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Volume 44 Issue 1
Feb.  2026
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GUO ZhongXue, WANG TianYang, LI FengQuan, JIANG XuXia, ZHU LiDong, YE Wei. Element Geochemical Micro-Areas Analysis of Sandstone Reticulated and Its Indicative Significance[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 123-136. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.008
Citation: GUO ZhongXue, WANG TianYang, LI FengQuan, JIANG XuXia, ZHU LiDong, YE Wei. Element Geochemical Micro-Areas Analysis of Sandstone Reticulated and Its Indicative Significance[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 123-136. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.008

Element Geochemical Micro-Areas Analysis of Sandstone Reticulated and Its Indicative Significance

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.008
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  • Corresponding author: WANG TianYang, E-mail: lyg159@zjnu.cn
  • Received Date: 2023-12-08
  • Accepted Date: 2024-03-08
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-01-12
  • Available Online: 2024-03-08
  • Publish Date: 2026-02-10
  • Objective The reticulated laterite in southern China is a good geological carrier for Quaternary environmental changes, but there is still a weakness in microscopic research on sandstone reticulation. Methods Through micro-area analysis techniques, geostatistical and factor analysis, and other methods, we conducted elemental geochemical analysis on the white vein micro-area of the sandstone and reticular red clay in the Langxi profile. Results (1)The content of iron group elements such as Fe2O3 (1.14%-13.29%) and Mn (87×10-6-3 230×10-6) in sandstone layers increased from the center of the white veins to the periphery. However, the spatial distribution of other major elements and stable elements such as Ti (1 294×10-6-2 454×10-6) and Zr (171 ×10-6-197×10-6) showed the opposite trend. The results of the reticulated red soil layer are consistent. (2) Ti/Zr (sandstone layer: 7.23-12.89; reticulated red soil layer: 12.82-21.84) and Ti/Al2O3 (sandstone layer: 0.013-0.018; reticulated red soil layer: 0.044-0.062) were divided into two groups through cluster analysis and scatter plots. The results show that they have different provenances. (3) The leaching intensity of elements such as Al2O3 (17.3%), Fe2O3 (73.91%), and MnO (76.68%) in the sandstone white vein micro-area and Al2O3 (15.78%) , Fe2O3 (70.39%), and MnO (74.84%) in the reticulated red soil layer white vein micro-area decreased from the center of the white veins to the periphery. (4) The common factors in the white vein micro-area of the sandstone layer and the reticulated red soil layer are that they reflect the leaching migration of iron and iron group elements in the white vein, as well as the relative enrichment process of constant elements such as Al2O3, SiO2and K2O and stable elements such as Ti and Zr. Conclusions During reticulation, the leaching of iron group elements dominates, but other elements also have a certain degree of migration. Additionally, it exhibits spatial characteristics of strong leaching at the center of the network pattern and weak leaching at the periphery. Affected by local environmental differences, the development of reticulation is a spatial process that expands from the center of the reticulation to the periphery. The material composition inside the reticulate pattern is non spatially homogeneous. The sandstone and reticulated red soil layers have different material foundations, and the larger reticulation in the sandstone layer indicates that it experienced a relatively humid and hot climate during its development.
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  • Received:  2023-12-08
  • Revised:  2024-01-12
  • Accepted:  2024-03-08
  • Published:  2026-02-10

Element Geochemical Micro-Areas Analysis of Sandstone Reticulated and Its Indicative Significance

