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Volume 44 Issue 1
Feb.  2026
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XING Zhou, CAO GaoShe, YANG MingHui. Stratigraphic Depositional Age of the Shanxi Formation and Shangshihezi Formation in the Yuzhou Area and Its Geological Significance[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 355-372. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.025
Citation: XING Zhou, CAO GaoShe, YANG MingHui. Stratigraphic Depositional Age of the Shanxi Formation and Shangshihezi Formation in the Yuzhou Area and Its Geological Significance[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 355-372. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.025

Stratigraphic Depositional Age of the Shanxi Formation and Shangshihezi Formation in the Yuzhou Area and Its Geological Significance

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.025
  • Received Date: 2023-09-19
  • Accepted Date: 2024-04-02
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-02-04
  • Available Online: 2024-04-02
  • Publish Date: 2026-02-10
  • Objective The Yuzhou area is the most highly studied Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing strata of the southern part of North China Block, which has abundant sedimentological and stratigraphic paleontological research basis; however, owing to the lack of absolute chronology data, the division of chronostratigraphy, and regional large-scale stratigraphic correlation are affected. Methods In this study, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was applied to date the U-Pb age of detrital zircon of two mudstone samples near the stratigraphic boundary of the Taiyuan Formation-Shanxi Formation and Xiashihezi Formation-Shangshihezi Formation in the Yuzhou area and determine their maximum depositional ages. Results (1) The 40 detrital zircons from the bottom sample of the Shanxi Formation (ZK1006-5) constitute a continuous young component spectrum ranging from 283-343 Ma, with the youngest single zircon age (YSG age) is 283±9.4 Ma. The 18 detrital zircons from the bottom sample of the Shangshihezi Formation (ZK2387-3) constitute a continuous young component spectrum ranging from 257-299 Ma, with the YSG age is 257±6.8 Ma. They represent the maximum deposition age of the sample strata, indicating that the deposition time is no earlier than 283±9.4 Ma and 257±6.8 Ma. (2) The deposition of the Shanxi Formation and Shangshihezi Formation in the Yuzhou area began in Kungurian and Wuchiapingian, respectively, which is consistent with regional biostratigraphic data. (3) The Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing strata of the North China Block have a large span of penetrating rock strata, and the overall performance is characterized by inward penetration of the plate edge gradually through the new characteristics. Conclusions Based on the previous studies on volcanic events in the Late Paleozoic basin of the North China Block, the eastern margin of the basin was found to be strongly active in which the same sedimentary period, and the induced magmatism, tectonic activity, biological succession, and transgression may be related to the formation of the ancient continent of Laurisia land at the same time.
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  • 表1、2 禹州地区山西组底部粉砂质泥岩、紫斑泥岩碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素数据.docx
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  • Received:  2023-09-19
  • Revised:  2024-02-04
  • Accepted:  2024-04-02
  • Published:  2026-02-10

Stratigraphic Depositional Age of the Shanxi Formation and Shangshihezi Formation in the Yuzhou Area and Its Geological Significance

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.025

Abstract: Objective The Yuzhou area is the most highly studied Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing strata of the southern part of North China Block, which has abundant sedimentological and stratigraphic paleontological research basis; however, owing to the lack of absolute chronology data, the division of chronostratigraphy, and regional large-scale stratigraphic correlation are affected. Methods In this study, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was applied to date the U-Pb age of detrital zircon of two mudstone samples near the stratigraphic boundary of the Taiyuan Formation-Shanxi Formation and Xiashihezi Formation-Shangshihezi Formation in the Yuzhou area and determine their maximum depositional ages. Results (1) The 40 detrital zircons from the bottom sample of the Shanxi Formation (ZK1006-5) constitute a continuous young component spectrum ranging from 283-343 Ma, with the youngest single zircon age (YSG age) is 283±9.4 Ma. The 18 detrital zircons from the bottom sample of the Shangshihezi Formation (ZK2387-3) constitute a continuous young component spectrum ranging from 257-299 Ma, with the YSG age is 257±6.8 Ma. They represent the maximum deposition age of the sample strata, indicating that the deposition time is no earlier than 283±9.4 Ma and 257±6.8 Ma. (2) The deposition of the Shanxi Formation and Shangshihezi Formation in the Yuzhou area began in Kungurian and Wuchiapingian, respectively, which is consistent with regional biostratigraphic data. (3) The Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing strata of the North China Block have a large span of penetrating rock strata, and the overall performance is characterized by inward penetration of the plate edge gradually through the new characteristics. Conclusions Based on the previous studies on volcanic events in the Late Paleozoic basin of the North China Block, the eastern margin of the basin was found to be strongly active in which the same sedimentary period, and the induced magmatism, tectonic activity, biological succession, and transgression may be related to the formation of the ancient continent of Laurisia land at the same time.

