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MA DongChen, WANG WenJun, ZHANG Ting, LI LiWu, WANG ZuoDong, QIAN Yu, AO Tian, FU Yin, WANG Dan, JIA XingLiang. Analysis of Carbon Isotopic Compositional Differences of Individual n-Alkane: Case study of Ordovician crude oil in Tahe oilfield[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2024, 42(4): 1411-1421. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.098
Citation: MA DongChen, WANG WenJun, ZHANG Ting, LI LiWu, WANG ZuoDong, QIAN Yu, AO Tian, FU Yin, WANG Dan, JIA XingLiang. Analysis of Carbon Isotopic Compositional Differences of Individual n-Alkane: Case study of Ordovician crude oil in Tahe oilfield[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2024, 42(4): 1411-1421. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.098

Analysis of Carbon Isotopic Compositional Differences of Individual n-Alkane: Case study of Ordovician crude oil in Tahe oilfield

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.098
cstr: 32268.14.cjxb.62-1038.2022.098
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42272187

  • Received Date: 2022-06-15
  • Accepted Date: 2022-10-06
  • Rev Recd Date: 2022-08-01
  • Available Online: 2022-10-06
  • Publish Date: 2024-08-10
  • Objective  To clarify the cause of the different compositions of the individual crude n-alkane carbon isotope (δ13Calkane) in the three categories,   Methods  in this study the composition of δ13Calkane in 17 Ordovician crude oil samples from the northern Tahe oilfield, combined with relevant organic geochemical parameters, were examined for depositional environment, maturity and biodegradation.   [Results and conclusions]  The differences in physical properties allows the crude oils in Tahe to be categorized as heavy, medium and light crude oils. The δ13Calkane value is between 37‰ and -31‰. It has the properties of marine crude oil, indicating that the composition and distribution of δ13Calkane are by the depositional environment and the type of parent material. Maturity gradually increases from heavy to medium to light crude oil, in turn leading to heavier δ13Calkane values, which is significantly higher in the lowcarbon-number part of the heavy crude oil. The heavy crude oil has been more strongly biodegraded than the medium and light crude oil, indicating that the degree of biodegradation is the main factor affecting the positive bias of δ13C14 to δ13C19 values of the medium- and low molecular weight n-alkanes in heavy crude oil.

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  • Received:  2022-06-15
  • Revised:  2022-08-01
  • Accepted:  2022-10-06
  • Published:  2024-08-10

Analysis of Carbon Isotopic Compositional Differences of Individual n-Alkane: Case study of Ordovician crude oil in Tahe oilfield

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.098
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42272187

Abstract: 

Objective  To clarify the cause of the different compositions of the individual crude n-alkane carbon isotope (δ13Calkane) in the three categories,   Methods  in this study the composition of δ13Calkane in 17 Ordovician crude oil samples from the northern Tahe oilfield, combined with relevant organic geochemical parameters, were examined for depositional environment, maturity and biodegradation.   [Results and conclusions]  The differences in physical properties allows the crude oils in Tahe to be categorized as heavy, medium and light crude oils. The δ13Calkane value is between 37‰ and -31‰. It has the properties of marine crude oil, indicating that the composition and distribution of δ13Calkane are by the depositional environment and the type of parent material. Maturity gradually increases from heavy to medium to light crude oil, in turn leading to heavier δ13Calkane values, which is significantly higher in the lowcarbon-number part of the heavy crude oil. The heavy crude oil has been more strongly biodegraded than the medium and light crude oil, indicating that the degree of biodegradation is the main factor affecting the positive bias of δ13C14 to δ13C19 values of the medium- and low molecular weight n-alkanes in heavy crude oil.

