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Volume 44 Issue 1
Feb.  2026
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REYIZHA Shayireatehan, YAO ZongQuan, LI JiYong, ZHANG YuanZhi, ZHENG Bin, ZHANG ShiChao, LIU ShaoPeng, MA YuanKun. Identification and Division of the High-Frequency Sequence Based on Milakovitch Cycles: A case study of Xiayoushashan Formation in the Nanbaxian oil and gas field[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 221-234. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.020
Citation: REYIZHA Shayireatehan, YAO ZongQuan, LI JiYong, ZHANG YuanZhi, ZHENG Bin, ZHANG ShiChao, LIU ShaoPeng, MA YuanKun. Identification and Division of the High-Frequency Sequence Based on Milakovitch Cycles: A case study of Xiayoushashan Formation in the Nanbaxian oil and gas field[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 221-234. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.020

Identification and Division of the High-Frequency Sequence Based on Milakovitch Cycles: A case study of Xiayoushashan Formation in the Nanbaxian oil and gas field

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.020
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  • Corresponding author: YAO ZongQuan, E-mail: yzq@xju.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 2023-09-07
  • Accepted Date: 2024-03-08
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-01-23
  • Available Online: 2024-03-08
  • Publish Date: 2026-02-10
  • Objective By analyzing the influence of the periodic change of earth orbit on the periodic change of climate, this study examined the climate change characteristics of the Xiayoushashan Formation in Qaidam Basin and established its high-resolution astronomical scale based on Milankovitch theory to identify and divide high-frequency sequences. Methods First, the Laskar algorithm was used to calculate the variation period of the orbital parameters of Earth during the summer solstice at 35°N from 14.5-23.8 Ma, and the Miocene cycle theory and ratio in this sedimentary period were determined. Then, taking wells Xianzhong 39, Xianzhong 8-9 and Xianzhong 8-12 in the Nanbaxian oil and gas field as examples, the natural gamma data were analyzed by their frequency spectrum and continuous wavelet transform. Finally, based on the orbital period, the average sedimentation rate of the Xiayoushashan Formation was calculated, and the "floating" astronomical scale of well Xianzhong 39 was established. Results Through the analysis of frequency spectrum and continuous wavelet transform, the Neogene Xiayoushashan Formation was shown to be mainly controlled by eccentricity periods of 400 and 95 ka. The average sedimentation rate of the Xiayoushashan Formation was 0.094 41 m/ka, and the sedimentation duration was 7.2 Ma. Based on the 400 ka long and 95 ka short eccentric period curves as benchmark curves, 18 fourth-order quasi-sequence groups and 72 fifth-order quasi-sequence groups were identified. Conclusions The results show that the climate change recorded in the Xiayoushashan Formation is controlled and driven by cycles. Identification and division based on Milankovitch theory can reduce the influence of subjective factors, improve the accuracy of division results, and more accurately describe the climate change characteristics in sediments. These research results are helpful for deeply understanding the evolution law of the Warth's climate and providing important reference for oil and gas exploration and resource evaluation.
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  • Received:  2023-09-07
  • Revised:  2024-01-23
  • Accepted:  2024-03-08
  • Published:  2026-02-10

Identification and Division of the High-Frequency Sequence Based on Milakovitch Cycles: A case study of Xiayoushashan Formation in the Nanbaxian oil and gas field

