Method Comparison of Authigenic Pyrite Analysis between the Handpicking under Binocular Microscope and the CRS in Shallow Cored Marine Sediments: An example from the Site 4B, northern continental slope of the South China Sea

Lin Qi; Wang Jia-sheng; Bu Qing-tao; Li Chao; Lin Rong-xiao; Sun Fei; Zhang Wei-kun

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Article Navigation > Acta Sedimentologica Sinica > 2014 > 32(6): 1052-1059

Lin Qi, Wang Jia-sheng, Bu Qing-tao, Li Chao, Lin Rong-xiao, Sun Fei, Zhang Wei-kun. Method Comparison of Authigenic Pyrite Analysis between the Handpicking under Binocular Microscope and the CRS in Shallow Cored Marine Sediments: An example from the Site 4B, northern continental slope of the South China Sea[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2014, 32(6): 1052-1059.

Citation:

Lin Qi, Wang Jia-sheng, Bu Qing-tao, Li Chao, Lin Rong-xiao, Sun Fei, Zhang Wei-kun. Method Comparison of Authigenic Pyrite Analysis between the Handpicking under Binocular Microscope and the CRS in Shallow Cored Marine Sediments: An example from the Site 4B, northern continental slope of the South China Sea[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2014, 32(6): 1052-1059.

Method Comparison of Authigenic Pyrite Analysis between the Handpicking under Binocular Microscope and the CRS in Shallow Cored Marine Sediments: An example from the Site 4B, northern continental slope of the South China Sea

1.
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074;
2.
Faculty of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074

Received Date: 2013-12-18
Rev Recd Date: 2014-03-06
Publish Date: 2014-12-10

Abstract

As one of the most common authigenic minerals in continental margin sediments, pyrite has been proved as an important indicator of sedimentary environment, early diagenesis and gas hydrates. So far, the identification and handpicking under binocular microscope and the analysis of Chromium reduction sulfur (CRS) are the two most commonly used methods for the analysis of authigenic pyrite in marine sediments, however there is yet rare study made for comparisons of those two methods. In this paper, both methods are employed to the shallow sediments of Site 4B, northern continental slope of the South China Sea for comparison in authigenic pyrite analysis. The results show that 1) the pyrite contents and their sulfur isotopic values obtained by both methods exhibit great synchronicity in the major variations; 2) the discrepancies between two methods are limited to a certain small range with little changes throughout the sampled interval. Therefore, both methods can inform us of the major changes of pyrite contents and their sulfur isotopic values in the studied sediments. However, both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. While theoretically, CRS seems more scientific and accurate, observation and recognition under the binocular microscope are much easier operated and more economical and practical. We suggest that it might be a better choice to combine both methods in the practice of analyzing authigenic pyrite in marine sediments, which means that the binocular microscope for the overall variation of pyrite concentration and CRS for more precise and versatile analysis within the critical intervals with major changes.
- authigenic pyrite,
- Chromium reduction sulfur,
- binocular microscope,
- northern slope of the SCS,
- gas hydrate