MA DongChen, WANG WenJun, ZHANG Ting, LI LiWu, WANG ZuoDong, QIAN Yu, AO Tian, FU Yin, WANG Dan, JIA XingLiang. Analysis of Carbon Isotopic Compositional Differences of Individual n-Alkane: Case study of Ordovician crude oil in Tahe oilfield[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2024, 42(4): 1411-1421. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.098
Citation: MA DongChen, WANG WenJun, ZHANG Ting, LI LiWu, WANG ZuoDong, QIAN Yu, AO Tian, FU Yin, WANG Dan, JIA XingLiang. Analysis of Carbon Isotopic Compositional Differences of Individual n-Alkane: Case study of Ordovician crude oil in Tahe oilfield[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2024, 42(4): 1411-1421. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.098
  • 塔里木盆地塔河油田位于塔北隆起中段的阿克库勒凸起之上,西为哈拉哈塘凹陷,东邻草湖凹陷,北为雅克拉断凸,南接顺托果勒隆起和满加尔坳陷,其为复杂类型碳酸盐岩岩溶缝洞型油藏,储集空间以岩溶缝洞和构造裂缝为主,是世界上少见的、极其复杂的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏[12]。塔河油田原油的主力烃源岩为中上奥陶统烃源岩,寒武系和下奥陶统烃源岩对塔河油田油气的生成也有一定贡献[3]。该油田经历了多期次构造活动、油气生成、运移及成藏过程,并且受到生物降解、地色层效应等各种次生改造作用的影响,因此在运用生物标志化合物解决其油源、油气成藏和运移等问题时存在一定的局限性[46]。单体生物标志化合物碳同位素分析技术的出现,为原油成因的研究提供了新方法[79]。段毅等[10]根据正构烷烃单体碳同位素分布形式特征,提出柴北地区原油属于煤成油和湖相偏腐泥型、混合型母质成因。李素梅等[11]在对东营凹陷原油正构烷烃单体碳同位素的研究中发现,生油窗内成熟度对烃源岩及原油碳同位素的影响较小,后者主要受控于母源和沉积环境。李洪波等[12]认为轻烃化合物的单体碳同位素组成是不同成因原油的划分标志。分子单体碳同位素不仅可以反映单个化合物的来源,而且受沉积后期及次生改造过程的影响较小[13]。然而也有研究发现,成熟度以及生物降解作用均能不同程度地影响原油分子单体碳同位素组成。例如,林俊峰等[14]认为高成熟度或异常高温作用可能对芳烃的分子碳同位素产生较大影响,使其更富集13C。Chen et al.[15]研究表明取代基较多的芳烃其碳同位素值随成熟度的增加逐渐增大,且取代基越多,δ13C值越大。另外,生物降解作用较强会导致饱和烃组分δ13C值显著增大[16]。由此可见,成熟度及生物降解作用对分子单体碳同位素组成的影响不容忽视。

    正构烷烃是地质体中常见的生物标志化合物,它的生源复杂,可能来源于古环境中的菌类、藻类、高等植物及其他有机质的转化[17]。在复杂的含油气系统中,正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成对原油有机质的生源具有重要的指示意义,并且可以用于探讨原油有机质的沉积环境[1820]。借助于单体烃碳同位素分析技术,分析塔河油田奥陶系原油正构烷烃的单体碳同位素组成特征,并结合有机地球化学参数,探讨沉积环境、成熟度和生物降解作用对正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成的影响,以期将正构烷烃单体碳同位素更好地应用于油—油、油—源对比等方面的研究。

  • 选取的17个奥陶系原油样品,均采自塔里木盆地塔河油田,主要包括艾丁、于奇、托甫台及跃进等区域,深度范围主要介于5 500~7 000 m(表1)。根据塔河油田奥陶系原油物性的差异,可以将原油样品采集区划分为重质油区、中质油区和轻质油区(图1)。