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.020

Abstract: Objective By analyzing the influence of the periodic change of earth orbit on the periodic change of climate, this study examined the climate change characteristics of the Xiayoushashan Formation in Qaidam Basin and established its high-resolution astronomical scale based on Milankovitch theory to identify and divide high-frequency sequences. Methods First, the Laskar algorithm was used to calculate the variation period of the orbital parameters of Earth during the summer solstice at 35°N from 14.5-23.8 Ma, and the Miocene cycle theory and ratio in this sedimentary period were determined. Then, taking wells Xianzhong 39, Xianzhong 8-9 and Xianzhong 8-12 in the Nanbaxian oil and gas field as examples, the natural gamma data were analyzed by their frequency spectrum and continuous wavelet transform. Finally, based on the orbital period, the average sedimentation rate of the Xiayoushashan Formation was calculated, and the "floating" astronomical scale of well Xianzhong 39 was established. Results Through the analysis of frequency spectrum and continuous wavelet transform, the Neogene Xiayoushashan Formation was shown to be mainly controlled by eccentricity periods of 400 and 95 ka. The average sedimentation rate of the Xiayoushashan Formation was 0.094 41 m/ka, and the sedimentation duration was 7.2 Ma. Based on the 400 ka long and 95 ka short eccentric period curves as benchmark curves, 18 fourth-order quasi-sequence groups and 72 fifth-order quasi-sequence groups were identified. Conclusions The results show that the climate change recorded in the Xiayoushashan Formation is controlled and driven by cycles. Identification and division based on Milankovitch theory can reduce the influence of subjective factors, improve the accuracy of division results, and more accurately describe the climate change characteristics in sediments. These research results are helpful for deeply understanding the evolution law of the Warth's climate and providing important reference for oil and gas exploration and resource evaluation.

REYIZHA Shayireatehan, YAO ZongQuan, LI JiYong, ZHANG YuanZhi, ZHENG Bin, ZHANG ShiChao, LIU ShaoPeng, MA YuanKun. Identification and Division of the High-Frequency Sequence Based on Milakovitch Cycles: A case study of Xiayoushashan Formation in the Nanbaxian oil and gas field[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 221-234. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.020
Citation: REYIZHA Shayireatehan, YAO ZongQuan, LI JiYong, ZHANG YuanZhi, ZHENG Bin, ZHANG ShiChao, LIU ShaoPeng, MA YuanKun. Identification and Division of the High-Frequency Sequence Based on Milakovitch Cycles: A case study of Xiayoushashan Formation in the Nanbaxian oil and gas field[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 221-234. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.020
  • 随着勘探开发的深入,高频层序地层学的划分正朝着半定量和定量的方向发展(Wu et al.,2009任传真等,2019陈兆芹等,2023)。米兰科维奇旋回理论在古生代和更早的地层以及中生代和新生代地层的研究中被广泛应用,同时已逐渐在三角洲、湖泊和深海的沉积记录中展开研究工作(程日辉等,2008Guo et al.,2008Zhang et al.,2019)。学者充分运用米兰科维奇理论,不仅建立了天文年代标尺,还有效地划分了高频层序。吴怀春等(2008)使用“松科1井”南井测井数据的米氏旋回性分析,估计了青山口组湖泊缺氧事件的持续时间约为250 ka。Huang et al.(2011)通过对中国上寺、煤山等标准剖面进行旋回地层学研究,认为二叠/三叠之交的生物大灭绝事件受40 kyr的偏心率驱动控制,持续时间约为0.7 Myr。魏小松等(2018)通过对涸西南凹陷流沙港组一段天文旋回识别及高频层序划分沉积地层的自然伽马(GR)曲线进行米氏旋回性分析,并结合锆石提供的年代信息,为划分地层高频层序、提高油气勘探精度提供了思路。基于频谱分析和滤波分析等相关方法的使用,金之钧等(1997)利用数字滤波器和频谱分析方法分析了Milankovich在深海的第四纪沉积旋回,为沉积旋回的研究做出了重要贡献。宋明水等(2012)冯路尧等(2023)Wei et al.(2023)利用傅里叶变换对测井信息进行频谱分析,进而识别出了地层中的米氏旋回,为高频层序划分和沉积作用分析提供了依据。通过连续小波分析与变换,石巨业等(2017)运用频谱分析和连续小波变换对研究区的测井数据进行了米兰科维奇旋回分析,成功实现了对旋回的高精度划分和识别。基于地球化学、测井资料等分析方法的使用,赵军等(2018)利用松辽盆地X油田全区的42口探井测井曲线提取了米兰科维奇旋回信息,并计算了地层剥蚀厚度。目前,利用测井曲线进行米氏旋回研究的工作持续增加,这对于科学地指导盆地的下一步勘探开发计划至关重要。南八仙油气田位于柴达木盆地北缘,是该盆地内的一个重要的油田。然而,对于下油砂山组这一重要油气藏的高精度沉积旋回研究相对较少。因此,运用米氏旋回理论,利用频谱及小波分析方法开展柴达木盆地南八仙油气田下油砂山组高频旋回地层对比与划分研究,旨在为油气勘探和资源评价提供参考。

