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YU Yu, LIN LiangBiao, LI Zhen, MENG WanBin, TONG Kui, LIANG QingShao. SEM-CL and EMPA Mineralogical Characterization of Authigenic Calcite Cement in Tight Gas Sandstone and Implications for Diagenesis: Case study of Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1468-1477. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.112
Citation: YU Yu, LIN LiangBiao, LI Zhen, MENG WanBin, TONG Kui, LIANG QingShao. SEM-CL and EMPA Mineralogical Characterization of Authigenic Calcite Cement in Tight Gas Sandstone and Implications for Diagenesis: Case study of Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1468-1477. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.112

SEM-CL and EMPA Mineralogical Characterization of Authigenic Calcite Cement in Tight Gas Sandstone and Implications for Diagenesis: Case study of Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan Basin, China

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.112
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42202128

Open Fund Project of State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Development Engineering (Chengdu University of Technology) PLC20210110

  • Received Date: 2022-07-05
  • Accepted Date: 2022-10-05
  • Rev Recd Date: 2022-09-05
  • Available Online: 2022-10-05
  • Publish Date: 2023-10-10
  • Scanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) analysis is an effective tool for tracing the diagenesis associated with fluid flow in buried material by determining both the micro-texture and the CL response of authigenic minerals. However, neither the luminescence of carbonate minerals nor how their elemental compositions influence CL response is not clear. In this study, the CL response of carbonate minerals and its correlation with element compositions were observed when subjected to optical microscope-CL (OM-CL) and SEM-CL illumination, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and SEM-CL were used to analyze tight gas sandstone samples from the Xujiahe Formation in the western Sichuan Basin, China. The results suggest that SEM-CL distinguishes carbonate grains from carbonate cements with greater sensitivity than OM-CL. SEM-CL images generally showed that carbonate minerals with Mn/Fe values lower than 0.1 have low- to moderate intensity luminescence. This was also apparent in Mn/Fe values of 0.1 to 0.5 with < 0.1% Fe content, but carbonate minerals with Mn/Fe > 0.5 and Fe content < 0.1 barely showed a visible CL response. The Mn/Fe ratio and Fe content were found to have the greatest effect on CL. The integration of SEM-CL and OM-CL with element mapping showed that the calcite cement is homogeneous, suggesting a single episode of calcite precipitation after the dissolution of feldspar. Sublitharenitic and litharenitic calcite cements have the same/similar source of diagenetic fluid that is indicated by high Mn/Fe values. The calcite cement in calcarenaceous sandstone showed low Mn and high Fe contents similar to dolomite rock fragments, suggesting that the fluid may have been influenced by the dissolution of dolomite rock fragments.
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  • Received:  2022-07-05
  • Revised:  2022-09-05
  • Accepted:  2022-10-05
  • Published:  2023-10-10

SEM-CL and EMPA Mineralogical Characterization of Authigenic Calcite Cement in Tight Gas Sandstone and Implications for Diagenesis: Case study of Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan Basin, China

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.112
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42202128

Open Fund Project of State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Development Engineering (Chengdu University of Technology) PLC20210110

Abstract: Scanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) analysis is an effective tool for tracing the diagenesis associated with fluid flow in buried material by determining both the micro-texture and the CL response of authigenic minerals. However, neither the luminescence of carbonate minerals nor how their elemental compositions influence CL response is not clear. In this study, the CL response of carbonate minerals and its correlation with element compositions were observed when subjected to optical microscope-CL (OM-CL) and SEM-CL illumination, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and SEM-CL were used to analyze tight gas sandstone samples from the Xujiahe Formation in the western Sichuan Basin, China. The results suggest that SEM-CL distinguishes carbonate grains from carbonate cements with greater sensitivity than OM-CL. SEM-CL images generally showed that carbonate minerals with Mn/Fe values lower than 0.1 have low- to moderate intensity luminescence. This was also apparent in Mn/Fe values of 0.1 to 0.5 with < 0.1% Fe content, but carbonate minerals with Mn/Fe > 0.5 and Fe content < 0.1 barely showed a visible CL response. The Mn/Fe ratio and Fe content were found to have the greatest effect on CL. The integration of SEM-CL and OM-CL with element mapping showed that the calcite cement is homogeneous, suggesting a single episode of calcite precipitation after the dissolution of feldspar. Sublitharenitic and litharenitic calcite cements have the same/similar source of diagenetic fluid that is indicated by high Mn/Fe values. The calcite cement in calcarenaceous sandstone showed low Mn and high Fe contents similar to dolomite rock fragments, suggesting that the fluid may have been influenced by the dissolution of dolomite rock fragments.

