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ZHANG YuHang, SHI BaoHong, ZHANG YueJing, SHI HaoGuo, WEN Wen, ZHANG Yang. Application of Machine Learning for Porosity Estimation of Beach and Bar Sand Bodies in a Lacustrine Basin: A case study of the Lower Cretaceous strata in Chepaizi area, Junggar Basin, NW China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1559-1567. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.100
Citation: ZHANG YuHang, SHI BaoHong, ZHANG YueJing, SHI HaoGuo, WEN Wen, ZHANG Yang. Application of Machine Learning for Porosity Estimation of Beach and Bar Sand Bodies in a Lacustrine Basin: A case study of the Lower Cretaceous strata in Chepaizi area, Junggar Basin, NW China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1559-1567. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.100

Application of Machine Learning for Porosity Estimation of Beach and Bar Sand Bodies in a Lacustrine Basin: A case study of the Lower Cretaceous strata in Chepaizi area, Junggar Basin, NW China

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.100
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41711530128

Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province 2021JQ-587

Open Project Fund of State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Exploration PRP/open-1609

  • Received Date: 2022-06-08
  • Accepted Date: 2022-10-27
  • Rev Recd Date: 2022-08-03
  • Available Online: 2022-10-27
  • Publish Date: 2023-10-10
  • The facies of Cretaceous reservoirs are beach and bar, and the sandstone reservoirs are characterized by thin and sharp vertical change in the Chepaizi area of the Junggar Basin. As a result, new challenges appear in estimating the porosity of reservoirs. In this study, based on the measured porosity in the laboratory and corresponding logging data, a new porosity estimation model was established using the extreme gradient boosting (Xgboost) machine learning algorithm. The results show that the correlation coefficients between reservoir porosity and GR, AC, CNL, and RXO are 0.38, 0.42, 0.28, and 0.32, respectively, suggesting that porosity is influenced by the logging data in the study area. Based on the input logging data, the predicted porosity using the Xgboost algorithm matches the measured porosity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 and a mean squared error of 0.20. To test and verify the predicted results from the Xgboost mothed, we use the production test result as collateral evidence. The results show that the well sections with higher porosity match with the test data, indicating the reliability of the model. This result provides fundamental data for reservoir evaluation and modelling, improving the exploration accuracy in the study area. Furthermore, the model can be used in the study of reservoir porosity estimation in similar sedimentary environments.
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  • Received:  2022-06-08
  • Revised:  2022-08-03
  • Accepted:  2022-10-27
  • Published:  2023-10-10

Application of Machine Learning for Porosity Estimation of Beach and Bar Sand Bodies in a Lacustrine Basin: A case study of the Lower Cretaceous strata in Chepaizi area, Junggar Basin, NW China

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.100
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41711530128

Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province 2021JQ-587

Open Project Fund of State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Exploration PRP/open-1609

Abstract: The facies of Cretaceous reservoirs are beach and bar, and the sandstone reservoirs are characterized by thin and sharp vertical change in the Chepaizi area of the Junggar Basin. As a result, new challenges appear in estimating the porosity of reservoirs. In this study, based on the measured porosity in the laboratory and corresponding logging data, a new porosity estimation model was established using the extreme gradient boosting (Xgboost) machine learning algorithm. The results show that the correlation coefficients between reservoir porosity and GR, AC, CNL, and RXO are 0.38, 0.42, 0.28, and 0.32, respectively, suggesting that porosity is influenced by the logging data in the study area. Based on the input logging data, the predicted porosity using the Xgboost algorithm matches the measured porosity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 and a mean squared error of 0.20. To test and verify the predicted results from the Xgboost mothed, we use the production test result as collateral evidence. The results show that the well sections with higher porosity match with the test data, indicating the reliability of the model. This result provides fundamental data for reservoir evaluation and modelling, improving the exploration accuracy in the study area. Furthermore, the model can be used in the study of reservoir porosity estimation in similar sedimentary environments.