XING Zhou, CAO GaoShe, YANG MingHui. Stratigraphic Depositional Age of the Shanxi Formation and Shangshihezi Formation in the Yuzhou Area and Its Geological Significance[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 355-372. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.025
Citation: XING Zhou, CAO GaoShe, YANG MingHui. Stratigraphic Depositional Age of the Shanxi Formation and Shangshihezi Formation in the Yuzhou Area and Its Geological Significance[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 355-372. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.025
  • 华北板块由东、西板块于古元古代晚期(~1.85 Ga)经过最终的碰撞缝合完成克拉通化(赵国春等,2002),其古生代一直处于较为稳定的板内构造环境(图1a)。禹州地区位于华北板块南部(图1b),上古生界出露良好。晚古生代期间,华北板块整体沉降,受该时期周缘古构造的影响,形成主要以向东开口的簸箕状陆表海盆地重新接受沉积(曹高社等,2013),海水主要自北东和南东方向侵入,在西面和西北地区与西部海域也有不同程度的沟通,随后海水整体向南东方向逐渐退出(武法东等,1995郭英海和刘焕杰,1999),整体上为海退型剖面,其沉积环境演化为由陆表海碳酸盐岩—碎屑海岸、碎屑潮坪至被河流三角洲充填的半咸水海湾,最后到近海湖泊,并结束含煤地层沉积(杨起,1987李宝芳等,1989陈钟惠等,1993)。禹州地区位于华北板块南部,其上古生界含煤岩系包括本溪组、太原组、山西组、下石盒子组和上石盒子组(图1c),整体上,受周缘构造活动影响,最大海侵期发育的碳酸盐岩集中在下部,同时在上、下石盒子组中也存在诸多富含Lingula海相化石的暗色泥岩和富含海绵骨针的硅质岩等海侵记录层位(李宝芳等,19891999),泥岩和煤岩在整个晚古生代煤系地层中均有发育。

    Figure 1.  (a) Structural location of the Yuzhou area; (b) geological map of the Yuzhou area and borehole location; (c) simplfied stratigraphic column of Upper Paleozoic coal⁃bearing strata in the Yuzhou area and sample location

  • 从基于“岩石地层”的本义出发,采用杨起(1987)杨关秀(2006)对于禹州地区上古生界划分方案,选取研究区两口全取心煤田钻孔ZK1006和ZK2387,并采集山西组和上石盒子组岩心样品各一件。样品ZK1006-5采自山西组底部(L8灰岩上覆泥岩),样品长度约2.2 m,岩性以灰黑色粉砂质泥岩为主,且砂泥互层(图2a),层面可见植物化石及少量白云母碎片(图2b);样品ZK2387-3采自上石盒子组底部(田家沟砂岩上覆泥岩),样品长度约2.4 m,岩性以灰绿色含紫色斑块厚层状泥岩为主(图2c,d)。

    Figure 2.  (a, b) Contours and local characteristics of detrital zircon samples from the Shanxi Formationand (c, d) Shangshihezi Formation in the Yuzhou area