YU Yu, LIN LiangBiao, LI Zhen, MENG WanBin, TONG Kui, LIANG QingShao. SEM-CL and EMPA Mineralogical Characterization of Authigenic Calcite Cement in Tight Gas Sandstone and Implications for Diagenesis: Case study of Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1468-1477. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.112
Citation: YU Yu, LIN LiangBiao, LI Zhen, MENG WanBin, TONG Kui, LIANG QingShao. SEM-CL and EMPA Mineralogical Characterization of Authigenic Calcite Cement in Tight Gas Sandstone and Implications for Diagenesis: Case study of Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1468-1477. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.112
  • 砂岩成岩阶段形成的方解石胶结物记录了地质流体的信息,分析其矿物结构和元素特征有助于了解成岩流体的性质和来源[16]。在碎屑岩储层中,方解石胶结物的赋存状态、体积分数和沉淀时间与储层的物性质量密切相关[34,711]。因而,阐明方解石胶结物的来源和分布特征对于碎屑岩储层的油气地质勘探具有重要意义。

    阴极发光(CL)成像是岩石学和矿物学研究中一种重要的技术手段,被广泛应用于矿物的成分和微观结构分析中[1218]。扫描电镜—阴极发光(SEM-CL)具有与基于光学显微镜的冷阴极发光(OM-CL)相同的激发原理,但SEM-CL具有更高的空间分辨率、更大的放大倍数和更高的灵敏度[1921]。SEM-CL可以通过识别矿物的原生/次生矿物特征和微观结构特征(如矿物生长、变形和蚀变等),并结合新近发展的自动定量矿物学分析[2223],为地质事件提供关键信息[14,16,2426]

    前人研究表明,碳酸盐矿物的OM-CL发光特征受控于Fe和Mn含量[1213,2728],据此可推断与碳酸盐矿物沉淀相关的流体性质及成岩作用,以区分形成于不同条件下、但具相似乃至相同化学成分的碳酸盐矿物。然而,目前对于碳酸盐矿物在SEM-CL成像下的发光特性的研究相对较少[21],Fe和Mn等元素对于碳酸盐矿物的SEM-CL发光特性的影响尚不明确。本文对四川盆地西部须家河组致密砂岩中的方解石胶结物和碳酸盐岩碎屑(包括方解石和白云石)进行了OM-CL、SEM-CL和电子探针显微分析(EPMA)分析,阐明碳酸盐矿物在OM-CL和SEM-CL下发光特性的差异,评估Fe和Mn等元素对于碳酸盐矿物SEM-CL发光特性的影响,讨论方解石胶结物的成岩意义。

  • 四川盆地的海相沉积演化于中、晚三叠世的印支运动期间结束,之后经历侏罗纪—白垩纪的燕山运动、古近纪—新近纪的喜马拉雅运动,形成了现今菱形的盆地边界面貌(图1a)[2930]。研究区位于四川盆地西部中部(图1b),西接龙门山断褶带。四川盆地内的上三叠统须家河组总体上是一套以三角洲和湖泊沉积为主的碎屑沉积,按岩性自下而上可分为五段,其中须家河组二段(T3x2;须二段)和四段(T3x4;须四段)主要由砂岩组成(图1c),是四川盆地主要的致密砂岩储层[3133]。前期岩石学特征研究表明,须四段砂岩主要为中—细粒岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩,砂岩整体表现为低长石丰度和高岩屑含量的特征[3435],胶结物以方解石胶结为主,具多期次特征,早期方解石胶结物呈连晶状充填,主要形成于早成岩期;晚期方解石胶结物主要充填次生孔隙,沉淀于中成岩A期[4,34,36]