References

[1]	Jørgensen B B. Mineralization of organic matter in the sea bed-the role of sulphate reduction [J]. Nature, 1982, 296: 643-645
[2]	Niewöhner C, Hensen C, Kasten S,et al. Deep sulfate reduction completely mediated by anaerobic methane oxidation in sediments of the upwelling area off Namibia [J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1998, 62(3): 455-464
[3]	Hinrichs K U, Hayes J M, Sylva S P,et al. Methane-consuming archaebacteria in marine sediments [J]. Nature, 1999, 398(6730): 802-805
[4]	Sloan E D. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gas[M]. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998: 1-10
[5]	Kvenvolden K A. Gas hydrates-geological perspective and global change [J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 1993, 31 (2): 173-187
[6]	Kvenvolden K A. Methane hydrate in the global organic carbon cycle [J]. Terra Nova, 2002, 14(5): 302-306
[7]	Boetius A, Ravenschlag K, Schubert C J, et al. A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane [J]. Nature, 2000, 407: 577-579
[8]	Jørgensen B B, Böttcher M E, Lüschen H,et al. Anaerobic methane oxidation and a deep H₂S sink generate isotopically heavy sulfides in Black Sea sediments [J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2004, 68(9): 2095-2118
[9]	Chen Duofu, Feng Dong, Su Zheng, et al. Pyrite crystallization in seep carbonates at gas vent and hydrate site [J]. Materials Science and Engineering, 2006, 26: 602-605
[10]	Pu Xiaoqiang, Zhong Shaojun, Yu Wenquan, et al. Authigenic sulfide minerals and their sulfur isotopes in sediments of the northern continental slope of the South China Sea and their implications for methane flux and gas hydrate formation [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2007, 52(3): 401-401
[11]	陈祈,王家生,魏清,等. 综合大洋钻探计划311航次沉积物中自生黄铁矿及其硫稳定同位素研究[J]. 现代地质,2008,22(3):402-406 [Chen Qi, Wang Jiasheng, Wei Qing, et al. Study on the authigenic pyrites and their sulfur stable isotopes in recovered sediments during IODP 311 Expedition [J]. Geoscience, 2008, 22(3): 402-406]
[12]	Feng Dong. Chen Duofu, Roberts H H. Petrographic and geochemical characterization of seep carbonate from Bush Hill (GC185) gas vent and hydrate site of the Gulf of Mexico [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2009, 26(7): 1190-1198
[13]	Lim Y C, Lin S, Yang T F,et al. Variations of methane induced pyrite formation in the accretionary wedge sediments offshore southwestern Taiwan [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2011, 28(10): 1829-1837
[14]	Peketi A A, Mazumdar R K, Joshi D J,et al. Tracing the Paleo sulfate-methane transition zones and H₂S seepage events in marinesediments: An application of C-S-Mo systematics [J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2012, 13(10): doi: 10.1029/2012GC004288
[15]	Borowski W S, Rodriguez N M, Paull C K,et al. Are 34S-enriched authigenic sulfide minerals a proxy for elevated methane flux and gas hydrates in the geologic record [J]? Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2013, 43: 381-395
[16]	陈忠,颜文,陈木宏,等. 南沙海槽表层沉积自生石膏—黄铁矿组合的成因及其对天然气渗漏的指示意义[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2007,27(2):91-100 [Chen Zhong, Yan Wen, Chen Muhong, et al. Formation of authigenic gypsum and pyrite assenblage and its significance to gas ventings in Nansha Trough, South China Sea [J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2007, 27(2): 91-100]
[17]	陆红锋,廖志良,陈芳,等. 南海神狐海域天然气水合物钻孔自生黄铁矿特征[J]. 南海地质研究,2010, 1: 1-6 [Lu Hongfeng, Liao Zhiliang, Chen Fang, et al. Authigenic pyrite in the sediments of gas-hydrate drilliing sites, Shenhu area, South China Sea [J]. Gresearch of Eological South China Sea, 2010, 1: 1-6]
[18]	张美,孙晓明,徐莉,等. 南海台西南盆地自生管状黄铁矿中纳米级石磨炭的发现及其对天然气水合物的示踪意义[J]. 科学通报,2011,56(21):1756-1762 [Zhang Mei, Sun Xiaoming, Xu Li, et al. Nano-sized graphitic carbon in authigenic tube pyrites from offshore southwest Taiwan, South China Sea, and its implication for tracing gas hydrate [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2011, 56(21): 1756-1762]
[19]	Canfield D E, Raiswell R, Westrich J T,et al. The use of chromium reduction in the analysis of reduced inorganic sulfur in sediments and shales [J]. Chemical Geology, 1986, 54(1/2): 149-155
[20]	Zhu Weilin, Zhong Kai, Li Youchuan, et al. Characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation and exploration potential of the northern South China Sea deepwater basins [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2012, 57(24): 3121-3129
[21]	宋海斌, 耿建华, Wang H K. 南海北部东沙海域天然气水合物的初步研究[J]. 地球物理学报,2001,44(5):687-695 [Song Haibin, Geng Jianhua, Wang H K. A preliminary study of gas hydrates in Dongsha region north of South China Sea [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2001, 44(5): 687-695]
[22]	Yang Tao, Jiang Shaoyong, Ge Lu, et al. Geochemical characteristics of pore water in shallow sediments from Shenhu area of South China Sea and their significance for gas hydrate occurrence [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2010, 55(8): 752-760
[23]	Wu Lushan, Yang Shengxiong, Liang Jinqiang, et al. Variations of pore water sulfate gradients in sediments as indicator for underlying gas hydrate in Shenhu Area, the South China Sea [J]. Science China: Earth Sciences, 2013, 56(4): 530-540
[24]	Zhang Haiqi, Yang Shengxiong, Wu Nengyou, et al. China's first gas hydrate expedition successful [C]//Fire in the Ice: Methane Hydrate Newsletter, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S Department of Energy, Spring/Summer issue 1, 2007
[25]	谢蕾. 南海北部神狐—东沙海域浅表层沉积物中自生黄铁矿及其水合物指示意义[D]. 湖北:中国地质大学(武汉),2012:17[Xie Lei. Characteristics of authigenic pyrites within shallow sediments at Shenhu-Dongsha area in northern South China Sea and implication for gas hydrate [D]. Hubei: China Uniersitiy of Geosiciences(Wuhan), 2012: 17]
[26]	Xie Lei, Wang Jiasheng, Wu Nengyou, et al. Characteristics of authigenic pyrites in shallow core sediments in the Shenhu area of the northern South China Sea: Implications for a possible mud volcano environment [J]. Science China: Earth Science, 2013, 56(4): 541-548
[27]	Hsieh Y P, Yang C H. Diffusion methods for the determination of reduced inorganic sulfer species in sediments [J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1989, 34: 1126-1130
[28]	Hsieh Y P, Shieh Y N. Analysis of reduced inorganic sulfur by diffusion methods: improved apparatus and evaluation for sulfur isotopic studies [J]. Chemical Geology, 1997, 137(3/4): 255-261
[29]	Lord C J III. A selective and precise method for pyrite determination in sedimentary materials [J]. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 1982, 52(2): 664-666
[30]	王昆山,石学法,李珍,等. 东海DGKS9617岩心重矿物及自生黄铁矿记录[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(4):41-45 [Wang Kunshan, Shi Xuefa, Li Zhen, et al. Records of heavy mineral and authigenous pyrite in Core DGKS9617 from the East China Sea [J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2005, 25(4): 41-45]
[31]	刘坚,陆红锋,廖志良,等. 东沙海洋浅层沉积物硫化物分布特征与天然气水合物的关系[J]. 地学前缘,2005,12(3):258-262 [Liu Jian, Lu Hongfeng, Liao Zhiliang, et al. Distribution in sulfides in shallow sediments in Dongsha area, South China Sea, and its relationship to gas hydrate[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2005, 12(3): 258-262]
[32]	Sassen R, Roberts H H, Camey R,et al. Free hydrocarbon gas, gas hydrate, and authigenic minerals in chemosynthetic communities of the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope: ralation to microbial processes [J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 205(3/4): 195-217
[33]	王晓芹,王家生,魏清,等. 综合大洋钻探计划311航次沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩碳、氧稳定同位素特征[J]. 现代地质,2008,22(3):397-401 [Wang Xiaoqin, Wang Jiasheng, Wei Qing, et al. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes characteristics of the authigenic carbonate in recovered sediments during IODP 311 Expedition [J]. Geoscience, 2008, 22(3): 397-401]
[34]	Li Qing, Wang Jiasheng, Chen Jianwen, et al. Stable carbon isotopes of benthic foraminifers from IODP Expedition 311 as possible indicators of episodic methane seep events in a gas hydrate geosystem [J]. Palaios, 2010, 25(10): 671-681