  • 柴达木盆地是中国西北部中新生代陆相含油气盆地,该盆地位于印度与亚欧两大新生代板块过渡区,形成“三山一盆”的构造格局(汤济广,2007陈秋实,2014陈文萍等,2020)。南八仙油气田位于柴达木盆地北缘,在陵间断裂、马仙断裂之间的三角地带,为新近系断背斜气藏,主要受喜马拉雅运动一幕、喜马拉雅二幕的综合控制,在构造区位上,南八仙油气田处于柴达木盆地北缘的大红沟断块隆起带,是一个以背斜为主体的三级构造(颉永琛等,2012杨国军等,2015吴文雯,2020)。迄今为止发现的工业油气层均赋存于上新近系下油砂山组中,具有良好的含油气前景(图1)(付锁堂等,2013)。

    Figure 1.  Geological overview of the Nanbaxian oil and gas field

    南八仙油气田新生界由路乐河组(E1+2)、下干柴沟组下段(E31)、下干柴沟组上段(E32)、上干柴沟组(N1)、下油砂山组(N21)、上油砂山组(N22)、狮子沟组(N23)组成(张振铎等,2023)。下油砂山组发育灰色、深灰色、灰绿色、红褐色等杂色泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩,偶见砾岩、含藻灰岩、鲕粒灰岩和白云岩夹层(马达德等,2018宋世骏,2022)。地层保存完整旋回性较强,对环境及气候变化的反应敏感,因此符合本研究要求。根据前人研究成果,柴达木盆地南八仙油气田地层共划分为七个三级层序:SQ1(Tr —T5)、SQ2(T5—T4)、SQ3(T4—T3)、SQ4(T3—T2)、SQ5(T2—T2′)、SQ6(T2′—T1)、SQ7(T1—T0)。其中研究目的层下油砂山组为一个完整的三级层序,沉积时期为14.5~23.8 Ma(图2)(任宪军,2008王宏波,2011柯学等,2013)。

    Figure 2.  Stratigraphic division of the Nanbaxian area in the Qaidam Basin (Pan et al., 2015)

  • 自然伽马测井曲线采样间距均匀,连续测量,分辨率高(陈云等,2021唐闻强等,2021黄璞等,2025),是米氏旋回分析的理想数据,它可以敏感地反映沉积物中的含泥量,反映沉积环境的变化以及地表古气候和古环境的变化(Falahatkhah et al.,2021彭军等,2022徐为鹏等,2023),常作为地层的古气候替代性指标来进行地层旋回研究。本研究选取仙中39井、仙中8-9井和仙中8-12井,对应的下油砂山组深度分别为823.50~1 472.99 m、826.880~1 487.070 m和863.850~1 518.520 m,其测井曲线采样间隔均为0.125 m。

  • 通过GR数据进行数据预处理使结果更容易解释(Li et al.,2019王浡等,2025)。本文利用Matlab平台的AcycleV2.4.1软件做以下数据处理工作:(1)排序/去重/删空值:使用Sort/Unique/Delete-empty程序包删除偏离正常波动范围内异常值、同一深度的多值、空值;(2)插值:使用Interpolation程序包进行线性插值,保证数据为等间距;(3)去趋势化:去除长期趋势可以确保数据围绕零均值振荡,并避免从极低频分量到更高频率的能量泄漏。使用Detrending程序包中“LOWESS”方法来去除长周期对高频信号的压制。