ZHANG YuHang, SHI BaoHong, ZHANG YueJing, SHI HaoGuo, WEN Wen, ZHANG Yang. Application of Machine Learning for Porosity Estimation of Beach and Bar Sand Bodies in a Lacustrine Basin: A case study of the Lower Cretaceous strata in Chepaizi area, Junggar Basin, NW China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1559-1567. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.100
Citation: ZHANG YuHang, SHI BaoHong, ZHANG YueJing, SHI HaoGuo, WEN Wen, ZHANG Yang. Application of Machine Learning for Porosity Estimation of Beach and Bar Sand Bodies in a Lacustrine Basin: A case study of the Lower Cretaceous strata in Chepaizi area, Junggar Basin, NW China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(5): 1559-1567. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.100
  • 岩石孔隙度是指储集岩中孔隙体积与岩石体积的比值[1]。有效孔隙度是指岩石中互相连通孔隙的体积与岩石体积的比值,是油气藏评价和开发阶段普遍关注的物性参数[2]。常规储集岩的孔隙度值一般介于5%~30%,平均为15%[3]。迄今为止,在油气勘探开发阶段中,确定孔隙度的方法主要有两种:一种是直接法,即通过钻井取心在实验室进行系列实验所得,包括渗吸、压汞和气体膨胀等方法[45];另一种是间接法,即利用地球物理资料来估算孔隙度[67]。这两种方法在实际试油生产和研究中都发挥着不可替代的作用。直接测定法是目前确定孔隙度最准确的方法,为储层研究提供最直接的参考资料。然而,由于钻井的成本较高,通常可供分析的样品较少。另外,实验室分析是相对耗时、昂贵的。间接法主要有常规测井解释方法和人工智能方法。常规的方法主要包括反演法、经验公式法和多元回归方法,这些方法属于线性方法,优点是原理简单、操作简易,但往往误差较大、预测效果不理想,所构建的经验公式在不同油田中泛化能力也较差。

    近年来,随着人工智能技术的快速发展,机器学习方法被广泛应用于各个领域[8]。利用机器学习方法,通过建立测井数据与实验室测定数据建立关系,大量学者对储集层物性参数进行预测。侯贤沐等[9]利用不同的机器学习方法对碳酸盐岩储集层的孔隙度和渗透率进行预测,输入参数对预测结果具有明显影响。Nourani et al.[10]将机器学习和X射线荧光元素分析相结合,建立了一种快速、可靠的储层孔隙度预测新技术并被广泛应用。Ahmadi et al.[11]基于混合机器学习模型,通过测井数据估算储层孔隙度和渗透率,为油藏建模提供了准确数据。单一线性回归方法预测孔隙度效果不理想,但是基于线性回归与神经网络组合的模型,孔隙度预测效果远远高于线性回归效果[12]。考虑到岩性在一定程度上能够反映孔隙度,因此前人通过建立不同岩性储层类型的测井与储层孔隙度之间的关系,预测不同储层的孔隙度,极大提高了预测准确性[1315]。上述研究实例主要基于单一机器学习方法,预测模型的泛化能力较差[13]。与其他方法相比,Xgboost模型基于梯度提升决策树算法,在非线性映射问题具有较强处理能力,同时具有更高的预测精度和更强的泛化性能。目前,Xgboost算法被用于估算致密砂岩孔隙度[1617]、渗透率[1819]和预测岩性剖面[2021]。上述方法主要被用于常规大套碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩和致密砂岩中,针对厚度薄变化快的薄储层研究相对薄弱。

    由于深层钻井成本的增高和浅层勘探效率较高,浅层圈闭成为油气勘探和增产增储的新目标[22]。准噶尔盆地车排子地区白垩系储层埋藏较浅,是该地区重要的勘探层位[23]。白垩系储层沉积环境主要为滩坝相,呈现泥包砂、砂体薄、纵向变化快的特征。这给估算储层孔隙度带来巨大挑战[2427]。本文拟基于机器学习方法,建立测井数据与实测数据关系,预测储层孔隙度,为后续储层参数建模和开发方案的设计提供可靠数据支撑。

  • 准噶尔盆地位于我国西北部,是富含油气区带之一。车排子凸起位于准噶尔盆地西北缘的南端,是西部隆起的一个二级构造单元,面积约为1.08×104 km2。车排子凸起与四棵树凹陷、昌吉凹陷、中拐凸起、扎伊尔山相邻,大致呈倒三角形[28]。研究区深部断裂断距大、浅层断距小,为车排子凸起区的主断裂体系,同时发育的EW向正断层[2931]图1a)。

    Figure 1.  (a) Regional geological characteristics; (b) representative geological profiles; and (c) composite geological histogram of the study area

    随着勘探的不断深入,根据地震资料分析,凸起主体部位在石炭系基底上(图1b),自下而上发育了白垩系下统吐谷鲁群、古近系、新近系沙湾组、塔西河组、独山子组及第四系(图1c)。但是,由于剥蚀严重,造成二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系缺失[29]图1c)。前人研究表明,车排子凸起发现的原油主要是由昌吉凹陷和四棵树凹陷两大生烃中心的烃源岩,具有双向供源,油源条件比较充足[3234]。研究区在石炭系火山岩储层获得重大突破[3536]。浅层主力油层为侏罗系八道湾组、白垩系吐谷鲁群和新近系沙湾组,与深部烃源岩形成下生上储型油气藏[37]