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Method Comparison of Authigenic Pyrite Analysis between the Handpicking under Binocular Microscope and the CRS in Shallow Cored Marine Sediments: An example from the Site 4B, northern continental slope of the South China Sea

1. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074;

2. Faculty of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074

Received Date: 2013-12-18

Rev Recd Date: 2014-03-06

Publish Date: 2014-12-10

Key words:

Abstract: As one of the most common authigenic minerals in continental margin sediments, pyrite has been proved as an important indicator of sedimentary environment, early diagenesis and gas hydrates. So far, the identification and handpicking under binocular microscope and the analysis of Chromium reduction sulfur (CRS) are the two most commonly used methods for the analysis of authigenic pyrite in marine sediments, however there is yet rare study made for comparisons of those two methods. In this paper, both methods are employed to the shallow sediments of Site 4B, northern continental slope of the South China Sea for comparison in authigenic pyrite analysis. The results show that 1) the pyrite contents and their sulfur isotopic values obtained by both methods exhibit great synchronicity in the major variations; 2) the discrepancies between two methods are limited to a certain small range with little changes throughout the sampled interval. Therefore, both methods can inform us of the major changes of pyrite contents and their sulfur isotopic values in the studied sediments. However, both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. While theoretically, CRS seems more scientific and accurate, observation and recognition under the binocular microscope are much easier operated and more economical and practical. We suggest that it might be a better choice to combine both methods in the practice of analyzing authigenic pyrite in marine sediments, which means that the binocular microscope for the overall variation of pyrite concentration and CRS for more precise and versatile analysis within the critical intervals with major changes.

