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Volume 41 Issue 5
Oct.  2023
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WANG ZhuangSheng, LIN XiaoBing, FAN JunMing, YANG HuaTong, ZHANG Xuan, JIA Wei. Occurrence State and Deposition of Terrestrial Gypsum:A case study of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation, Yaha area, Kuqa Depression[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1354-1365. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.027
Citation: WANG ZhuangSheng, LIN XiaoBing, FAN JunMing, YANG HuaTong, ZHANG Xuan, JIA Wei. Occurrence State and Deposition of Terrestrial Gypsum:A case study of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation, Yaha area, Kuqa Depression[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1354-1365. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.027

Occurrence State and Deposition of Terrestrial Gypsum:A case study of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation, Yaha area, Kuqa Depression

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.027
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42172135

  • Received Date: 2022-12-21
  • Accepted Date: 2023-05-18
  • Rev Recd Date: 2023-03-13
  • Available Online: 2023-05-18
  • Publish Date: 2023-10-10
  • The Yaha gas reservoir in the Kuqa Depression is a condensate gas reservoir with the earliest development time and most mature development technology in China. Its main producing interval is the bottom sandstone interval of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation. The block is dominated by fine sandstone. The occurrence states of gypsum in sandstone are varied, and the development period, hydrodynamic conditions, depositional environment and physical properties of gypsum of different occurrence states are different. Based on the data of drilling cores, field profiles, and rock thin sections in the bottom sandstone section of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation in the Yaha gas field, the occurrence state and deposition of gypsum were discussed. The results show that: (1) The different occurrence states of gypsum in the study area are caused by differences in the depositional environment, depositional process and diagenetic environment. The sedimentary gypsum of the Paleogene bottom sandstone in the study area can be divided into allochthonous deposit and in-situ deposit gypsum. (2) The gypsum masses deposited in different places are primarily transported by flowing water, and the transport distances from near to far are as follows: ① irregular gypsum masses with a particle size of 8⁃10 cm; ② cloud shape gypsum masses with a particle size of 4⁃8 cm, angular; ③ Granular gypsum, with a particle size of 2⁃5 cm; it is a nearly round gypsum mass, and the roundness is good; ④directional arranged gypsum, with a diameter of 0.5⁃2 cm and parallel bedding structure. (3)The gypsum deposited in situ includes the uniformly distributed spot-shaped gypsum formed by evaporation concentration and the oolitic gypsum with core and no concentric ring structure formed by flowing water agitation. Gypsum in different occurrence states represents different paleoenvironment, paleoclimate, and paleohydrodynamic conditions and can provide new ideas for the study of the sedimentary process of the Suweiyi Formation in the seasonal river salt lake delta under an arid climate.
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  • Received:  2022-12-21
  • Revised:  2023-03-13
  • Accepted:  2023-05-18
  • Published:  2023-10-10

Occurrence State and Deposition of Terrestrial Gypsum:A case study of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation, Yaha area, Kuqa Depression

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.027
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42172135

Abstract: The Yaha gas reservoir in the Kuqa Depression is a condensate gas reservoir with the earliest development time and most mature development technology in China. Its main producing interval is the bottom sandstone interval of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation. The block is dominated by fine sandstone. The occurrence states of gypsum in sandstone are varied, and the development period, hydrodynamic conditions, depositional environment and physical properties of gypsum of different occurrence states are different. Based on the data of drilling cores, field profiles, and rock thin sections in the bottom sandstone section of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation in the Yaha gas field, the occurrence state and deposition of gypsum were discussed. The results show that: (1) The different occurrence states of gypsum in the study area are caused by differences in the depositional environment, depositional process and diagenetic environment. The sedimentary gypsum of the Paleogene bottom sandstone in the study area can be divided into allochthonous deposit and in-situ deposit gypsum. (2) The gypsum masses deposited in different places are primarily transported by flowing water, and the transport distances from near to far are as follows: ① irregular gypsum masses with a particle size of 8⁃10 cm; ② cloud shape gypsum masses with a particle size of 4⁃8 cm, angular; ③ Granular gypsum, with a particle size of 2⁃5 cm; it is a nearly round gypsum mass, and the roundness is good; ④directional arranged gypsum, with a diameter of 0.5⁃2 cm and parallel bedding structure. (3)The gypsum deposited in situ includes the uniformly distributed spot-shaped gypsum formed by evaporation concentration and the oolitic gypsum with core and no concentric ring structure formed by flowing water agitation. Gypsum in different occurrence states represents different paleoenvironment, paleoclimate, and paleohydrodynamic conditions and can provide new ideas for the study of the sedimentary process of the Suweiyi Formation in the seasonal river salt lake delta under an arid climate.