  • 锆石的挑选在廊坊市地科勘探技术服务有限公司完成,制靶工作和阴极发光照相在北京地时科技有限公司完成,锆石U-Pb年龄LA-ICP-MS测定在合肥工业大学资源与环境工程学院实验中心完成。锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS测定的激光剥蚀系统为Geo Las 2005,等离子体质谱仪为Agilent 7500a,激光束斑直径32 μm,激光脉冲重复频率为6 Hz。每测定5个样品选用标准锆石91500进行两次锆石U/Pb比值及年龄校准,每测10个样品点测一次NIST610和年龄监控样Plesovice。锆石测试原始数据的处理采用ICPMSDateCal 7.5软件,并采用Andersen(2002)的方法进行普通铅作年龄校正,年龄计算和图谱制作运用Isoplot处理(Liu et al.,2010)。

  • 样品碎屑锆石CL图像显示,晚古生代U-Pb年龄碎屑锆石一般具有清晰的明暗相间的震荡环带,少数具有扇形分带,自形程度高,晶型较为完整,晶棱锋锐清晰,多数呈柱状或细长柱状,锆石颗粒长度为70~100 μm,长短比介于1.5∶1~3∶1,具有明显的岩浆锆石形貌特征(图3)。

    Figure 3.  Typical detrital zircon cathodoluminescence images of samples in the Yuzhou area

    与晚古生代U-Pb年龄碎屑锆石外形多呈不规则的特征相比,前寒武纪U-Pb年龄碎屑锆石多呈卵圆形,晶面复杂,时代愈老的碎屑锆石晶棱愈圆润,内部结构愈复杂,但多数碎屑锆石的残留晶核仍具有震荡环带。此外,还常见有继承锆石的残留晶核,并发育有颜色分明的增生边,表明这些碎屑锆石多存在有不同程度的后期变质作用,锆石颗粒长度介于50~80 μm,长短比介于1.2∶1~1.5∶1,具有岩浆锆石或为岩浆锆石的变质增生锆石形貌特征(图3)。

  • 不同时期锆石的Th/U比值多数大于0.4,极少数Th/U比值小于0.1,显示了岩浆锆石的Th/U比值特征(Hermann et al.,2001吴元保和郑永飞,2004)(图4a)。大部分锆石Zr/Hf比值大于40,一般认为,岩浆锆石中Hf同位素含量总体较低,且形成之后的地质作用不会对锆石Hf同位素含量产生明显的影响,所以岩浆锆石和变质重结晶的岩浆锆石Zr/Hf比值较高,Zr/Hf比值一般大于40(Vavra et al.,1996Dubińsk et al.,2004),但少部分碎屑锆石Zr/Hf比值小于40,可能是部分岩浆锆石变质增生作用造成的(Dubińsk et al.,2004)(图4b)。

    Figure 4.  Trace and rare earth element (REE) characteristics of detrital zircon samples in the Yuzhou area

    其中,晚古生代碎屑锆石稀土元素表现出Ce和Sm正异常与Pr和Eu的负异常(图4c),富重稀土贫轻稀土,配分曲线表现出明显的由轻稀土向重稀土元素急剧上升的左倾现象(图4d),明显区别于变质锆石(Boynton,1984),具有岩浆锆石的稀土元素特征(Heaman et al.,1990Buick et al.,1995Hoskin and Ireland,2000)。

    结合样品碎屑锆石的形貌、主要微量元素及稀土元素特征,接近地层沉积年龄的碎屑锆石主要为岩浆成因锆石,前寒武纪锆石主要为岩浆锆石或为岩浆成因的变质增生锆石。

  • 锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄测试中,锆石激光剥蚀的位置主要在具有震荡环带的部位,所以测定的U-Pb年龄应主要是锆石形成或寄主岩浆的年龄。由于古老锆石(大于1 000 Ma)多存在一定程度的铅丢失,而207Pb和206Pb在相同的初始条件和共同的地质构造环境中具有同步的变化,两者保持相对稳定的比值,因此对于大于1 000 Ma的锆石,采用207Pb/206Pb表面年龄;对于小于1 000 Ma的锆石,由于放射性成因Pb含量低和普通铅校正的不确定性,因而采用更为可靠的206Pb/238U表面年龄(Sircombe,1999)。剔除谐和度小于90%的测试数据后,剩余数据在U-Pb谐和图上,大部分数据点落在了谐和线上或接近于谐和线,仅有极个别分析点稍偏离谐和线,反映极少部分锆石可能存在一定程度的铅丢失或富集(图5a,c)。