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Reference (34)

[1]	Jørgensen B B. Mineralization of organic matter in the sea bed-the role of sulphate reduction [J]. Nature, 1982, 296: 643-645
[2]	Niewöhner C, Hensen C, Kasten S,et al. Deep sulfate reduction completely mediated by anaerobic methane oxidation in sediments of the upwelling area off Namibia [J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1998, 62(3): 455-464
[3]	Hinrichs K U, Hayes J M, Sylva S P,et al. Methane-consuming archaebacteria in marine sediments [J]. Nature, 1999, 398(6730): 802-805
[4]	Sloan E D. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gas[M]. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998: 1-10
[5]	Kvenvolden K A. Gas hydrates-geological perspective and global change [J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 1993, 31 (2): 173-187
[6]	Kvenvolden K A. Methane hydrate in the global organic carbon cycle [J]. Terra Nova, 2002, 14(5): 302-306
[7]	Boetius A, Ravenschlag K, Schubert C J, et al. A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane [J]. Nature, 2000, 407: 577-579
[8]	Jørgensen B B, Böttcher M E, Lüschen H,et al. Anaerobic methane oxidation and a deep H₂S sink generate isotopically heavy sulfides in Black Sea sediments [J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2004, 68(9): 2095-2118
[9]	Chen Duofu, Feng Dong, Su Zheng, et al. Pyrite crystallization in seep carbonates at gas vent and hydrate site [J]. Materials Science and Engineering, 2006, 26: 602-605
[10]	Pu Xiaoqiang, Zhong Shaojun, Yu Wenquan, et al. Authigenic sulfide minerals and their sulfur isotopes in sediments of the northern continental slope of the South China Sea and their implications for methane flux and gas hydrate formation [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2007, 52(3): 401-401
[11]	陈祈,王家生,魏清,等. 综合大洋钻探计划311航次沉积物中自生黄铁矿及其硫稳定同位素研究[J]. 现代地质,2008,22(3):402-406 [Chen Qi, Wang Jiasheng, Wei Qing, et al. Study on the authigenic pyrites and their sulfur stable isotopes in recovered sediments during IODP 311 Expedition [J]. Geoscience, 2008, 22(3): 402-406]
[12]	Feng Dong. Chen Duofu, Roberts H H. Petrographic and geochemical characterization of seep carbonate from Bush Hill (GC185) gas vent and hydrate site of the Gulf of Mexico [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2009, 26(7): 1190-1198
[13]	Lim Y C, Lin S, Yang T F,et al. Variations of methane induced pyrite formation in the accretionary wedge sediments offshore southwestern Taiwan [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2011, 28(10): 1829-1837
[14]	Peketi A A, Mazumdar R K, Joshi D J,et al. Tracing the Paleo sulfate-methane transition zones and H₂S seepage events in marinesediments: An application of C-S-Mo systematics [J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2012, 13(10): doi:10.1029/2012GC004288
[15]	Borowski W S, Rodriguez N M, Paull C K,et al. Are 34S-enriched authigenic sulfide minerals a proxy for elevated methane flux and gas hydrates in the geologic record [J]? Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2013, 43: 381-395
[16]	陈忠,颜文,陈木宏,等. 南沙海槽表层沉积自生石膏—黄铁矿组合的成因及其对天然气渗漏的指示意义[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2007,27(2):91-100 [Chen Zhong, Yan Wen, Chen Muhong, et al. Formation of authigenic gypsum and pyrite assenblage and its significance to gas ventings in Nansha Trough, South China Sea [J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2007, 27(2): 91-100]
[17]	陆红锋,廖志良,陈芳,等. 南海神狐海域天然气水合物钻孔自生黄铁矿特征[J]. 南海地质研究,2010, 1: 1-6 [Lu Hongfeng, Liao Zhiliang, Chen Fang, et al. Authigenic pyrite in the sediments of gas-hydrate drilliing sites, Shenhu area, South China Sea [J]. Gresearch of Eological South China Sea, 2010, 1: 1-6]
[18]	张美,孙晓明,徐莉,等. 南海台西南盆地自生管状黄铁矿中纳米级石磨炭的发现及其对天然气水合物的示踪意义[J]. 科学通报,2011,56(21):1756-1762 [Zhang Mei, Sun Xiaoming, Xu Li, et al. Nano-sized graphitic carbon in authigenic tube pyrites from offshore southwest Taiwan, South China Sea, and its implication for tracing gas hydrate [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2011, 56(21): 1756-1762]
[19]	Canfield D E, Raiswell R, Westrich J T,et al. The use of chromium reduction in the analysis of reduced inorganic sulfur in sediments and shales [J]. Chemical Geology, 1986, 54(1/2): 149-155