WANG ZhuangSheng, LIN XiaoBing, FAN JunMing, YANG HuaTong, ZHANG Xuan, JIA Wei. Occurrence State and Deposition of Terrestrial Gypsum:A case study of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation, Yaha area, Kuqa Depression[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1354-1365. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.027
Citation: WANG ZhuangSheng, LIN XiaoBing, FAN JunMing, YANG HuaTong, ZHANG Xuan, JIA Wei. Occurrence State and Deposition of Terrestrial Gypsum:A case study of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation, Yaha area, Kuqa Depression[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1354-1365. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.027
  • 石膏是一种十分重要的工业资源,作为建筑材料、工业原料被广泛使用。在油气领域,膏盐岩层因良好的封闭性常被视为优质盖层[13];同时,膏盐岩发育和碳酸盐岩油气藏的形成具有一定的关系[4],常作为碳酸盐岩油气藏一个重要的标志[5]。石膏作为蒸发沉积岩,是饱和卤水经过蒸发失水浓缩,析出溶解的离子成分[6],最后固结成岩。对于蒸发岩成因模式,国内外学者提出了大量的论点,沙洲理论[710]和沙漠理论[11]争论了将近百年,主要矛盾在于盐类物质来源,“沙洲说”认为主要来自海水,“沙漠说”强调陆源供给。我国学者也提出地中海干化理论[1214]、高山深盆理论等。目前对于蒸发岩成因模式广泛认可的是萨布哈理论[6,15]、深水深盆、浅水深盆和浅水浅盆蒸发成因模式[1619]。我国蒸发岩发育也十分广泛,如塔里木盆地、渤海湾盆地等[1],涉及层位也十分广泛,从古生代至今均有发育[15]

    陆相蒸发环境主要有陆内萨布哈和湖泊,其盐卤水来源复杂,主要有残余海水、大气降水淋滤、深部来源供给等。湖相沉积时,滨湖亚相水动力相对较强,常沉积条状石膏,低能鲕粒石膏等;浅湖亚相水动力条件弱,通常发育凝块状石膏;半深湖—深湖亚相主要沉积厚层石膏岩[1]。前人对于海相石膏赋存状态以及相应沉积环境做了大量的归纳总结,但对于陆相石膏沉积研究较为缺乏。

    塔里木盆地库车坳陷牙哈地区古近系苏维依组发育一套含膏泥岩和含膏砂岩建造,上部含膏泥岩为湖相沉积,膏盐岩层和膏泥岩层分布广泛,是一套良好的封盖层,底部为辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,含石膏的砂岩段则为一套良好的储层。苏维依组底砂岩段发育的石膏以团块状、点状、鲕状等形式赋存在砂岩中,赋存状态复杂多样。因此,开展牙哈气藏苏维依组底砂岩段石膏赋存状态及其成因过程研究与讨论,可揭示碎屑岩中石膏赋存状态对沉积环境的响应关系,以期为陆相蒸发沉积模式提供新的资料与参考。