    Figure 5.  Diagram of U⁃Pb concordia and age distribution of detrital zircon samples in the Yuzhou area

    山西组底部粉砂质泥岩(样品ZK1006-5)所测试的90颗锆石中,有76颗锆石的谐和度大于90%参与年龄统计。其中,40颗晚石炭世—早二叠世(283~343 Ma)构成连续年龄图谱,占53%,最年轻单颗粒锆石年龄(YSG)283±9.4Ma,年轻组分峰值年龄(YPP)~299 Ma;其余年龄(429~3 501 Ma)具较明显的~1 000 Ma、~1 800 Ma和~2 500 Ma左右的年龄峰值(图5b)。

    上石盒子组底部紫斑泥岩(样品ZK2387-3)所测试的80粒锆石中,有69颗锆石谐和度大于90%参与年龄统计。其中18颗二叠世(257~299 Ma)锆石构成连续年龄图谱,占26%,最年轻单颗粒锆石年龄(YSG)257±6.8 Ma,年轻组分峰值年龄(YPP)~270 Ma;其余年龄(380~2 695 Ma)具明显的~1 800 Ma和~2 500 Ma左右的年龄峰值(图5d)。

  • 利用碎屑锆石限定地层最大沉积年龄的方法主要基于多种数理统计方法围绕碎屑锆石年轻U-Pb年龄组分展开(Dickinson and Gehrels,2009Tucker et al.,2013)。例如:YSG年龄为最年轻单颗粒锆石年龄;WA年龄为算术平均年龄;YC1σ(+3)年龄和YC2σ(+3)年龄是基于一个或两个标准误差的加权平均值;YDZ年龄是基于Monte Carlo算法产生的年龄;Tuffzirc年龄(+6)是基于去卷积算法得出的年龄,需要锆石颗粒数大于10颗(Ludwig,2008)或利用最年轻6颗碎屑锆石进行计算(Tucker et al.,2013)等

    根据禹州地区山西组底部粉砂质泥岩(样品ZK1006-5)和上石盒子组底部紫斑泥岩(样品ZK2387-3)的碎屑锆石年轻U-Pb年龄组分分析,其YSG年龄分别为283±9.4 Ma和257±6.8 Ma,YDZ年龄分别为~281 Ma(+5.6 Ma/-8.8 Ma)和~257 Ma(+5.5 Ma/-7.5 Ma),与其相近,而对比其他5种不同算法计算的年龄发现YPP年龄、YC1σ(+3)年龄、YC2σ(+3)年龄、WA年龄、Tuff-Zirc(+6)年龄均与YSG年龄和YDZ年龄出入较大(表1)。

    样品编号ZK1006⁃5(山西组)ZK2387⁃3(上石盒子组)
    YSG年龄/Ma283±9.4257±6.8
    YPP年龄/Ma299270
    YDZ年龄/Ma281.25257
    范围/Ma+5.6/-8.8+5.5/-7.5
    置信度95%95%
    YC1σ(+3)年龄/Ma305.3±4.8273.5±9.4
    系统误差1.11.1
    加权平均方差3.100.34
    YC2σ(+3)年龄/Ma305.3±4.8273.5±5.9
    系统误差1.11.1
    加权平均方差121.4
    WA年龄/Ma305.3±4.8274.5±6.1
    置信度95%95%
    加权平均方差1210.9
    Tuff-Zirc(+6)年龄/Ma288.34265.14
    范围+3.29/-5.17+2.39/-7.97
    置信度96.9%96.9%
    数量6/66/6

    Table 1.  Age comparisons of the youngest detrital zircon from samples in the Yuzhou area

    ①附加数据存储地址:http://www.cjxb.ac.cn/cn/article/doi/10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.025