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.008

Abstract: Objective The reticulated laterite in southern China is a good geological carrier for Quaternary environmental changes, but there is still a weakness in microscopic research on sandstone reticulation. Methods Through micro-area analysis techniques, geostatistical and factor analysis, and other methods, we conducted elemental geochemical analysis on the white vein micro-area of the sandstone and reticular red clay in the Langxi profile. Results (1)The content of iron group elements such as Fe2O3 (1.14%-13.29%) and Mn (87×10-6-3 230×10-6) in sandstone layers increased from the center of the white veins to the periphery. However, the spatial distribution of other major elements and stable elements such as Ti (1 294×10-6-2 454×10-6) and Zr (171 ×10-6-197×10-6) showed the opposite trend. The results of the reticulated red soil layer are consistent. (2) Ti/Zr (sandstone layer: 7.23-12.89; reticulated red soil layer: 12.82-21.84) and Ti/Al2O3 (sandstone layer: 0.013-0.018; reticulated red soil layer: 0.044-0.062) were divided into two groups through cluster analysis and scatter plots. The results show that they have different provenances. (3) The leaching intensity of elements such as Al2O3 (17.3%), Fe2O3 (73.91%), and MnO (76.68%) in the sandstone white vein micro-area and Al2O3 (15.78%) , Fe2O3 (70.39%), and MnO (74.84%) in the reticulated red soil layer white vein micro-area decreased from the center of the white veins to the periphery. (4) The common factors in the white vein micro-area of the sandstone layer and the reticulated red soil layer are that they reflect the leaching migration of iron and iron group elements in the white vein, as well as the relative enrichment process of constant elements such as Al2O3, SiO2and K2O and stable elements such as Ti and Zr. Conclusions During reticulation, the leaching of iron group elements dominates, but other elements also have a certain degree of migration. Additionally, it exhibits spatial characteristics of strong leaching at the center of the network pattern and weak leaching at the periphery. Affected by local environmental differences, the development of reticulation is a spatial process that expands from the center of the reticulation to the periphery. The material composition inside the reticulate pattern is non spatially homogeneous. The sandstone and reticulated red soil layers have different material foundations, and the larger reticulation in the sandstone layer indicates that it experienced a relatively humid and hot climate during its development.

GUO ZhongXue, WANG TianYang, LI FengQuan, JIANG XuXia, ZHU LiDong, YE Wei. Element Geochemical Micro-Areas Analysis of Sandstone Reticulated and Its Indicative Significance[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 123-136. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.008
Citation: GUO ZhongXue, WANG TianYang, LI FengQuan, JIANG XuXia, ZHU LiDong, YE Wei. Element Geochemical Micro-Areas Analysis of Sandstone Reticulated and Its Indicative Significance[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 123-136. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.008
  • 中国南方网纹红土的发育不受成土母质的约束,是特殊气候条件下形成的产物(袁双,2010),它记录了第四纪环境演变的重要信息,对指示古环境具有重要意义(胡雪峰等,2004)。南方网纹红土类型较为多样(黄镇国等,1996蒋复初等,1997胡雪峰等,2005李凤全等,2010),其中加积型网纹红土广泛分布于中亚热带地势平缓的丘陵盆地(朱丽东,2007),具有堆积与风化同时进行的特征(熊尚发等,2000朱丽东等,2005),典型的地层结构自下而上一般可分为基岩、砾石层、网纹红土层、均质红土和黄棕色土等(黄颖,2020)。其中,网纹红土层以棕红色或褐红色土为基质,夹杂有灰蠕虫状、斑点状、网状或条带状等形态各异的白、灰黄或灰褐色网纹(王春林,1986;来洪州等,2005)。网纹发育引起了广泛关注,相关研究主要是通过理化性质和网纹形态等方法来揭示网纹年代、成因、物源及环境意义,如红白网纹化学元素分异与网纹化机制、风化特征(Hong et al.,20092010徐传奇等,2016蒋旭霞等,2025),主要磁性矿物、磁性特征及其环境信息(Hu et al.,2009Wang et al.,2013吴开钦等,2023),粒度指标变化特征及端元分析(胡雪峰等,2005许良宇等,2021),色度指标变化特征及环境意义(Hu et al.,2014),网纹形态的定量研究及环境指示意义(吴开钦,2022汪玲玲等,2024)等,一般认为网纹发育可能指示了成土期的气候变化(Hong et al.,2010熊文婷,2022)。开展网纹研究有助于提取网纹记录的信息,进一步厘清网纹的形成过程,对重建和全面认识第四纪气候变化过程有重要意义(朱景郊,1988张硕,2020)。

    当前有关网纹的研究较为关注网纹红土层,实际上在砾石层之下的基岩或基岩风化物中也往往会有网纹化作用发生(黄镇国等,1996朱丽东等,2007叶玮等,2008张晓等,2020)。相对于网纹红土层研究,有关砂岩网纹化的研究至今较少,对其网纹内部化学元素含量分布特征的认识显得更为薄弱。微区X射线荧光光谱分析(X-ary Fluorescence,XRF)分析技术系指通过X荧光光束对固体样品的一个微小区域直接进行成分分析,它能够通过扫描样品来获取化学元素的时序信息(王祎亚等,2020),具有原位、准确、速度快和灵敏度高等优点(林梵宇等,2021张启燕等,2022),广泛应用于地学领域,为获取关键区域内各种元素含量分布及变化特征提供了技术支持(张硕,2020张启燕等,2022)。为此,本文利用微区XRF分析方法对安徽郎溪剖面砂岩层和网纹红土层中的网纹开展二维微区分析,阐明砂岩网纹内部化学元素的空间分布特征及迁移特点,进一步丰富和加深对网纹化作用与过程的认知。