    通过对研究区层序地层学分析,白垩系主要被划分为4个三级层序。每个层序内部岩性主要发育滨浅湖泥岩和滩坝砂,其中泥岩厚度较大,砂岩厚度较小,为2~10 m,泥地比较高。研究区仅最底部层序发育部分扇三角洲沉积,后期湖平面先升高后降低,但总体岩性还是以泥岩为主,仅发育薄砂体[2627]。因此,研究对象白垩系主要储层为滩坝砂体,具有厚度薄、纵向变化快、横向连续性非常差的特点。

  • 车排子地区白垩系中广泛分布的相对薄的滩坝相砂岩是非常重要且有前景的油气勘探层系[38]。然而,储层规模、质量和分布特征深入认识的缺乏,严重限制了勘探突破。估算储层孔隙率是提高砂岩储层有利区域预测的基础。基于此,收集62个白垩系砂岩样品在实验室进行孔隙率测定,以及取样井的生产数据,与估计的孔隙率进行比较。此外,车排子地区7口井(井位如图1a)的常规测井被用来估算白垩系砂岩储层的岩石物理特性(表1)。搜集的测井数据的纵向分辨率为0.125 m左右。通过对比取心岩性和测井特征之间的关系,将取心井段深度回归到相应测井曲线深度。文中数据表所列出的均为回归后的测井深度数据。根据GB/T 29172—2012方法[38],使用QK-98气相孔隙度测量仪测量岩心的孔隙率。通过清洗岩心样品并干燥后,使用波义尔定律测量所有岩心样品的孔隙度。

    井号数量/块深度/mGR/APISP/mVCAL/mAC/(μs/m)CNL/%DEN/(g/cm3)RXO/ΩRT/Ω实测孔隙度/%预测孔隙度/%
    CQ1-97890.5367.8970.279.83126.0641.262.151.410.9637.6038.79
    912.3861.7662.199.85124.9845.382.111.991.3537.2037.20
    P604579.7050.44128.138.9973.1059.192.063.523.6134.8033.43
    581.1050.44128.138.9972.4471.281.994.114.1727.7033.43
    P668299.4568.2174.5713.55143.2041.672.131.561.7835.9035.90
    950.4029.4269.959.2369.3827.562.405.595.9915.0015.00
    P6057389.60233.9789.969.58130.5616.772.452.352.377.107.10
    391.55162.4277.3910.29165.0833.292.141.861.846.906.90
    P6064961.0090.68100.4911.12124.7640.492.141.751.7426.9026.90
    962.6576.5595.3610.25112.4430.512.237.373.987.207.20
    P6073344.2067.1578.6710.52153.0650.822.092.231.4340.8036.93
    365.5068.5179.4811.91116.5844.632.235.053.3640.1034.37
    366.6076.0581.7411.30131.0243.982.123.374.3040.2040.20
    P60929226.19182.4833.9010.31125.3617.862.3136.371.913.303.30
    317.9572.6244.2410.58122.4238.472.294.401.188.308.30
    注:GR.自然伽马;SP.自然电位;CAL.井径;AC.声波时差;CNL.中子;DEN.密度;RXO.冲洗带电阻率;RT.地层电阻率。
  • 集成学习算法将多个机器学习算法整合起来,提高预测精度和效果。Xgboost算法就属于集成学习算法的一种。由于其在处理非线性回归问题的优异表现,Xgboost算法被用于各个领域。Chen et al.[39]首次提出Xgboost模型。Xgboost算法的主要思想是将集合多个简单的树模型,然后迭代生成一棵新树,来提高模型的精度。它被看作是泛函的最优化,其目标函数为:

    LΦ=Σily^i,yi+ΣkΩfk (1)

    式中:ly^i,yi为误差函数(loss函数),Ωfk为正则化部分。

    误差函数中的y^i为模型的输出项。正则化部分主要被用来降低模型的复杂度,防止过拟合,提高模型的泛化能力。其函数表达式具体为:

    Ωf=γT+12λω2 (2)

    式中:T为树的节点个数,ω为节点数。

    XGBoost算法与传统的提升算法不同的是,其损失函数通过二阶泰勒展开,即loss函数的二阶展开:  Lt=Σilyi,y^it+Σi=1tΩfi

    =Σilyi,y^it-1+ftxi+Ωft
    =Σi[giftxi+12hifi2xi]+Ωft (3)

    式中:gi为一阶导数,hi为二阶导数。其函数表达式分别为:

    gi=y^(t-1)lyi,y^it-1 (4)
    hi=y^(t-1)2lyi,y^it-1 (5)