    Figure 1.  Study area in the Sichuan Basin: (a) geographic location; (b) simplified geological map; (c) generalized stratigraphic column of the Xujiahe Formation, western Sichuan Basin (modified from reference [31])

  • 所有样品均取自川西坳陷的须四段钻井岩心(图1b),分别来自于川合139井(简称CH139,下同),深度3 781.79 m;德阳1井(DY1),深度4 194.72 m;广汉2井(GH2),深度3 921.65 m;高庙3井(GM3),深度3 781.5 m;川高561井(CG561),深度4 009.01 m。将岩心切割成高1 cm、直径2.5 cm的小圆柱体后,对表面进行抛光并镀碳。样品制备完毕后使用偏光显微镜观察砂岩特征,观察结果表明砂岩为岩屑石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩,其中CH139的石英含量小于30%,而碳酸盐岩屑的体积含量大于50%,为钙屑砂岩;其余样品则为岩屑石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩;所有样品胶结物均以方解石胶结为主,含有黏土矿物和少量的自生石英,方解石胶结物充填粒间孔和粒内溶孔。

    OM-CL实验使用CL8200 MK5-2阴极发光仪搭配偏光显微镜,测试条件为电压15 kV、4电流50 μA。为便于对比,所有样品的图像都在相同的曝光时间内获得。SEM-CL图像在澳大利亚科廷大学John de Laeter Research Centre使用TESCAN Mira3发射扫描电子显微镜(VP-FESEM)获得。实验操作条件为加速电压5 kV、高电流2.9 nA、扫描速度10 µs/像素。

    电子探针实验完成于成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室,仪器型号为Shimadzu EPMA-1720H,工作电压为15 kV,束流为10 nA。元素含量分析是使用尺寸为10 µm的束斑进行Ca、Mg、Na、K、Al、Mn、Fe的定量化学分析,采用的参考标准物质为:NaAlSi3O8(钠长石;Na)、KAlSi3O8(钾长石;K)、MgSiO3(Mg)、CaSiO3(Ca)、Al2O3(Al)、Mn3Fe2(Mn和Fe)。对丰度大于5%的元素的分析精度为不大于1%,对丰度小于1%的元素则不大于5%。矿物的元素面扫描分布图使用Kα线获得,分析条件设置为15 kV的加速电压、50 nA的束流和5 μm的束斑。

  • 须四段砂岩中碳酸盐矿物包括了矿物岩屑和胶结物两类。在矿物组成上,碳酸盐矿物岩屑由方解石和白云石组成,而碳酸盐胶结物均为方解石。

    砂岩中的碎屑颗粒和胶结物可以通过其在偏光显微镜图像和电子探针BSE图像中的灰度差异进行区分(图2a、图3a)。方解石胶结物充填原生孔隙和次生孔隙,次生孔隙由长石粒内溶孔(图2a、图3)和少量岩屑粒内溶孔(图2a)组成。长石颗粒溶解后,可见残余的长石和自生石英同时分布于充填粒内溶孔的方解石胶结物中,但根据能谱分析(图2a)和OM-CL发光特征(图2b)可以区分自生石英及残余长石矿物。钾长石和奥长石等长石矿物在OM-CL发光图像中呈蓝色发光,而自生石英胶结物则不发光或被方解石胶结物覆盖(图2b)。在SEM-CL图像中(图2c,d、图3d),长石的阴极发光强度也强于石英。然而,方解石胶结物在OM-CL和SEM-CL下的发光特征却截然不同——在OM-CL下方解石胶结物呈明亮的橙色至红色发光,但在SEM-CL下却不发光(图2c,d、图3d)。结合BSE图像,进一步观察到方解石胶结物在SEM-CL下显示较高亮度的区域是未被完全填充的孔隙或矿物表面的沟槽(图2a,c、图3c,d)。

    Figure 2.  BSE, OM⁃CL and SEM⁃CL images of sample CG561, depth 4 009.01 m

    Figure 3.  Optical microscope, OM⁃CL, BSE and SEM⁃CL images of sample GH2, depth 3 921.65 m