  • 采样点位于安徽郎溪十字镇宣州农产品加工园(30°58′33″ N,119°0′37″ E)附近,后续简称为郎溪剖面,海拔约24 m。该地区为北亚热带季风湿润气候区,年均气温15.4 ℃~15.9 ℃,年降水量1 143~1 503 mm。郎溪剖面属于较为典型的加积型网纹红土剖面,剖面高度为5.5 m,剖面结构较为完整,自下而上依次可分为基岩(红色砂岩)、风化砾石层、网纹红土层、均质红土和黄棕色土等沉积地层,砂岩层与上覆地层不整合接触。网纹红土层和砂岩层的质地不同,前者的质地紧实黏重、不含砾,后者的质地相对松散,发育较为粗大的白色条纹,中心多见植物根系或根孔(图12)。为开展二维微区分析,在该剖面的网纹红土层和砂岩层(基岩)中,选择白色网纹发育较显著的区域,对表土清理后,使用地质锤、铲刀等工具在不改变红、白网纹原始分布状态前提下,将PVC管(直径33 mm,厚度20 mm)覆盖原位采样。网纹红土层和砂岩层中各采集了一个白色网纹微区样品(图1),图1c为网纹红土层白色网纹微区样品,图1d为砂岩白色网纹微区样品。

    Figure 1.  Schematic diagram of the observation sites

    Figure 2.  Reticulation in red sandstone (bedrock)

  • 采用原位微区XRF分析技术,对微区样品中主量元素的氧化物质量分数和部分微量元素含量进行分析。在开展元素测试前,首先用砂纸将所采集的样品表面进行粗磨和精磨,以保证待测样品表面光滑且没有缝隙;然后将打磨好的样品放置在60 ℃烘箱内进行烘干,最后将烘干好的样品放入日本理学公司生产的Rigaku ZSX PrimusⅡ型长色散X射线荧光光谱仪中进行元素分析,测试精度为10-6级别,测试含量范围为10-6~100%,测试过程中采用中国国家标准土壤样品GSS-3和GSS-6进行监控,使用微型计算机进行程序控制、谱图识别、背景扣除、干扰矫正及数据处理等(张硕,2020),主量元素的分析误差控制在±2%,结果较为准确可靠(李宁等,2022)。为获取微区内地球化学元素含量的空间分布特征,在砂岩层微区样品中(16 mm×14 mm)设置了121个样点,在网纹红土层的微区样品中(17 mm×15 mm)设置了176个样点。测试元素主要包括:SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、CaO、K2O和Na2O等常量元素氧化物,以及Mn、Ti和Zr等部分微量元素。

    通过迁移率的计算揭示元素迁出富集情况,该方法一般以某种稳定性元素作为参照来获取其他元素的变化率,如Ti或Al等(陈骏等,1997),计算公式为:

    δ(%)=[(Xs/Is)/(Xp/Ip)-1]×100% (1)

    式中:Xs与Is分别代表了样品中元素X和参比元素I的含量,Xp和Ip则分别为原始母质中元素X和参比元素I的含量。若δ>0,则表示元素X相对参比元素富集;若δ<0,则表明元素相对迁出(凌超豪等,2015李文慧等,2020)。

    利用ArcGIS软件中的Kriging插值法揭示地球化学元素含量的空间分布特征,以及元素迁移率的空间变化特征;计算了两个微区样品的CIA和硅铝系数等常用地球化学风化指数(熊尚发等,2000李文慧等,2020),以便分析化学风化特征;利用R语言进行了R型因子分析,其可通过少量的综合因子将复杂的变量相互关系呈现出来(赵振华等,2022),是研究元素共生组合与内在的成因联系的有效手段(安乐,2017);两步聚类作为新型的分层聚类算法,可同时处理连续变量和分类变量,使聚类结果更准确(张语轩等,2023),本文选取该方法对所有样点的Ti/Zr和Ti/Al2O3进行分析,对比网纹红土层和砂岩层的物源信息。