    井号深度/m层位abcdefghijklmnopqrs
    AD46 448~6 558O1.301.081.050.730.410.552.451.8315.890.560.290.320.560.490.750.940.451.825.39
    YQX1-15 920~5 985O1-2y7.021.191.021.050.360.422.802.3810.180.580.250.550.540.480.660.740.482.083.31
    YQ5O1-2y2.091.040.930.780.400.542.511.855.250.620.270.460.560.490.650.790.492.174.50
    TP316 477~6 638O2yj3.361.091.180.770.430.662.351.514.850.470.310.410.560.480.530.580.350.685.71
    TP1346 532~6 655O2yj2.891.191.010.800.550.761.831.318.660.390.270.310.560.480.530.560.350.735.19
    TP138XO2yj4.691.001.130.700.490.902.041.116.880.440.260.250.560.480.590.660.370.574.69
    AT206 100~6 130O2yj10.821.010.991.080.330.393.022.567.150.810.380.150.540.480.770.870.499.26
    S86O2yj4.911.280.930.730.350.522.901.929.820.410.280.220.560.490.630.690.380.293.97
    TP236 588~6 705O2yj2.121.080.960.980.530.641.891.557.350.540.310.360.550.460.620.720.410.368.30
    T7386 045~6 090O12.001.091.080.600.430.872.351.158.230.350.240.260.560.480.680.840.460.412.74
    S11446 150O2yj3.461.040.980.810.350.482.842.0715.030.720.280.230.540.470.650.740.404.39
    TP376 804~6 940O2yj3.951.031.030.970.350.442.872.2822.430.830.310.280.540.480.680.780.4013.53
    AT176 375~6 440O2yj1.291.011.011.080.190.205.204.946.630.270.290.530.490.670.770.439.78
    AT286 582~6 736O2yj1.231.001.000.940.170.186.005.5815.971.310.620.420.550.460.830.930.50
    S107CH6 170O2yj1.591.001.011.100.190.205.174.9710.220.900.480.380.580.480.830.940.50
    AT27X6 867~6 996O2yj5.901.011.021.060.260.313.833.2515.470.650.420.350.570.480.951.060.52
    S1015 756~5 817O2yj0.621.001.010.890.200.234.944.3914.270.300.470.600.570.490.780.860.44
    注:(1)a.ΣnC21-nC22+;b.CPI;c.OEP;d.Pr/Ph;e.Pr/nC17;f.Ph/nC18;g.nC17/Pr;h.nC18/Ph;i.MDBTs/MDBTFs;j.C21⁃22甾烷/(C21⁃22+C27⁃29)甾烷;k.C27dia/(dia+reg)甾烷;l.GI;m.C29甾烷ββ/(αα+ββ);n.C29甾烷S/(S+R);o.MPI1;p.MPI2;q.MPDF1;r.C28⁃25降藿烷/C29⁃17α(H)藿烷;s.Σ三环萜烷/C29-17α(H)藿烷;(2)CPI.碳优势指数,CPI=[Σ(C25~C33)/Σ(C24~C32)+Σ(C25~C33)/Σ(C26~C34)] ;OEP.奇偶优势指数,OEP=[(Ci+6Ci+2+Ci+4)/4Ci+1+4Ci+3](-1)i+1,Ci为碳数等于i的正构烷烃的相对含量;Pr/Ph=姥鲛烷/植烷;MDBTs.甲基二苯并噻吩系列;MDBTFs.甲基二苯并呋喃系列;dia甾烷.重排甾烷;reg甾烷.规则甾烷;GI.伽马蜡烷指数,GI=伽马蜡烷/C3017α(H)-藿烷;MPI1=1.5×(3-MP+2-MP)/(P+9-MP+1-MP);MPI2=3×2-MP/(P+9-MP+1-MP);MPDF1.甲基菲分馏指数,MPDF1=(3-MP+2-MP)/(3-MP+2-MP+9-MP+1-MP);P.菲;MP.甲基菲。

    Table 1.  Relevant geochemical parameters of Ordovician crude oil in Tahe oilfield

    Figure 1.  Location of Ordovician crude oil wells in Tahe oilfield[21]

  • 利用正己烷将原油样品中的沥青质沉淀析出,其可溶组分经浓缩后,通过硅胶—氧化铝(硅胶:氧化铝=3∶1)层析柱,分别采用正己烷和二氯甲烷依次将饱和烃及芳烃淋洗出来。之后对饱和烃和芳烃组分进行气相色谱—质谱(GC-MS)分析。利用尿素络合法将剩余饱和烃馏分进行分离提纯,去除其中所含的支链和环烷烃,以降低其他化合物对正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成分析结果的影响。

  • 分析仪器为安捷伦6890N-5973N气相色谱质谱仪,仪器编号CO38;色谱柱是DB-5MS色谱柱,30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm;采用手动无分流进样的方法,进样量1.0 μL,氦气流量0.8 mL/min;初始温度80 ℃,恒温3 min后,以3 ℃/min的速率升至230 ℃,再以2 ℃/min升至310 ℃后恒温15 min;进样口温度290 ℃,离子源温度230 ℃,传输线温度300 ℃;扫描周期0.66 cyc/sec;电离电压70 eV,离子源类型EI+;使用NIST 05谱库对化合物进行定性分析,采用峰面积计算相关的生物标志化合物参数。

  • 仪器型号MAT253,仪器编号C033;色谱柱是Pona毛细色谱柱;采用无分馏进样的方法,进样量0.5 μL;氦气流量0.8 mL/min;柱箱初始温度80 ℃,恒温3 min后,以3 ℃/min的速率升至190 ℃,再以2 ℃/min升至290 ℃后恒温25 min;进样器温度280 ℃。