  • 塔里木盆地塔北隆起自西向东划分为英买力低凸起、轮台凸起、哈拉哈塘凹陷、轮南低凸起、草湖凹陷以及库尔勒鼻隆,总体以“四隆两凹”的形态分布[2021]。牙哈气田构造位置位于轮台凸起中段北侧牙哈断裂构造带上,北邻库车坳陷,西邻英买力低凸起,南为哈拉哈塘凹陷(图1a)[2225]。虽然构造划分上隶属于塔北隆起,但由于以陆相油气为主,其主要来源为北部的库车坳陷,在油气系统划分时仍然将其归为库车陆相油气系统,以轻质油和凝析油为主要产物,同时有少量的正常油和天然气[25]

    Figure 1.  (a) Structural zoning map and (b) comprehensive stratigraphy of the study area (modified from references [22⁃25])

    研究区钻遇地层由老到新依次发育:白垩系巴什基奇克组(K1bs)、古近系苏维依组(E2-3s)、新近系吉迪克组(N1j)、康村组(N1-2k)和库车组(N2k[25],主要研究层位为苏维依组底砂岩段(图1b)。

    苏维依组沉积时期,研究区气候干旱炎热,蒸发强烈,发育广泛的滨浅湖沉积,局部地区为蒸发盐湖相,沉积巨厚湖相地层,只在苏维依组底部发育一套扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲砂体[26]

  • 古近系苏维依组沉积环境从辫状河三角洲沉积相演变为湖泊沉积相,底砂岩段发育水下分流河道微相与分流间湾微相,岩性以含膏粉砂岩、膏质细砂岩及膏泥岩为主,厚度一般为30~45 m。钻井岩心与薄片资料表明,研究区古近系苏维依组底砂岩段均有石膏赋存,赋存状态以石膏团块和石膏胶结为主(图2,3)。

    Figure 2.  Comprehensive histogram of well Y25 bottom sandstone section

    Figure 3.  Characteristics of core gypsum in the sandstone section of well Y25 bottom (the location of the rock core is shown in Fig.2)

    底砂岩段顶部石膏含量最多,以石膏团块为主,粒径较大,石膏团块具清晰边界。中上部与底部,石膏含量次之,以粒径较小的石膏团块为主,石膏团块分选较差,大小不一,同时伴随着石膏胶结物发育。其余部位多发育石膏胶结与方解石胶结,零星发育石膏团块,粒径较小,磨圆以次圆为主,同时可见点状石膏(图3,4)。

    Figure 4.  Microscopic characteristics of gypsum in the sandstone section at the bottom of well Y25 (the sampling location is shown in Fig.2)

    石膏团块一般赋存于粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、细砂岩和中砂岩,石膏赋存围岩具块状构造和平行层理构造,分选中等,磨圆以次棱—次圆状为主,填隙物以泥质杂基和方解石胶结、石膏胶结为主,团块状石膏赋存部位方解石胶结物较少(图4),主要发育在底砂岩段顶部、中上部和下部。石膏按其形成阶段可分为沉积成因石膏与成岩成因石膏,本文主要讨论石膏沉积环境与其揭示的沉积过程,重点探讨陆相干旱气候条件蒸发环境沉积模式。因此,主要开展沉积成因石膏分析与研究。

  • 尽管目前对于蒸发岩的成因存在多种学说[719],但普遍认为蒸发岩物理形态、化学成分、展布特征均与沉积环境密切相关[1]。本文通过对研究区39口钻井苏维依组底砂岩段岩心观察、取样薄片鉴定,基于石膏的不同赋存状态,分析其沉积环境与沉积过程。按照沉积过程、石膏团块特征和围岩特征划分为2大类、6小类(表1)。

    类型划分依据赋存状态类型石膏特征围岩特征
    粒径/cm磨圆度分选岩性磨圆度分选沉积构造
    沉积成因石膏异地沉积石膏团块搬运沉积撕裂状8~10棱角状细砂岩棱角状块状构造
    云雾状4~8棱角状细砂岩棱角状块状构造
    团砾状2~5次棱—次圆粉—细砂岩次棱—次圆块状构造
    定向排列0.5~2次圆—圆状粉—细砂岩次圆—圆状平行层理
    原地沉积石膏蒸发沉淀点状0.2~0.5圆状细—中砂岩次圆中—好块状构造
    鲕状0.01~0.03圆状细砂岩次棱—次圆中—差鲕状构造