[20]	Zhu Weilin, Zhong Kai, Li Youchuan, et al. Characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation and exploration potential of the northern South China Sea deepwater basins [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2012, 57(24): 3121-3129
[21]	宋海斌, 耿建华, Wang H K. 南海北部东沙海域天然气水合物的初步研究[J]. 地球物理学报,2001,44(5):687-695 [Song Haibin, Geng Jianhua, Wang H K. A preliminary study of gas hydrates in Dongsha region north of South China Sea [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2001, 44(5): 687-695]
[22]	Yang Tao, Jiang Shaoyong, Ge Lu, et al. Geochemical characteristics of pore water in shallow sediments from Shenhu area of South China Sea and their significance for gas hydrate occurrence [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2010, 55(8): 752-760
[23]	Wu Lushan, Yang Shengxiong, Liang Jinqiang, et al. Variations of pore water sulfate gradients in sediments as indicator for underlying gas hydrate in Shenhu Area, the South China Sea [J]. Science China: Earth Sciences, 2013, 56(4): 530-540
[24]	Zhang Haiqi, Yang Shengxiong, Wu Nengyou, et al. China's first gas hydrate expedition successful [C]//Fire in the Ice: Methane Hydrate Newsletter, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S Department of Energy, Spring/Summer issue 1, 2007
[25]	谢蕾. 南海北部神狐—东沙海域浅表层沉积物中自生黄铁矿及其水合物指示意义[D]. 湖北:中国地质大学(武汉),2012:17[Xie Lei. Characteristics of authigenic pyrites within shallow sediments at Shenhu-Dongsha area in northern South China Sea and implication for gas hydrate [D]. Hubei: China Uniersitiy of Geosiciences(Wuhan), 2012: 17]
[26]	Xie Lei, Wang Jiasheng, Wu Nengyou, et al. Characteristics of authigenic pyrites in shallow core sediments in the Shenhu area of the northern South China Sea: Implications for a possible mud volcano environment [J]. Science China: Earth Science, 2013, 56(4): 541-548
[27]	Hsieh Y P, Yang C H. Diffusion methods for the determination of reduced inorganic sulfer species in sediments [J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1989, 34: 1126-1130
[28]	Hsieh Y P, Shieh Y N. Analysis of reduced inorganic sulfur by diffusion methods: improved apparatus and evaluation for sulfur isotopic studies [J]. Chemical Geology, 1997, 137(3/4): 255-261
[29]	Lord C J III. A selective and precise method for pyrite determination in sedimentary materials [J]. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 1982, 52(2): 664-666
[30]	王昆山,石学法,李珍,等. 东海DGKS9617岩心重矿物及自生黄铁矿记录[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(4):41-45 [Wang Kunshan, Shi Xuefa, Li Zhen, et al. Records of heavy mineral and authigenous pyrite in Core DGKS9617 from the East China Sea [J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2005, 25(4): 41-45]
[31]	刘坚,陆红锋,廖志良,等. 东沙海洋浅层沉积物硫化物分布特征与天然气水合物的关系[J]. 地学前缘,2005,12(3):258-262 [Liu Jian, Lu Hongfeng, Liao Zhiliang, et al. Distribution in sulfides in shallow sediments in Dongsha area, South China Sea, and its relationship to gas hydrate[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2005, 12(3): 258-262]
[32]	Sassen R, Roberts H H, Camey R,et al. Free hydrocarbon gas, gas hydrate, and authigenic minerals in chemosynthetic communities of the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope: ralation to microbial processes [J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 205(3/4): 195-217
[33]	王晓芹,王家生,魏清,等. 综合大洋钻探计划311航次沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩碳、氧稳定同位素特征[J]. 现代地质,2008,22(3):397-401 [Wang Xiaoqin, Wang Jiasheng, Wei Qing, et al. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes characteristics of the authigenic carbonate in recovered sediments during IODP 311 Expedition [J]. Geoscience, 2008, 22(3): 397-401]
[34]	Li Qing, Wang Jiasheng, Chen Jianwen, et al. Stable carbon isotopes of benthic foraminifers from IODP Expedition 311 as possible indicators of episodic methane seep events in a gas hydrate geosystem [J]. Palaios, 2010, 25(10): 671-681

Method Comparison of Authigenic Pyrite Analysis between the Handpicking under Binocular Microscope and the CRS in Shallow Cored Marine Sediments: An example from the Site 4B, northern continental slope of the South China Sea

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