    碳酸盐岩屑与方解石胶结物在BSE图像中通常显示出类似的颜色及对比度,因而难以区分(图4a)。在OM-CL图像中,部分方解石岩屑和方解石胶结物同样具有相似的发光特征而难以辨认(图4b)。与之相比,方解石岩屑和白云石岩屑在SEM-CL分析中均表现出显著低于石英碎屑的发光强度,因而在样品的SEM-CL图像中清楚地勾勒出碳酸盐岩屑和方解石胶结物的不同轮廓(图4c)。以上结果表明,SEM-CL技术对于区分在矿物结构和元素含量上相似的碳酸盐矿物时,比OM-CL更为有效。

    Figure 4.  BSE, OM⁃CL and SEM⁃CL images of sample CH139, depth 3 781.79 m

  • 应用电子探针对样品中42个碳酸盐矿物(包括8个碳酸盐岩岩屑和34个方解石胶结物)进行了Na、K、Mn、Mg、Ca、Fe、Ca和Al等元素的分析,结果以氧化物质量分数表示(表1)。除CaO外,方解石胶结物的MnO含量最高,其次是FeO、Al2O3、K2O、MgO和Na2O(图5)。在方解石岩屑中,除CaO外,FeO是最高的元素,其次是MgO、Al2O3、MnO、Na2O和K2O。在白云石岩屑中,除CaO和MgO外,FeO是最高的元素,其次是Al2O3、MnO、Na2O和K2O(图5)。

    样品碳酸盐矿物类型Fe/%Mn/%Mn/FeOM-CL发光强度SEM-CL 发光强度
    CH139方解石岩屑0.0650.0080.109III
    白云石岩屑1.5040.0980.066IIII
    方解石胶结物0.8120.1390.169III
    GH2方解石胶结物0.5721.4032.420VI
    GM3方解石胶结物0.4000.3750.953IIII
    CG561方解石胶结物0.4700.5531.190IIII
    DY1方解石胶结物0.5190.8251.594IVI
    注:阴极发光强度从I到V增强。

    Figure 5.  Elemental compositions of carbonate minerals in Xu4 sandstones

  • 元素面扫描分析结果表明,方解石胶结物中常量元素的分布较为均一(图6,7),充填粒内溶孔和粒间孔的方解石胶结物在成分组成上不存在明显差异。方解石胶结物的Mn元素分布与Ca元素分布较为匹配。方解石岩屑与胶结物相比,通常具有相对较低的Fe和Mn元素含量(图7)。

    Figure 6.  Sample CG561 for BSE image and Element occurrence in calcite cements

    Figure 7.  Calcite cements in sample CH139 for BSE images, SEM⁃CL image and element mapping

  • Fe2+、Mn2+和Mn/Fe比值是控制碳酸盐矿物发光特性的主要因素,Fe2+/Fe3+通常被视为发光抑制剂,Mn2+和微量元素则被视为发光激活剂[12,37]。须四段砂岩不同类型碳酸盐矿物的Fe和Mn含量差异很大(表1),方解石岩屑的Fe和Mn含量最低,平均值分别为0.065%和0.08%;白云石岩屑中Fe平均含量最高,为1.504%,Mn平均含量为0.098%,仅高于方解石岩屑。在方解石胶结物中,CH139的Fe含量最高,Mn含量最低,其他样品的Fe含量相近,差异主要体现在Mn含量上(表1)。从Mn/Fe比值来说,除CH139以外其他样品方解石胶结物的Mn/Fe值均高于0.5,CH139方解石胶结物的Mn/Fe值介于0.1~0.33,而白云石岩屑的Mn/Fe值低于0.1。方解石岩屑的Mn/Fe值与CH139方解石胶结物相似,但Fe含量低了一个数量级。根据样品的Fe与Mn含量,可将碳酸盐矿物分为三类(图8):(1)方解石岩屑;(2)白云石岩屑和CH139方解石胶结物;(3)GH2、GM3、CG561和DY1等其他样品的方解石胶结物。这三类碳酸盐矿物在OM-CL下的发光强度存在差异,表现为:方解石岩屑<白云石岩屑≈CH139方解石胶结物<CG561方解石胶结物≈GM3方解石胶结物<DY1方解石胶结物<GH2方解石胶结物(表1),表明OM-CL发光强度随Mn含量及Mn/Fe值的升高而增加。这与黄思静等[13]和刘丽红等[15]在碳酸盐岩阴极发光特征的研究取得的结果一致。