  • 化学元素含量的测试结果分别见表1表2。砂岩层网纹和网纹红土层网纹的地球化学元素含量均以SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3等为主,其次为K2O、CaO、Na2O、Ti和Mn等元素。砂岩层难溶组分(SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3)含量的平均值分别为40.9%、12.97%、4.95%,变异系数分别为6.68%、7.21%、63.69%;易溶组分(K2O、CaO、Na2O)含量的平均值分别为1.06%、0.92%、0.23%,变异系数分别为12.55%、11.24%、2.39%;而Mn、Co、Ni等铁族元素的变异系数分别为76.84%、77.45%、83.98%。在网纹红土层的网纹中,难溶组分(SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3)含量的平均值分别为53.06%、11.73%、6.01%,变异系数CV值则分别为9.42%、6.27%、52.06%;易溶组分(K2O、CaO、Na2O等)含量的平均值分别为1.21%、0.60%、0.20%,变异系数分别为13.14%、38.90%和4.58%;Mn、Co和Ni等铁族元素的变异系数分别为71.01%、69.20%、78.11%。变异系数越大则说明数据的离散性和变异性越强并表现出显著的空间差异性(李晓波等,2022)。因此,砂岩层网纹与网纹红土层网纹的化学元素含量均存在一定空间分异。其中,砂岩层网纹中铁和铁族元素的变异系数介于63.69%~83.98%,明显要高于其他元素的变异系数,同时也要略高于网纹红土层中网纹相应元素的变异系数。

    样品(数量)SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaONa2OK2O
    网纹红土层白色网纹微区样品(n=176)
    平均值53.0611.736.010.600.201.21
    最小值40.319.151.880.390.190.77
    最大值60.9812.7814.491.340.231.45
    变异系数9.426.2752.0638.904.5813.14
    砂岩白色网纹微区样品(n=121)
    平均值40.9012.974.950.920.231.06
    最小值33.659.921.140.710.220.70
    最大值44.8414.2113.291.260.251.25
    变异系数6.687.2163.6911.242.3912.55
    UCC(Taylor and McLennan,1985)66.0015.205.004.203.903.40

    Table 1.  Chemical composition (%) of constant elements

    样品(数量)CuCoZnMnNiRbTiZr
    网纹红土层白色网纹微区样品(n=176)
    平均值12775751 1511 5891146 527341
    最小值2956497301014 243327
    最大值361207953 3475 1421207 826359
    变异系数62.4169.209.8971.0178.113.0613.342.40
    砂岩白色网纹微区样品(n=121)
    平均值10167381 0561 499672 066183
    最小值103308710711 294171
    最大值335199473 2304926582 454197
    变异系数78.5477.4510.5776.8483.983.6813.453.54
    UCC(Taylor and McLennan,1985)251071700201125 000190

    Table 2.  Composition of trace elements (×10-6)

    统计结果(图34)显示,砂岩层网纹和网纹红土层网纹内部元素含量的空间分布趋势较为相似,主要存在两种不同的分布模式。铁族元素以及Cu、Zn等元素含量的空间分布趋势均呈现出自网纹中心向外围区域逐渐增加的趋势,而SiO2、Al2O3、K2O、CaO、Rb、Ti和Zr等元素含量则主要表现为自网纹中心向外围区域逐渐降低的空间分布特征。

    Figure 3.  Elemental changes of the white vein micro⁃area in reticular red clay

    Figure 4.  Elemental changes of the white vein micro⁃area in sandstone

  • 网纹红土层中网纹Ti/Zr比值介于12.82~21.84,Ti/Al2O3比值则介于0.044~0.062;而砂岩层中网纹Ti/Zr值则主要介于7.23~12.89,Ti/Al2O3值介于0.013~0.018。Al和Ti元素在风化过程中较难发生迁移(Stiles et al.,2003),Zr元素主要赋存于锆石中,在风化淋溶作用强烈的红土环境中仍可保持稳定(Dequincey et al.,2002)。上述元素的化学性质相对稳定,抗风化能力也较强(程峰,2018),Ti/Zr和Ti/Al2O3比值一般不受沉积分选的影响(Cullers,2000Hao et al.,2010),常用于追踪沉积物的物源。若剖面的物源相对稳定,则不同层位样品的稳定性元素比值一般不会发生较大变化(马桢桢,2022杨立辉等,2023)。郎溪剖面的网纹红土层网纹和砂岩层网纹的Ti/Zr和Ti/Al2O3比值的散点之间具有较为清晰的界限(图5a),砂岩层网纹的稳定元素比值要远低于网纹红土层网纹。聚类分析结果则进一步表明,所有样点的比值大致上可分为两个群组(图5b),指示了网纹红土层和砂岩层中发育的网纹具有不同的物质来源。