  • 本文采用Matlab平台的AcycleV2.4.1软件对三口井进行频谱分析和小波分析(Li et al.,2019宋翠玉和吕大炜,2022王浡等,2025)。Multi-taper(MTM)频谱分析用于将数据从深度域转换到频率域。频谱图中的横坐标表示频率,其倒数是相应地层旋回的厚度。频谱分析是一种用于分析信号频率成分的方法。它将信号分解为不同频率的成分,并计算每个频率成分的幅值。频谱分析被用于分析自然伽马数据中的频率成分,以确定地层受到的主要米兰科维奇周期的控制,并与理论轨道周期进行比对,从而识别出地层中的米氏旋回响应(贾东力等,2018Shi et al.,2018)。谱图中的纵坐标是相对幂,值越大,特定沉积旋回出现的频率越高。选择99%置信度以上的频谱峰值,并选择性地使用90%和95%置信度之间的频谱峰值(Xue et al.,2022)。

    在小波分析中使用了连续小波变换,小波谱中具有高功率和相对连续性的波长是主要地层旋回的厚度。小波分析是一种时频分析方法,可以将信号在时域和频域上进行局部化分析。它可以提取信号的局部特征,包括频率和能量的变化。小波分析被用于识别地层中的优势周期,并与米氏旋回的理论周期进行对比。通过小波分析,可以从测井数据中提取地层的时频特征信息,进一步确定地层中的旋回周期(付文钊等,2013姜玥晗,2019闾伟等,2023)。

    采用数字滤波方法对预处理后的GR数据进行高斯带通滤波,得到不同时期的地层旋回。La2010d轨道周期的建立时间为14.5~23.8 Ma,是一个精确的天文目标(任宪军,2008王宏波,2011柯学等,2013)。技术路线图如图所示(图3)。

    Figure 3.  Route of research technology

  • 采用Laskar et al.(2004)所提供的计算方案,计算柴达木盆地下油砂山组沉积时期内的偏心率理论值、地轴斜率理论值、岁差变化理论值,以1.0 ka为采样间隔(图4a~c),对理论数据进行频谱分析,得到了柴达木盆地下油砂山组(14.5~23.8 Ma)的主要天文周期为400 ka、125 ka、95 ka、40 ka、23 ka、22 ka和19 ka。其中,400 ka(E3)、125 ka(E2)和95 ka(E1)属于轨道偏心率周期。40 ka(T1)是斜率周期,23 ka(P3)、22 ka(P2)和19 ka(P1)是岁差周期(图4d~f)。本研究以这些理论轨道周期及其比值为基准。

    Figure 4.  Theoretical curves and spectral analysis of eccentricity, obliquity, and precession during 14.5⁃23.8 Ma

  • 对GR测井数据进行预处理后,采用多窗口频谱分析和连续小波变换相结合的方法,获得地层优势旋回厚度。将它们的比值与理论轨道周期的比值对照来确定地层是否保存了米兰科维奇旋回,比值对照误差要小于5%(石巨业等,2017)。

  • 对仙中39井下油砂山组的GR测井数据进行频谱分析(图5a)。选择99%或95%置信曲线以上的频率点,相应的频率值为0.026 770 83 m-1、0.112 988 8 m-1、0.265 532 m-1和0.564 633 m-1,转化为高频沉积旋回厚度分别为37.354 m、8.850 m、3.766 m和1.771 m。用同样的方法,得到仙中8-12井下油砂山组和仙中8-9井下油砂山组的主要旋回比例关系(表1图5b,c)。

    Figure 5.  Spectral analysis charts of the Xiayoushashan Formation in the Nanbaxian oil and gas field, Qaidam Basin

    井名频谱/m-1旋回厚度/m比值理论比值误差率/%轨道周期/ka
    仙中39井0.026 770 837.35421.09221.0533.9长偏心率400
    0.112 9898.8504.99750.3短偏心率95
    0.265 5323.7662.1262.1052.1斜率40
    0.564 6331.771110岁差19
    仙中8-9井0.026 964 637.08621.06021.0530.66长偏心率400
    0.113 6158.8024.99850.17短偏心率95
    0.267 2223.7422.1252.1052斜率40
    0.567 7691.761110岁差19
    仙中8-12井0.025 833 138.71021.08421.0533.10长偏心率400
    0.109 6609.1194.96753.32短偏心率95
    0.255 0593.9212.1352.1053.04斜率40
    0.545 6351.836110岁差19