    撕裂状石膏团块粒径为8~10 cm,形状极不规则,围岩以细砂岩为主,磨圆为棱角状,分选差;云雾状团块粒径为4~8 cm,形状不规则,围岩以细砂岩为主,磨圆为棱角状,分选差;团砾状石膏团块粒径为2~5 cm,形状椭圆,围岩以细—粉砂岩为主,磨圆为次棱—次圆状,分选中等;定向排列石膏团块粒径为0.5~2 cm,形状椭圆,具定向排列特征,围岩以细—粉砂岩为主,磨圆为次圆—圆状,分选较好;点状石膏粒径为0.2~0.5 cm,形状椭圆,具定向排列特征,围岩以细—中砂岩为主,磨圆为次圆状,分选较好;鲕状石膏粒径为0.01~0.03 cm,形状椭圆,具定向排列特征,围岩以细—中砂岩为主,磨圆为次棱—次圆状,分选中等(图5)。

    Figure 5.  Genetic types of gypsum

  • 前人认为海相团块状石膏岩主要沉积于台地边缘斜坡带和潮上带剧烈蒸发环境,潮上带块状石膏为水体受剧烈蒸发,石膏晶体密集堆积形成层状石膏,斜坡带块状石膏受重力流、块体流作用沉积形成[1]。因此,团块状石膏形成一是需要存在大量石膏蒸发析出、沉淀堆积形成石膏层,二是石膏层破碎形成石膏团块。

    牙哈地区古近纪早期沉积环境为宽浅湖盆,湖水盐度较高,与现今气候条件类似,为干旱气候条件,地表河流以季节性河流为主。枯水期大气降水减少,陆表水减少,注入湖盆水源减少,气温高,湖水持续蒸发,进入盐湖沉积,在此阶段形成了一层较纯的石膏层;受山前大气环流影响,蒸发之后富含水汽的空气向山区移动,在山前受冷空气影响,形成降水,山前冲—洪积扇发育,洪水事件频发,水动力条件及搬运能力强[26],大量降水携带大量陆源碎屑物质自山前冲出,强动力水流搅碎之前沉积的石膏层,并携带、搬运破碎后的石膏团块,与同时期携带的碎屑颗粒同时沉积,固结成岩。在此背景下,异地石膏沉积过程可分为两个阶段,盐湖和洪泛盐沼蒸发沉淀石膏层阶段与洪水搬运石膏团块沉积阶段。不同的搬运距离导致石膏团块粒度与磨圆度不同,可分为撕裂状、云雾状、团砾状和定向排列石膏(图6)。

    Figure 6.  Gypsum formation of different origins

    1) 撕裂状石膏

    撕裂状石膏一般为棱角—次棱角状,撕裂特征明显,为弱固结,石膏团块在应力作用下破碎,或石膏团块整体发生形变,与碎屑物质同时快速沉积,颜色以淡黄色—白色为主,团块大小一般为8~10 cm,形状极不规则,磨圆差。围岩一般为细砂岩,据块状结构,分选较差,磨圆为棱角状,反映其水动力条件较强,搬运距离较近,为洪水事件等较强水动力条件下搬运,快速堆积沉积形成(图6a)。

    2) 云雾状石膏

    云雾状石膏为具棱角的云朵状,或不规则形状,边界清晰,石膏纯净度较高,颜色雪白,团块粒度为4~8 cm。石膏团块在水流冲击破碎后经过短距离搬运,与水流携带的陆源碎屑物质同时沉积。由于搬运距离较短,形成磨圆度差,粒度大小不一,具棱角的云雾状石膏。围岩一般为细砂岩,水动力条件较强,具块状结构,但分选中等,磨圆为棱角状(图6b)。