    如果定义第j个节点的结合为Ij,令Gj=ΣiϵIjgi,Hj=ΣiϵIjhi,并带入(2)式和(3)式,简化得到:

    Lt= Σj=1T Gjωj+12(Hj+λ)ω2j+γT (6)

    求取上式导数,则ω*j= -GjHj+λ,然后带入(6)式。得:

    L˜t=-12 Σj=1T(G2jHj+λ)+γT (7)
  • 利用特征工程,优选对孔隙度影响较大的测井变量。从常规测井参数与实测孔隙度相关系数热力图(图2a)可以看出,岩性测井中,自然伽马(GR)测井与孔隙度相关性较好,相关系数为0.38,而自然电位(SP)与井径测井(CAL)对孔隙度影响较小,这两种测井曲线可以很好地反映岩性,对孔隙度不敏感。常规孔隙度测井系列主要包括声波测井(AC)、中子孔隙度测井(AC)和密度测井(DEN)。AC和CNL(补偿中子测井)对孔隙度有显著影响,相关系数分别为0.42和0.28(图2a),而DEN与孔隙度的相关性较小。电阻率测井系列冲洗带电阻率(RXO)对孔隙度较敏感(图2a)。

    Figure 2.  (a) Heat map between measured porosity and well log; (b) relative variance contribution for well logs in the study area

    根据测井变量与孔隙度之间的相关关系,计算测井对孔隙度的贡献率(图2b)。从图中可以看出,GR、AC、CNL和RXO四种测井对孔隙度的贡献率在0.2左右,说明四种测井对孔隙度的影响较大。因此,将GR、AC、CNL和RXO四条测井曲线用来预测孔隙度。

  • 图3显示了实验室测定的岩心孔隙度值和Xgboost算法预测的孔隙度值的交汇图。为了检验所建立的孔隙度模型的应用情况,并对其准确性进行比较,计算了相关系数。在交会图中,越靠近单位斜率线的点,与实际数据的偏差越小。从图3可以看出,无论是训练集还是测试集,机器学习预测的数据点大多位于单位斜率线附近,验证了其预测孔隙度的准确性较高。

    Figure 3.  Cross plot of measured and predicted porosity in the study area

  • 通过对取心井较多的P609井综合预测,结果表明预测孔隙度与实测孔隙度基本一致(图4)。井段孔隙度预测值与实测值的走势相同,特别是深度在215~225 m之间,实测孔隙度走势先上升再下降,模型预测值反映出这个趋势。与此同时,也有些误差较大的点存在,例如在300 m井段左右,可能是由于孔隙度与测井变量之间的相关性较差,导致该区间预测存在误差值。但是,与常规方法相比,测井解释孔隙度曲线只有孔隙度较高时(如230 m、290 m、310 m左右)与实测孔隙度值较吻合,其他井段存在明显差别,不能反映真实孔隙度;另一方面,测井解释孔隙度的分辨率相对较低,例如在200~210 m和225~235 m井段,测井解释只是解释为一大套储层。总体而言,模型的准确度和可靠性较高,能够提供研究的层位的孔隙度,特别是砂体较薄,纵向变化较快的区域,同样具有较好的预测效果。但模型的精仍有提升空间,可进一步被优化。

    Figure 4.  Predicted porosity profile of well P609 in the study area

    为进一步验证模型的准确性,将油田实际试油生产数据作为佐证。2018年,P646井区新增预测储量达1 236.98万吨[37]。2019年,新完钻的PX73井(图1 a)获得商业油流。在PX73井试油井段,1 534.60~1 536.50 m和1 538.50~1 540.00 m两段日产油高达9.01 m3,累计产油约为74.24 m3。根据GR、AC、CNL和RXO测井数据,预测了PX73井孔隙度剖面(图5)。由图可知,在试油成果较高的井段,其对应的孔隙度也较高,说明所建立模型的可靠性较强,同时与测井解释孔隙度曲线进行对比发现,孔隙度总体变化趋势较一致。预测模型能够为油藏评价和油藏模拟提供可靠的数据。

    Figure 5.  Predicted porosity profile and production test results of well PX73 in the study area

  • (1) 机器学习预测在厚度薄、纵向变化快的储层中是可行的。研究表明,以实测孔隙度和测井数据为基础的机器学习方法,在预测非取心剖面储层孔隙度方面优于常规测井解释的方法。

    (2) Xgboost算法在处理孔隙度与测井变量之间具有非线性映射关系,表现出较好的预测能力和泛化能力。

    (3) 本文建立的Xgboost孔隙度预测模型,在薄砂体储层中具有良好的应用效果,可为研究区油气藏评价提供可靠数据,同时也为相似沉积背景下储层孔隙度提供参考依据。

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