characteristics and the basic upward shoaling succession cycle of the relative sea level.
Typical mixed clastic and carbonate gentle dipping slope sequence stratigraphy development mode has been identified in the study area. Cretaceous as a relatively complete second order sequence, experienced a complete sedimentary cycle that the relatively down-up-down sea level. Also, the third order sequence has apparent transgression-regression cycle which responds to sedimentary environment that undergo multi-period transitions from tidal flat to restricted platform, to inner shelf subaqueous shoal and to outer shelf mudstone. Then the sea level drops, meanwhile the sedimentary environment evolves into inner shelf limestone bank and restricted platform. Establishment of isochronous stratigraphic framework of the Cretaceous will provide scientific basis for predicting the distribution of favorable sand body in the northeast block, Oriente Basin.

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Reference (30)

[1]	李文涛,赵铭江,张波,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地11区块油气勘探潜力分析[J]. 油气地质与采收率,2004,11(1):33-35[Li Wentao, Zhao Mingjiang, Zhang Bo, et al. Analysis on petroleum exploration potential in Block 11 of the Oriente Basin in Ecuador[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2004, 11(1): 33-35]
[2]	徐佑德,柳忠泉,许世红,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地16区块油气地质及勘探潜力[J]. 海洋石油,2006,26(3):25-30[Xu Youde, Liu Zhongquan, Xu Shihong, et al. Analysis on petroleum geology and exploration potential in Block 16 of Oriente Basin in Ecuador[J]. Offshore Oil, 2006, 26(3): 25-30]
[3]	丁增勇,陈文学,高彦楼,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地Horm-Nantu油田纳波组潮坪微相研究[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(6):43-50[Ding Zengyong, Chen Wenxue, Gao Yanlou, et al. Tidal microfacies of Napo Formation of Horm-Nantu Oil Field, Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology, 2009, 29(6): 43-50]
[4]	衣英杰,姜在兴,赵伯宇. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部潮坪相识别[J]. 科技信息,2010(13):421-422[Yi Yingjie, Jiang Zaixing, Zhao Boyu. Sedimentary microfacies in the South Block of Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Science & Technology Information, 2010(13): 421-422]
[5]	田继军,姜在兴,陈诗望. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块Napo组层序地层模式与岩性地层圈闭预测[J]. 现代地质,2010,24(4):678-684[Tian Jijun, Jiang Zaixing, Chen Shiwang. Sequence stratigraphy mode and lithologic traps prediction of Napo Formation in South Block of Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Geoscience, 2010, 24(4): 678-684]
[6]	陈诗望,姜在兴,田继军,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块沉积特征[J]. 海洋石油,2008,28(1):32-34[Chen Shiwang, Jiang Zaixing, Tian Jijun, et al. Sedimentary characteristics in the South Block of Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Offshore Oil, 2008, 28(1): 32-34]
[7]	牟汉生,姜在兴,田继军,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块Napo组层序地层特征及成藏条件分析[J]. 大庆石油地质与开发,2007,26(5):46-47[Mou Hansheng, Jiang Zaixing, Tian Jijun, et al. Sequence stratigraphy characteristics and reservoir generation conditions of Napo Formation in South Block of Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2007, 26(5): 46-47]
[8]	陈诗望,姜在兴,滕彬彬,等. 厄瓜多尔奥连特盆地白垩系M1油藏沉积储层新认识[J]. 地学前缘,2012,19(1):182-187[Chen Shiwang, Jiang Zaixing, Teng Binbin, et al. New understanding of sedimentation and reservoir characteristics of M1 zone in Cretaceous strata of Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012, 19(1): 182-187]
[9]	陈诗望,姜在兴,田继军,等. 厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地南部区块沉积模式及有利目标区预测[J]. 油气地质与采收率,2008,15(2):20-23[Chen Shiwang, Jiang Zaixing, Tian Jijun, et al. Sedimentary facies model and favorable target areas prediction, South Block, Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2008, 15(2): 20-23]