    据实例研究,在样品其他年龄数据约束的前提下(Tucker et al.,2013),YSG年龄一般与地层沉积年龄误差在5 Ma之内,与其地层沉积年龄相近(Dickinson and Gehrels,2009)。从禹州地区碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄组分频谱可以看出,其两个样品YSG年龄与其年轻U-Pb年龄组分分别构成了连续的年龄频图,具有可信度,因此可以代表其样品地层最大沉积年龄,即山西组底部和上石盒子组底部地层沉积时间分别不早于283±9.4 Ma和257±6.8 Ma。

  • 禹州地区上古生界含煤岩系以陆相沉积为主,沉积特征变化大。目前主要是基于植物化石和下部太原组海相灰岩提供的生物化石记录等生物地层学信息推测上古生界山西组和上石盒子组的地层年龄,其一直没有确切的年代学数据(图6)。

    Figure 6.  Upper Paleozoic chronostratigraphic framework of the Yuzhou area

    根据古植物化石反映的时代,多数学者将山西组和上石盒子组地层年龄可分别划为早二叠世晚期—中二叠世早期和中二叠世—晚二叠世早期(李星学,1963杨关秀,2006刘陆军和姚兆奇,2009)。杨关秀(2006)根据禹州地区植物群研究,将山西组植物化石划分为Emplectopteris triangularis⁃Cathaysiopteris whitei⁃Emplectopteridium alatum⁃Lobatannu⁃laria sinensis组合带和将上石盒子组划分为Monogigantonoclea colocasifolia⁃Pinnagigantonoclea mucronata⁃Lobatannularia heianennisis 组合带及Pinnagigantopteris nicotianaefolia⁃Psygmophyllum multipartitum⁃Pseudorhipidopsis brevicaulis组合带,其对应时代相当于中二叠世早期(栖霞期)和晚二叠世早期末(吴家坪期),并基本可对比李星学(1963)建立的华北中部植物群的Emplectopteris triangularis⁃Tingia carbonica⁃Cathaysiopteris whitei组合带和Gigantonoclea hallei⁃Lobatannularia heianensis⁃Psygmophyllum multipartitum组合带,李星学(1963)认为其对应时代相当于早二叠世晚期和中二叠世早期。而刘陆军和姚兆奇(2009)根据大羽羊齿Gigantopteris nicotianaefolia Schenk化石时空分布,认为禹州地区上石盒子组完全可与江苏龙潭组和江西乐平组老山段下亚段的含煤层位化石对比,而将其时代定为中二叠世晚期(冷坞期)。

    根据太原组中腕足类、䗴类、牙形石等海相生物化石指示,其上覆的山西组沉积开始于早二叠世无疑。例如:王志浩和张文生(1985)认为太原组顶部L9灰岩中出现的牙形石Sweetognathus whitei是标准的早二叠世化石;郑洪(1987)根据小有孔虫动物群研究将太原组时代归属为晚石炭世—早二叠世。此外,夏国英等(1987)认为太原组下部灰岩段与中部砂泥岩段之间为石炭—二叠纪界限,其反映了动植物的突然变化;汪曾荫和尚冠雄(1989)认为L7灰岩之上Pseudofusulina⁃Sphaeroschwagerina完全消失,而出现二叠纪色彩很浓的Staffella分子,以其顶界作为石炭—二叠纪界限;河南省煤田地质公司(1991)根据太原组顶部灰岩或其上覆黑色泥岩之顶,以䗴类、牙形石消失特征划分为石炭—二叠纪界限,禹州地区石炭—二叠纪界限讨论同样侧面支持了山西组沉积开始于早二叠世,向上部逐步转变为陆相地层为主。可以发现,由于海相化石的贫乏和古生物地层无法跨相带的可对比性(王训练,2022),不同化石组合延线带的研究对于地层时代的限定存在一定差异,且某些化石组合的缺乏也为地层时代带来不确定性。