    3) 团砾状石膏

    团砾状石膏相对云雾状石膏团块磨圆度较好,次棱角—次圆状为主,颜色为雪白色,团块一般为2~5 cm,团块直径可达8 cm。石膏团块在水流破碎后经过较长距离搬运,围岩一般为细—粉砂岩,分选好,磨圆以次棱—次圆为主,具块状结构,反映其搬运距离相对较远(图6c)。

    4) 定向排列石膏

    定向排列石膏一般为多个粒度小,磨圆度好的石膏团块定向排列形成,粒径一般为0.5~2 cm。形态为椭球状或球状,磨圆度为次圆状,极个别达到圆状,颜色一般为浅灰白色,是经过较长距离搬运与长时间流水冲刷形成。围岩一般为细—粉砂岩,具平行层理,为水流长期冲刷形成,分选好,磨圆以次圆—圆状为主(图6d)。

  • 1) 点状石膏

    前人认为,海相点状石膏主要是由于脱水形成的嵌套式石膏,常见于盐沼和盐泥坪过渡的蒸发环境[1],陆相点状石膏同样为蒸发脱水形成。研究区点状石膏均匀分布在砂岩当中,颜色以浅灰白色为主,粒度一般为0.2~0.5 cm。

    研究区沉积环境为宽浅湖盆,由水流携带大量陆源碎屑物质和各种离子汇聚于湖盆中,湖水持续蒸发,富含Ca2+和SO42-的水体随蒸发逐渐形成胶体溶液,凝结点均匀分布,蒸发剧烈,逐渐浓缩结晶,形成点状的石膏,该类型石膏发育较少。围岩一般为细—中砂岩,分选中—好,次棱—次圆,具块状结构(图7)。

    Figure 7.  Punctate gypsum formation

    2) 鲕状石膏

    鲕状石膏多呈放射状,同心纹层不发育,沉积于盐碱地或湖泊低能区,如滨湖带[2728],在水动力条件相对较强的情况下,石膏生长过程中受水流搅动影响,鲕状石膏通常呈非同心叠层状赋存。

    鲕状石膏是由水流破碎、搬运、溶蚀形成的微小石膏残余颗粒,或由水流携带的细小颗粒为核,在富含Ca2+和SO42-的水体当中经过微弱的搅动,析出的CaSO4晶体逐渐围绕核心附着沉积、生长,形成具一定核心的、不规则的、非同心层的、具鲕状结构或叠层结构的石膏颗粒,围岩以泥质粉砂岩与粉砂质泥岩为主,分选差,磨圆以棱角状—次棱角状为主(图8)。

    Figure 8.  Oolitic gypsum formation

  • 前人认为陆相萨布哈环境主要为盐湖、牛轭湖等,与海相环境类似,均为暴露环境沉积[1],通过盐岩模拟结晶实验以及现代盐湖沉积模式研究[2931],认为盐湖沉积可分为四个阶段:淡水—微咸水阶段、湖水浓缩—碳酸盐阶段、湖水浓缩—硫酸盐阶段和湖泊干涸—岩盐阶段,不同阶段析出的盐类不同,研究区主要经历湖水浓缩—硫酸盐阶段。

    塔里木盆地古近系苏维依组与白垩系巴什基奇克组间存在沉积间断,古近纪早期库姆格列木群时期,塔里木盆地经历一次短暂海侵,海水自西南方向进入[32],古近纪中期,海侵结束,库车坳陷形成一个宽浅湖盆,构造活动逐渐减弱,湖盆持续沉降,沉积巨厚层的含膏泥岩层[26]。干旱气候条件下的陆相蒸发环境卤水来源多样,残余海水、深部流体、大气降水均能供给[1]。苏维依组时期湖水继承早期海侵残余海水,盐度较高,是主要的卤水来源,同时,季节性河流中溶解的卤盐分子是持续来源之一[26,32]