    Figure 8.  Mn (%) vs. Fe (%) in carbonate minerals

    然而,不同类型碳酸盐矿物的在SEM-CL下的发光特征则不同。在SEM⁃CL分析中,方解石和白云石岩屑具有略低于石英颗粒的发光强度,而方解石胶结物则几乎不发光(表1)。CH139方解石胶结物与碳酸盐岩碎屑相比几乎不发光,其原因是其相对较高的Mn/Fe值。当Mn/Fe值低于0.1时,碳酸盐矿物具有中低强度发光,如白云岩岩屑;当Mn/Fe值介于0.1~0.5,且Fe含量小于0.1%时,碳酸盐矿物也可见中低强度发光,如方解石岩屑;当Mn/Fe值大于0.5,同时Fe含量大于0.1时,碳酸盐矿物几乎不发光,如方解石胶结物。由此可见,Mn/Fe值和Fe含量是影响碳酸盐矿物SEM-CL发光强度的主要因素。

  • 基于BSE和SEM-CL图像中显示的矿物接触关系,推断成岩序次如下(图9):首先,机械压实作用减小了粒间孔隙的体积;随后长石颗粒溶解并形成粒内溶孔和硅质胶结物,同时少量白云石岩屑颗粒局部溶解;最后方解石胶结物充填砂岩原生粒间孔与粒内溶孔。

    Figure 9.  Formation models of two kinds of calcite cements

    碳酸盐岩的成岩作用是一个富集锰和铁的过程[13,38]。矿物接触关系和SEM-CL图像表明,方解石胶结物大致形成于同一成岩世代,且晚于长石等矿物的溶解。就铁和锰含量而言,方解石胶结物可分为两类:(1)CH139,(2)其他样品(GH2、GM3、DY1和CG561)的方解石胶结物。GH2、GM3、DY1和CG561等样品的Fe和Mn具有明显的正相关性(图8),表明方解石胶结物具有相同或类似的成岩流体来源,样品方解石胶结物的铁和锰的含量取决于成岩流体的浓度(图9)。相比之下,CH139方解石胶结物的铁和锰含量不仅较低,而且Fe和Mn之间的相关性较差(图8),表明方解石胶结物的流体来源不同于其他样品。方解石和白云石岩屑显示出不同的铁和锰含量特征,尤其是白云石岩屑的铁含量相比方解石岩屑高了一个数量级。CH139样品砂岩中含有大量的白云石岩屑,可以观察到明显的溶解现象(图7a),推测CH139方解石胶结物的沉淀可能受到白云石岩屑溶解的较大影响,导致具有较高的铁含量。

  • (1) 相比OM-CL,SEM-CL在区分碳酸盐岩屑和碳酸盐胶结物方面更为灵敏。相同碳酸盐矿物在SEM-CL与OM-CL图像中的发光特征有较大不同。碳酸盐矿物的OM-CL发光强度随着Mn含量和Mn/Fe值的增加而提高。而在SEM-CL分析中,当碳酸盐矿物的Mn/Fe值低于0.1,或Mn/Fe值介于0.1~0.5且Fe含量低于0.1%时,其将具有中低强度的阴极发光;当碳酸盐矿物的Mn/Fe值高于0.5且Fe含量高于0.1时,则几乎不发光。Mn/Fe值和Fe含量是影响SEM-CL分析中碳酸盐矿物发光强度的主要因素。

    (2) 电子探针分析表明须家河组致密砂岩中方解石岩屑具有极低的Fe和Mn含量,白云石岩屑具有高Fe和低Mn含量,岩屑石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩方解石胶结物表现为高Mn/Fe特征;而钙屑砂岩的方解石胶结物具低Mn高Fe特征,成分组成与白云石岩屑相似。阴极发光分析和EPMA元素面扫描图像表明,方解石胶结物的元素分布较为均一,很可能形成于同一成岩世代,均晚于长石等矿物的溶解。岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩的方解石胶结物具有相同的来源,其Fe和Mn的含量取决于成岩流体的浓度;钙屑砂岩的方解石胶结物形成时的成岩流体则可能受到白云石岩屑溶解的影响。

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