    目前,禹州地区上古生界含煤岩系尚未发现有与华北板块中—北部(缘)(贾炳文和武永强,1995钟蓉等,1996a1996b贾炳文等,1999桑树勋等,1999a1999bCope et al.,2005Wu,2021)及东部(缘)(张开均1998Yang et al.,20142020)广泛发育的火山碎屑岩类或凝灰岩等类似沉积,而未报道有绝对的定年数据。根据岩石地层划分原则及样品采样位置的特殊性,结合本文在禹州地区山西组和上石盒子组底部样品得出的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄显示,可以认为,山西组底部和上石盒子组底部地层沉积时间分别不早于283±9.4 Ma和257±6.8 Ma,其指示山西组和上石盒子组沉积分别开始于早二叠世晚期空谷阶(Kungurian)和晚二叠世早期吴家坪期(Wuchiapingian),这也与前述生物地层推测地层时代基本一致。

  • 建立标准年代地层格架一直是华北板块上古生界煤系地层对比研究的焦点(沈树忠等,2019王训练,2022)。目前对于华北板块上古生界煤系地层,仅在东南部永城地区本溪组顶部(301.13±0.2 Ma)、太原组下部(299.32±0.12 Ma)、太原组顶部(295.65±0.08 Ma)、山西组顶部(293.0±2.5 Ma)(Yang et al.,20142020)和中西部保德地区太原组顶界(298.18±0.32 Ma、298.925±0.073 Ma)、山西组中段(296.962±0.086 Ma、295.346±0.080 Ma)、上石盒子组下部(294.8±1.2 Ma)、上石盒子组中上部—顶部(283.93±0.15 Ma、280.98±0.11 Ma、280.73±0.12 Ma)(Wu et al.,2021),以及西部乌海地区太原组上部(298.34±0.09 Ma)(Wang et al.,2020)报道有较为精确的火山事件层年龄(图7)。申傅恒等(2022)根据上述火山事件层年龄为基准建立的华北板块上古生界含煤地层年代地层格架,认为华北板块上古生界含煤岩系基本上整体向南穿时,沉积时限为早巴什基尔期(Bashkirian)—早空谷期(Kungurian),且上石盒子组和孙家沟组之间普遍存在一个长时间(≥20 Ma)的沉积间断。

    Figure 7.  Upper Paleozoic chronostratigraphic framework of the North China Block

    实际上,对于广袤华北晚古生代陆表海盆地,依据局部地区火山事件层绝对年龄修正整体华北板块晚古生代生物地层格架尚存在诸多问题。因此,除华北板块东南部永城和中西部保德地区凝灰岩层U-Pb年龄外,本文还整理了平泉地区(马收先等,2011)、太原地区(刘超等2014孙蓓蕾等,2014)、阳城地区(Zhu et al.,2014)、禹州地区(本文数据)、永城地区(作者未发表数据)系列上古生界碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄作为华北板块上古生界含煤地层年代地层对比参考依据。对比发现,华北板块上古生界含煤地层岩石地层穿时特征明显,表现为周缘地区向中部地区逐渐变新的穿时地层单位(图7),而整体不同于前人所认为的自北向南逐渐变新的特点(邵龙义等,2014申博恒等,2022)。

    盆地几何学特征表明,华北晚古生代陆表海盆地整体表现为向东开口的簸箕状形态(曹高社等,2013),海水除主要来自北东、南东两个方向以外(武法东等,1995裴放,2004),还具有来自西北向的海侵(王国莲等,1989),分别以在东北部辽东地区小市灰岩中发现的Eostaffella subsolana带(盛金章,1962)、东南部徐州地区泉旺头灰岩中发现的Profusulinella payva带)(芮琳和张遴信,1986)和西北部保德地区扒楼沟灰岩中发现的Montiparus-Triticites顶峰带(王国莲等,1989)等为特征,代表华北晚古生代陆表海盆地海侵的开始,且迄今在海相灰岩中发现的最早的牙形石Idiognathoides corrugatus⁃Idiognathodus sinuatus带和牙形石类Idiognathodus delicatus⁃idiognathodus magnificus带也分别主要分布在东北缘、东南缘(万世禄等,1983)和西部保德地区(孔宪祯等,1996)。值得注意的是,从古生物化石分布来看,来自西北方向的海水仅浸淹至临县—临城一线以北区域(王国莲等,1989),同时伴随着东部频繁海侵的发生(武法东等,1995),来自西北方向的海侵也逐渐受限、频次逐渐减少,海水此消彼长,整体表现为海退—海侵线不断南移的特征。而海水进退普遍认为是岩石地层穿时的根本原因,这也与华北上古生界岩石地层整体由西北、东北及东南地区向中部穿时特征的年代地层格架相一致。而造成这一变化的根本原因被认为是华北陆表海盆地古地势由早期南高北低向北高南低的转变,即古斜坡由北倾变为南倾“跷跷板”式构造变动所致(李宝芳等,19891999陈钟惠等,1993)。