[10]	Shanmugam G, Poffenberger M, Toro A J. Tide-dominated estuarine facies in the Hollin and Napo Formations. Sacha field,Oriente Basin, Ecuador[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2000, 84(5): 652-654
[11]	Richard O L, David B. Sand thickness prediction from band limited seismic attributes using neural networks:Oriente Basin, Ecuador [J]. SEG Expanded Abstracts, 2002, 21: 2451-2454
[12]	叶德燎,徐文明,陈荣林. 南美洲油气资源与勘探开发潜力[J]. 海外勘探,2007(2):70-76[Ye Deliao, Xu Wenming, Chen Ronglin. South American oil and gas resources and exploration potential[J]. Oversea Exploration, 2007(2): 70-76]
[13]	何彬,刘毅,郝斐,等. 奥连特盆地油气系统特征与勘探潜力[J]. 石油天然气学报,2011,33(4):34-38[He Bin, Liu Yi, Hao Fei, et al. Petroleum system characteristics and exploration potential of Oriente Basin[J]. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology, 2011, 33(4): 34-38]
[14]	李涛,魏春光,何雨丹. 南美前陆盆地隐蔽油气藏勘探[J]. 地球物理学进展,2012,27(1):320-325[Li Tao, Wei Chunguang, He Yudan. Exploration of subtle reservoir of foreland basin in South America[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2012, 27(1): 320-325]
[15]	Dashwood M F, Abbotts I L. Aspects of the petroleum geology of the Oriente Basin, Ecuador[C]//Brooks J. Classic petroleum provinces: Geologic Society Special Publication,1990, 50: 89-117
[16]	White H J, Skopec R A, Ramirez F A, et al. Reservoir characteristics of the Hollin and Napo Formations, western Oriente Basin, Ecuador[C]//Tankard A J, R. Suárez S, Welsink H J, Petroleum basins of South America. AAPG Memoir 62: 573-596
[17]	Canfield R W, Bonilla G, Robbins R K. Sacha Oli field of Ecuatorian Oriente[J]. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1982, 61: 1076-1090
[18]	Higgs R. Tide-dominated estuarine facies in the Hollin and Napo (“T”and“U”) formations (Cretaceous), Sacha field,Oriente Basin, Ecuador: discussion[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2002, 86(2): 329-334
[19]	丁增勇,陈文学,熊丽萍,等. 厄瓜多尔奥连特盆地构造演化特征[J]. 新疆石油地质,2010,31(2):211-215[Ding Zengyong, Chen Wenxue, Xiong Liping, et al. Tectonic evolution in Oriente Basin of Ecuador[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2010, 31(2): 211-215]
[20]	Baby P, Rivadenerra M, Christophoul F. Style and timing of deformation in the Oriente Basin of Eduador[C]. Extended Abstract ISAG99, 1999, 68-72
[21]	Belotti Hugo, Jose Silvestro, Gustavo Conforto. Recognition of tectonic events in the conformation of structural traps in the eastern Oriente Basin, Ecuador[C]. AAPG Annual Convention, 2003, 5: 11-14
[22]	纪友亮,张世奇,张宏. 层序地层学原理及层序成因机制模式[M]. 北京:地质出版社,1998:1-30[Ji Youliang, Zhang Shiqi, Zhang Hong. Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy and Sequence Formation Mechanism Model[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1998: 1-30]
[23]	朱筱敏. 层序地层学[M]. 北京:石油大学出版社,2000:1-28[Zhu Xiaomin. Sequence Stratigraphy[M]. Beijing: University of Petroleum Press, 2000: 1-28]
[24]	谢里夫. 勘探地震学[M]. 初英,等译.北京:石油工业出版社,1999[Sheriff R E. Exploration Seismology[M]. Translated by Chu Ying, et al. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1999]
[25]	李思田,解习农,王华,等. 沉积盆地分析基础与应用[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2004[Li Sitian, Xie Xinong, Wang Hua, et al. Sedimentary Basin Analysis and Application[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2004]
[26]	苗顺德,李秋芬,欧阳诚. 黄骅坳陷古近系层序地层格架特征及模式研究[J]. 中国地质,2008,35(2):256-263[Miao Shunde, Li Qiufen, Ouyang Cheng. Paleogene sequence stratigraphic framework and model in the Huanghua depression[J]. Geology in China, 2008, 35(2): 256-263]
[27]	李思田,杨士恭,林畅松. 论沉积盆地等时地层格架和基本建造单元[J]. 沉积学报,1992,10(4):11-22[Li Sitian, Yang Shigong, Lin Changsong. On the chronostratigraphic framework and basic building blocks of sedimentary basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1992, 10(4): 11-22]
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Sequence Stratigraphic Framework and Development Model of the Cretaceous in Northeast Block, Oriente Basin, Ecuador

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