    Table 1.  Ratio of astronomical cycles to cyclothem thickness in the Xiayoushashan Formation of the Nanbaxian oil and gas field, Qaidam Basin

    通过计算得到了天文周期和地层的基本数据。仙中39井下油砂山组各周期的厚度比为21.092∶4.997∶2.126∶1,相应天文周期的比值为21.053∶5∶2.105∶1,误差分别为3.9%、0.3%、2.1%和0(表1)。从三口井的分析数据来看,理论比值和厚度比值相近,误差均小于5%,证实该地层中存在米氏旋回。天文周期与周期厚度的比值如表1所示。

  • 对研究区内三口井的原始自然伽马测井信号进行归一化、去噪后,采用小波变换模极值法对测井信号的主周期进行识别和提取。将提取的周期与米氏旋回的固有周期进行比较分析,确定研究区是否响应米氏旋回(Laskar et al.,2004付文钊等,2013Fang et al.,2017常吟善等,2019姜玥晗,2019闾伟等,2023)。

    以仙中39井为例,对预处理后的GR数据进行小波变换(图6a),得到小波能量图谱(图6b)。图中横坐标表示深度,纵坐标表示小波变换的尺度,即包含的采样点个数。对小波系数取绝对值并平均化得到模均值曲线。在模均值曲线中,可以找到4个模极值点(12,25,58,243)。利用公式(1)计算主要旋回厚度。

    Fa = Fc/a (1)

    式中:a代表尺度;∆代表采样间隔(0.125 m);Fc为中心频率(0.812 5 Hz);Fa为准频率,即尺度对应的旋回厚度的倒数。

    Figure 6.  Wavelet transform of well logging signals in well Xianzhong 39

    通过计算,得出在仙中39井存在4个主要旋回厚度,分别为1.846 m、3.846 m、8.923 m、37.385 m。该结果与使用频谱测量旋回厚度所获得的结果基本一致。确定了37.354 m、8.850 m、3.766 m、1.771 m分别为长偏心率、短偏心率、斜率、岁差所控制的主要旋回层厚度。

  • 对仙中39井下油砂山组的分析表明,400 ka的长偏心率周期对应于天文周期中113.55 m的周期厚度,其相应的沉积速率可计算为0.093 39 m/ka。为了使沉积速率的数据尽可能准确,本文计算了短偏心率周期95 ka、斜率周期40 ka和岁差周期19 ka。然后计算出相应的沉积速率分别为0.093 16 m/ka、0.094 1 m/ka和0.093 2 m/ka(表2)。根据轨道周期计算出下油砂山组的平均沉积速率为0.093 48 m/ka。同样,对仙中8-9井和仙中8-12井进行了分析,沉积速率如表2所示。前人研究表明(王倩倩等,2024),柴达木盆地下油砂山组沉积速率大致介于89.29~266.85 m/Ma,根据轨道周期计算出仙中39井、仙中8-9井和仙中8-12井的下油砂山组平均速率为0.094 41 m/ka。

    井号轨道周期/ka沉积速率/(m/ka)平均沉积速率/(m/ka)
    仙中39井400/95/40/190.093 39/0.093 16/0.094 15/0.093 200.093 48
    仙中8-9井400/95/40/190.092 72/0.092 65/0.093 55/0.092 680.092 90
    仙中8-12井400/95/40/190.096 78/0.095 99/0.098 03/0.096 630.096 86

    Table 2.  Sedimentary Rate fro the Xiayoushashan Formation in Nanbaxian oil and gas field, Qaidam Basin

  • 通过将GR测井曲线滤波后的沉积旋回与理论天文轨道周期一一对应,可将天文信号的深度经过天文调谐转换为精确的时间信号,从而得到高分辨率的天文年代标尺(吴怀春等,2011Cao et al.,2016徐伟等,2019)。根据识别出的米兰科维奇旋回的个数,结合基于磁性地层、生物地层以及锆石测年得出的精确时间“锚点”,可建立“浮动”天文年代标尺(He et al.,2022徐敬领等,2022)。