  • 华北板块内部迄今未发现直接的晚古生代火山活动,但找到较多的相关火山事件沉积记录,如在华北板块北缘及东缘广泛见有火山碎屑岩类或凝灰岩类沉积(张文昱,1984贾炳文和武永强,1995贾炳文等,1999Yang et al.,20142020沈树忠等,2019Wu et al.,2021)。此外,张开均(1998)在华北板块东缘分布稳定煤夹矸中找到黑云母、钛铁矿、电气石、金红石等较多火成矿物甚至火山弹;劳林娟(1994)孔宪祯等(1996)研究认为太原地区太原组“硅质层”可能是凝灰岩—沉凝灰岩或蚀变流纹质沉凝灰岩,其原岩为火山玻璃;曹高社等(2015,2019)运用X衍射及能谱、辅以差热测试发现在洛阳、禹州和焦作地区太原组层状硅质岩中叶腊石矿物的存在,并通过矿物学综合分析认为其硅质岩原岩为富含岩浆碎屑的泥质灰岩或生物碎屑灰岩。另外,在华北板块上古生界含煤地层普遍发现有同时期岩浆成因的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄记录(Yang et al.,2006李洪颜等,2009Li et al.,2010Wang et al.,2010Liu et al.,2014Ma et al.,2014Cai et al.,2015Wang et al.,2016马千里等,2017Yang et al.,2017张航川等,2018)(图8a,b),通过数据收集、整理发现,其同时期碎屑锆石具有247~380 Ma连续的U-Pb年龄组分,峰值年龄为~299 Ma,此外,还具有~333 Ma、~378 Ma的次级峰值。可以发现,诸多直接或间接的火山事件沉积记录均表明存在同时期火山活动,表明当时的华北晚古生代聚煤盆地沉积期并不平静(图8b)。

    Figure 8.  Phanerozoic U⁃Pb age distribution and Hf isotopic characteristics of the Yuzhou area and North China Block

    对于同时期火山源的分布和性质的讨论,多数学者认为这种强烈的火山活动与当时板块周缘特殊的构造环境有关(Wang et al.,2022),张拴宏等(2007)Zhang et al.(2009)在华北板块与兴蒙造山带过渡部位的内蒙古隆起发现有平行于华北北缘边界的呈东西向条带状分布的晚古生代—早中生代侵入体及出露记录,并认为内蒙古隆起在晚古生代—早中生代期间经历了强烈的剥露及剥蚀作用,其可视为北缘安第斯型主动大陆边缘弧的分布范围(张栓宏等,2010)。所以,较多研究将根据碎屑锆石年龄频谱和εHf(t)值对比,将华北盆地内部晚古生代~299 Ma、~333 Ma和~378 Ma的三个峰值年龄组分的碎屑锆石均源于内蒙古隆起(Wang et al.,2010Liu et al.,2014Cai et al.,2015Wang et al.,2016马千里等,2017张航川等,2018),这与贾炳文和武永强(1995)钟蓉等(1996a)贾炳文等(1999)桑树勋等(1999a1999b)根据北缘火山事件层所推测的火山源分布范围存在一定的交叉。同时,北缘内蒙古隆起在晚石炭世发生的强烈构造抬升和岩浆活动被认为是华北克拉通开始活化的表现(李洪颜等,2009徐义刚等,2009Li et al.,2010)。