    古近系苏维依组底砂岩段发育多种赋存状态石膏,主要沉积于底部、中上部以及顶部。横向上底部含石膏层段普遍发育,东部、西部含石膏层段较厚,中部相对较薄;中上部含石膏层段发育普遍较薄,连续性较差;顶部含石膏层段相对连续,普遍发育2~3层(图9a)。底砂岩段底部、中上部与顶部含石膏层段主要发育撕裂状、云雾状、团砾状和定向排列石膏,沉积于水下分流河道沉积微相。其余层位偶见点状、鲕状石膏发育,主要沉积相为河口坝微相与水下分流河道微相(图9b)。

    Figure 9.  Location and deposition of gypsum (the logging data comes from the logging database of PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Branch)

    上述石膏赋存状态的垂向差异分布揭示了不同气候条件与沉积过程。不同于陆相萨布哈环境沉积模式,干旱气候条件下季节性河流—湖盆沉积存在两个沉积时期与沉积模式,丰水期为山前冲积扇—辫状河—辫状河三角洲—咸湖沉积体系,枯水期为咸湖/洪水三角洲沉积,咸湖沉积发育泥岩—灰岩—石膏—盐岩的环形条带状沉积,洪水事件破碎、搬运石膏,发育含膏质砂岩,两种沉积模式相互循环,形成多种多样的石膏赋存状态(图10)。

    Figure 10.  Model of evaporative environmental deposition in an arid climate

    枯水期气候干旱,季节性河流断流,大气降水减少,湖泊与湖岸盐沼水量补给较少,且蒸发强烈,水分快速蒸发,析出石膏晶体并沉淀形成石膏层,湖泊进入蒸发浓缩—硫酸盐阶段。同时枯水期存在突发性洪水事件,水动力较强,可破碎石膏层形成大量石膏团块,并随流水搬运石膏团块,在三角洲前缘砂岩中形成含石膏沉积。石膏团块在搬运过程中,粒径逐渐变小,磨圆度逐渐增高,呈现不同赋存状态,依次为撕裂状、云雾状、团砾状和定向排列。石膏团块赋存部位围岩粒度也逐渐变细,泥质含量逐渐增高(图10)。

    丰水期季节性河流(或洪水)与季节性大气降雨带来大量水量补给,湖平面上升,携带大量陆源碎屑物质与少量卤族元素。此时期大气降水充足,蒸发减弱,团块状石膏发育较少,膏质通常以胶结物形式存在。部分浅水区域地表流水与湖水密度不同,导致富含CaSO4的流体在湖盆斜坡带流速快速降低,发生扰动,形成鲕状石膏(图10)。

    干旱气候条件下季节性河流—盐湖三角洲沉积模式以两种模式循环往复为特征,形成了各种不同样式的石膏赋存状态,代表了研究区干旱与湿润气候条件的循环变化,体现不同气候条件下沉积模式的演化,为陆相蒸发环境沉积模式提供了新的思路与认识。

  • (1) 牙哈地区古近系苏维依组底砂岩段沉积成因石膏赋存状态可分为异地沉积石膏和原地沉积石膏两类。

    (2) 异地沉积石膏具有明显的搬运特征,随搬运距离增加依次为撕裂状、云雾状、团砾状和定向排列石膏,石膏团块粒径逐渐减小,磨圆度变好,围岩分选逐渐变好,磨圆逐渐变好。原地沉积石膏可分为鲕状石膏与点状石膏,点状石膏为枯水期湖水蒸发浓缩,膏质析出形成;鲕状石膏为流水搅动,石膏晶体固着析出形成具一定核心并围绕核心附着沉积形成不规则的、非同心层的、具鲕状结构或叠层结构的石膏颗粒。

    (3) 石膏赋存状态与沉积过程,揭示了古近系苏维依组沉积环境为干旱气候条件下季节性河流沉积,呈丰水期、枯水期交替发育的特征,存在两个不同沉积模式,枯水期为盐湖/洪水沉积模式,丰水期流水搅动,为三角洲—湖泊沉积模式。

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