    频谱分析及连续小波变换中表明仙中39井下油砂山组的沉积受地球轨道参数(偏心率、斜率和岁差)影响,而400 ka长偏心率E3信号相对更为稳定。因此,以400 ka长偏心率周期E3滤波曲线为主要调谐曲线、95 ka短偏心率周期E1曲线为参考曲线,长偏心率滤波参数是(0.026 677 083±0.005)旋回/m,短偏心率滤波参数为(0.112 988 8±0.005)旋回/m。以Laskar方案(Laskar et al.,2004)计算出的理论天文周期的偏心率为基准进行校对,使主要调谐曲线和理论天文周期曲线谷值位置对应一致,采用自下而上的直接计算旋回数法,建立“浮动”天文年代标尺。参照前人研究,下油砂山组底部界面磁性年龄为23.8 Ma(任宪军,2008王宏波,2011柯学等,2013)。以该底部年龄为基准,地层沉积记录中保留有偏心率周期长18个左右、偏心率周期短72个左右,同时每两调谐线间偏心率周期400 ka左右,历时约7.2 Ma,推算出下油砂山组顶界面年龄为16.6 Ma(图7)。天文年代标尺的建立对柴达木盆地下油砂山组的形成时限进行了约束,有助于实现柴达木盆地下油砂山组高精度地层对比,对其沉积过程的定量研究也具有重要意义。

    Figure 7.  Astronomical chronostratigraphy of well Xianzhong 39

  • 选取仙中39井、仙中8-9井和仙中8-12井的GR数据进行频谱分析和小波分析,将获得的数据与天文周期进行比较,确定了相似的比例。这些比例分别对应于天文周期中400 ka、95 ka的天文轨道偏心率周期。分析结果表明,米兰科维奇理论可以应用于柴达木盆地下油砂山组,并为以下高频序列的划分和相关提供了可行的依据。周期划分的具体方案如表3所示。

    井名称地层厚度/m轨道周期/ka主旋回厚度/m四级旋回五级旋回
    仙中39井649.49400/9537.354/8.85017.473.4
    仙中8-9井654.59400/9537.086/8.80217.474.4
    仙中8-12井654.67400/9538.710/9.11916.971.8

    Table 3.  Cyclostratigraphic division scheme for each well

    天文周期分析可以建立周期与地层厚度之间的关系。因此,通过分析几个主要旋回周期,可以确定不同厚度尺度下的地层旋回特征,这也是确定地层旋回方案的参考依据。应用Milankovitch天文周期理论,可将柴达木盆地下油砂山组划分为16~17个理论四级周期和71~74个理论五级周期。在确定划分方案后,自然伽马曲线过滤出的400 ka长偏心率周期作为四级准层序组划分的标准,将95 ka短偏心率周期作为五级准层序划分标准,再结合测井曲线和岩性数据的形态特征,在研究区域内以仙中39井、仙中8-9井和仙中8-12井为高频分析实例,在下油砂山组识别出了17个四级准层序组,72个五级准层序(图8)。每四级准层序组的持续时间约为400 ka,每五级准层序的连续时间约为95 ka。

    Figure 8.  Identification and division of high frequency cycles in the Xiayoushashan Formation of the Nanbaxian oil and gas field,Qaidam Basin

  • (1) 利用Laskar算法计算出北纬35°夏至日14.5~23.8 Ma期间地球轨道参数变化周期,确定该沉积时期理论米氏旋回周期比值21.053∶5∶2.105∶1。

    (2) 新近系下油砂山组主要受400 ka和95 ka偏心周期控制。根据轨道周期计算出的这三口井的下油砂山组平均速率为0.094 41 m/ka。

    (3) 建立了仙中39井的“浮动”天文年代标尺,计算出下油砂山组沉积持续时间为7.2 Ma。将400 ka长偏心率周期曲线和95 ka短偏心率周期曲线作为研究区四级准层序组、五级准层序划分的参考曲线,对南八仙地区下油砂山组地层进行高频旋回地层划分,共识别出18个四级准层序组和72个五级准层序。

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