    实际上,晚古生代期间华北板块北缘的岩浆活动并不特别显著(邵济安等,2015),即使存在少量的该时期岩浆岩,也几乎全部为侵入岩,不可能为近于同一时期的沉积盆地提供物源,且在华北盆地南部禹州地区上古生界样品碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄频谱中仅有~297 Ma的峰值年龄,而并未发现~378 Ma的碎屑锆石年龄显示(图8a)。其次,有学者认为~290 Ma峰值年龄的碎屑沉积物可能是靠风力搬运(Wang et al.,2010Liu et al.,2014),但其锆石粒径多大于100 μm,事实上粒径大于20 μm的颗粒很少在空气中悬浮较长时间(Tsoar and Pye,1987)。本项研究所揭示的~310 Ma的碎屑锆石粒径几乎都大于20 μm,所以~290 Ma峰值年龄的碎屑锆石不可能由风力搬运。另外,华北板块上古生界~299 Ma和~378 Ma两个峰值年龄的碎屑锆石εHf(t)值特征具有相对宽泛的范围(Yang et al.,2006李洪颜等,2009Li et al.,2010Wang et al.,2010Liu et al.,2014Cai et al.,2015Wang et al.,2016),与华北北缘该时期岩浆岩εHf(t)多为较大的负值并不完全吻合(张栓宏等,2010)(图8c)。

    根据研究区碎屑锆石的年龄频谱特征发现,其与南加利福尼亚海沟/弧前盆地的沉积物碎屑锆石年龄频谱类似(Cawood et al.,2012),表现出汇聚型构造背景特征,且其与地层沉积时期相近年龄的碎屑锆石微量元素特征表明,这些碎屑锆石主要属于大陆壳锆石(Belousova et al.,2002)(图9a,b)且形成背景与火山弧有关(Grimes et al.,2007)(图9c,d)。同时,Zhang(1997)根据华北板块东缘火山事件层岩石地球化学分析表明其为钙碱系列中(酸)性火山岩,并认为晚古生代华北板块东缘可能存在与主动大陆边缘相关火山弧。此外,根据地球物理资料揭示的郯庐断裂深部(~160 km)存在一个由东向西俯冲的高速板舌(滕吉文等,2006),晚古生代期间华北板块东部应存在一个与俯冲有关的汇聚型板块边缘,与此伴生有强烈的火山喷发活动。但遗憾的是,板块汇聚边缘的岩石往往保存潜力较差(Belousova et al.,2002),且目前华北板块东部缺失整个新元古界—古生界的边缘相,被仅存的以郯庐断裂为代表的东部活动带所截切,并与具有扬子板块性质的基底或盖层相交接。

    Figure 9.  Binary diagrams of Late Paleozoic detrital zircon trace element of the Yuzhou area

    综上,华北晚古生代岩浆活动、构造活动、生物演替和海侵作用可能是相互关联的,而引起这一连锁反应的根本原因可能与劳伦大陆、波罗的大陆、西伯利亚大陆、哈萨克大陆、华北板块、华南板块逐渐形成劳亚古大陆有关。

  • (1) 禹州地区两个样品的年轻单颗粒锆石年龄(YSG年龄)分别可代表其地层最大沉积年龄,即山西组底部和上石盒子组底部地层沉积时间分别不早于283±9.4 Ma和257±6.8 Ma,其山西组、上石盒子组沉积分别开始于空谷期和吴家坪期。

    (2) 华北板块上古生界含煤地层岩石地层穿时特征明显,且跨度较大,整体表现为周缘地区向中部地区逐渐变新的穿时地层单位,与前人研究成果有所区别。

    (3) 华北东部晚古生代期间应存在一个板块俯冲带,与此伴生有强烈的火山喷发活动,为同时期华北陆表海盆地提供大量火山灰及岩浆成因的碎屑锆石记录。

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