    Figure 5.  Stable element ratio and comparison of clustering

  • 砂岩层白色网纹的CIA、SA和SAF均值分别为87.18%、5.35、4.34,网纹红土层的化学风化蚀变指数(Chemical Index of Alteration,CIA)、硅铝指数(SiO2/Al2O3,SA)、硅铝铁率[SiO2/(Al2O3+Fe2O3),SAF]均值分别为85.54%、7.66、5.89,二者均经历了较强的化学风化淋溶作用。土体中元素的含量较难反映其真实的地球化学行为,一般采用元素变化率来判定元素的迁移或相对富集情况(熊平生,2015)。鉴于钛元素的化学性质较为稳定,选取Ti作为参比元素计算迁移率,其含量最低的网格点代表了微区内物质淋出最弱的空间位置。由于郎溪剖面的原始母质尚存在争议,本文以钛含量最低的网格点替代公式中的原始母质,用来计算白色网纹微区内相较于该参照点的相对迁移率,结果见图6图7。无论是网纹红土层还是砂岩层,元素均主要表现为具有一定迁出的特点。其中砂岩层的SiO2、Al2O3、Na2O和CaO等元素均是相对迁出的,其迁出率的均值分别为23.05%、17.3%、38.31%和17.96%,迁出率相对略低;铁族元素具有较高的相对迁出率,Fe2O3迁出率的均值达73.91%,Co、Mn、Ni等迁出率的均值分别为75.98%、76.69%、78.1%。网纹红土层元素迁出特征总体上与砂岩层相似并无明显差异。砂岩层网纹元素相对迁移率的空间分布特征与网纹红土层的分布趋势大致相同(图67),均主要呈现出网纹中心迁出程度剧烈,外围淋失程度较弱的空间趋势。

    Figure 6.  Elemental migration of the white vein micro-area in reticular red clay

    Figure 7.  Elemental migration of the white vein micro⁃area in sandstone

  • R型因子分析要求原变量之间存在较强的相关性。网纹红土层和砂岩层网纹的KMO分别为0.89和0.90,Bartlett球形检验显著性均为P小于0.005,适合开展因子分析。按特征值大于1的原则,在网纹红土层和砂岩层中分别提取了主因子。其中,砂岩层主因子方差贡献率为77.92%,网纹红土层主因子方差贡献率为74.26%,所提取的主因子均可以体现微区元素地球化学含量的空间分异情况,结果如表3所示。砂岩层因子1载荷的基本特征为SiO2、Al2O3、K2O等常量元素和稳定元素Zr、Ti具有较高的负载荷,而Fe2O3和Mn、Co、Ni等铁族元素具有较高的正载荷,Cu、Zn等元素同样具有较高的正载荷。网纹红土层的因子载荷特征与砂岩层因子载荷特征基本一致。

    元素因子1(砂岩层微区样品)因子1(网纹红土层微区样品)
    Co0.9970.988
    Cu0.9950.993
    Mn0.9970.989
    Ni0.9960.992
    Rb-0.898-0.765
    Ti-0.983-0.986
    Zn0.6010.250
    Zr-0.477-0.383
    SiO2-0.994-0.968
    Al2O3-0.975-0.991
    Fe2O30.9970.993
    CaO-0.345-0.148
    Na2O0.7290.898
    K2O-0.997-0.985

    Table 3.  Factor analysis results of the sample data in the micro⁃area

  • 因子分析常用于推测变量共生组合与内在的成因联系(蒋旭霞等,2025),在砂岩层网纹的因子1中,Fe、Mn和Co等铁族元素具有较高的正载荷,而Al2O3、SiO2、K2O等常量元素以及Zr和Ti等稳定元素则具有较高的负载荷,结合元素含量的微区分布特征,因子1指示了砂岩层网纹化主要表现为铁族元素的淋溶迁出,以及因其所导致的Al2O3、SiO2、K2O和Zr等其他元素的相对富集过程。然而,上述结果实际上是基于元素含量信息获取的,可能会掩盖风化成土过程中元素自身真实的地球化学行为(熊平生,2015刘俊余等,2018),为此有必要结合元素迁出率开展综合分析。元素迁出结果表明砂岩层网纹化以铁族元素的迁出为主,其他元素虽然一般也存在淋失,但其迁出率相对较低。因此,砂岩层网纹化表征为铁族元素存在较为明显的淋出,Al2O3、SiO2、K2O和 Zr等元素因自身淋失程度弱于铁族元素,最终表现为含量上的相对聚集。网纹红土层的网纹化也与此类似。

    变异系数是衡量元素分布均匀程度的一个重要指标(刘春生,2023),砂岩层SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3等常量元素,以及Co和Cu等微量元素的变异系数介于2.40%~83.98%,均存在一定程度的变异,指示了砂岩层网纹内部的物质组成并非空间均质的,且主要呈现出Fe2O3、Mn和Co等自网纹中心向外增加的空间趋势,而SiO2、Al2O3等其他常量元素及Ti、Zr等稳定元素的空间趋势则与之相异。元素迁出率的计算结果则进一步表明网纹内部物质的淋溶迁出程度在空间上也并非均质的,且一般具有网纹中心强而外围弱的特点。综合考虑元素含量与相对迁出率的结果,实际上SiO2、Al2O3等常量元素以及Ti、Zr等稳定元素含量所呈现出的空间分布特征为网纹化过程中元素自身的淋出程度弱于铁元素淋溶程度的结果,上述元素含量的分布特征掩盖了这些元素的实际行为。因此,砂岩层网纹发育是一个自网纹中心向外围逐渐扩展的空间过程,在该过程中网纹内部的物质经历了由空间均质向空间非均质的演变,网纹红土层的网纹发育与此类似。该结果丰富了对网纹发育的空间过程以及元素行为的认识。

  • 从郎溪剖面网纹红土层与砂岩层的Ti/Zr、Ti/Al2O3可辨识出两个截然不同的群组,意味着二者的物源存在差异。长江流域北纬29°~31°区域的第四纪红土具有风积成因特性,其物源与下蜀黄土相似(Hu et al.,2010),且具有堆积与风化同时进行的特征(熊尚发等2000朱丽东等,2005)。另外,郎溪剖面的砂岩层与其上覆地层呈不整合接触关系。因此,网纹红土层是与砂岩层无继承关系的覆盖沉积物风化的产物,网纹红土层是与砂岩层发育的物质基础不同,为相对独立风化成土过程的结果。

    砂岩层网纹中偶见的红色残留(图2)指示了白色网纹为铁迁出并脱色的结果,在适宜的气候背景下,土体当满足水饱和、氧耗竭、有机物赋存以及微生物利用除O2之外的电子受体等环境条件时,在有机物来源周围通常会产生铁迁出(Vepraskas,1994)。砂岩层网纹中心发育常见有根组织或根孔(图2),可为网纹形成提供了所需的有机物来源,在土体饱水期间根系周围易形成局部还原环境,从而促进了铁淋出的发生和网纹发育。砂岩层网纹内部铁元素含量的中心低而外围高,相对迁移率中心高而外围低的分布特征与上述机制非常吻合,可视为对该网纹化过程的空间响应。

    网纹是一定气候条件下的产物,其发育受气候的干湿、冷暖控制,湿热促进网纹发育(来红州等,2005Hong et al.,2010),网纹红土层甚至被视为夏季风异常强盛期的产物(尹秋珍等,2006)。网纹形态与气候变化趋势之间存在一定对应性(Hong et al.,2010;汪玲玲等,2022),砂岩层网纹较网纹红土层网纹相对粗大,二者的化学风化淋溶程度相近,且铁元素乃至较为稳定的铝元素存在一定淋出,至少说明砂岩层网纹发育期的气候是较为湿热的。然而,网纹发育会受到物质基础等因素的影响(汪玲玲等,2024),由于砂岩层与网纹红土层的物质基础不同,不宜直接依据网纹尺寸推测砂岩层网纹发育时期的气候更为湿热。

  • (1) 网纹内部的物质组成具有空间非均质性,铁族元素的空间变异度高于易溶组分(K2O、Na2O、CaO)和Ti、Zr等稳定元素。网纹内元素含量主要存在两种分布模式:铁族元素呈现自白色网纹中心向边缘增加的趋势,其他常量元素及Ti、Zr等稳定元素的分布趋势一般与之相异。

    (2) 砂岩层网纹发育期经历了较为湿热的气候,其网纹化主要表现为铁族元素迁出较为强烈,SiO2、Al2O3等常量元素以及部分微量元素的迁出较弱,但该过程并非仅是铁淋出而其他元素相对富集的过程。网纹发育是一个自网纹中心向外围逐渐扩展的空间过程,淋溶程度一般呈现出网纹中心淋溶强烈而外围淋溶弱的空间特征。

    (3) 砂岩层网纹和网纹红土层网纹的物质基础不同,其会影响二者的网纹发育及铁元素的空间变异程度。

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