  • 塔河油田奥陶系原油的饱和烃组分以正构烷烃系列化合物为主,碳数分布范围较广,为nC11~nC36,主峰碳为nC16nC17。姥植比(Pr/Ph)介于0.60~1.10,平均值为0.89。从重质原油到中质原油再到轻质原油,Pr/nC17值和Ph/nC18值逐渐变小。伽马蜡烷指数(GI)介于0.15~0.60,平均值为0.44。此外,三类原油饱和烃中检出三环萜烷、藿烷及甾烷,其中,甾烷主要包括C27~C29常规甾烷、重排甾烷、孕甾烷、升孕甾烷等(图2)。三类原油C29甾烷ββ/(αα+ββ)值介于0.53~0.57,平均值为0.56,C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)值介于0.46~0.49,平均值为0.48(表1)。

    Figure 2.  Representative TIC, m/z 191 and m/z 217 mass chromatograms for heavy, medium and light crude oil

    芳烃组分中检出菲、甲基菲系列、甲基二苯并噻吩系列及甲基二苯并呋喃系列等化合物。其中,重质原油甲基菲指数(MPI1)值介于0.53~0.75,平均值为0.62,中质原油MPI1值介于0.62~0.77,平均值为0.67,轻质原油MPI1值介于0.78~0.95,平均值为0.85,从重质原油到中质原油再到轻质原油,MPI1值逐渐变大。三类原油甲基二苯并噻吩系列/甲基二苯并呋喃系列(MDBTs/MDBTFs)值介于4.85~22.43,平均值为10.84(表1)。

  • 塔河油田奥陶系原油正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成(δ13Calkane)如表2所示。其中,重质原油δ13Calkane值介于-37.0‰~-33.4‰,平均值为-34.4‰;中质原油δ13Calkane值介于-36.1‰~-33.5‰,平均值为-34.6‰;轻质原油δ13Calkane值介于-34.4‰~-31.6‰,平均值为-32.6‰。

    井号nC14nC15nC16nC17nC18nC19nC20nC21nC22
    AD4-32.3-33.0-33.6-33.7-35.2-34.8-33.7-35.0-33.9
    YQX1-1-33.1-33.5-34.0-33.7-33.6-34.3-34.2-35.0-34.6
    YQ5-33.4-34.4-34.3-34.2-34.9-35.3-35.2-35.2-34.8
    TP31-33.6-33.8-35.0-35.4-36.0-36.7-35.3-37.0-36.2
    TP134-33.8-34.3-33.7-34.2-34.0-34.2-36.3-33.9-34.0
    TP138X-34.1-33.9-34.0-34.9-35.9-36.2-35.5-36.2-35.0
    AT20-34.0-34.1-33.9-34.0-34.3-34.4-34.3-34.7-34.4
    S86-34.7-34.1-33.5-33.9-34.2-34.9-33.8-34.9-33.7
    TP23-34.0-34.5-35.2-34.3-35.2-35.0-34.3-35.5-34.8
    T738-34.6-34.1-35.0-35.0-35.0-33.4-34.1-33.3-33.6
    S1144-34.4-34.8-34.4-34.8-35.3-34.8-34.2-35.3-36.1
    TP37-35.1-34.8-34.1-35.2-35.1-35.8-35.1-35.9-35.2
    AT17-35.2-35.6-35.3-35.2-34.9-34.8-34.9-35.1-34.4
    AT28-31.9-32.1-32.5-31.6-32.7-32.7-32.5-33.5-32.3
    S107CH-32.4-32.3-32.4-32.2-32.4-32.0-31.9-32.6-32.4
    AT27X-32.4-33.1-32.3-32.7-33.5-33.0-32.1-33.5-34.4
    S101-32.2-34.5-33.1-33.6-33.3-33.8-33.6-34.0-33.1

    Table 2.  Carbon isotope values of individual n⁃alkane in Ordovician crude oil in Tahe oilfield (δ13Calkane/‰, VPDB)

    不同类型原油δ13Calkane值分布曲线如图3所示,δ13Calkane值的变化主要有以下特征:(1)三类原油的δ13Calkane值介于-37‰~-31‰;(2)从重质原油到中质原油再到轻质原油,δ13Calkane值逐渐变大;(3)中质原油、轻质原油中δ13Calkane值曲线变化较为平缓,而重质原油中低碳数正构烷烃(C14~C19)碳数越小,δ13Calkane值越大,高碳数部分变化较为平缓。

    Figure 3.  Comparison of δ13Calkane composition of three types of crude oil

  • 正构烷烃和类异戊二烯烷烃是原油饱和烃中的主要组成部分。研究发现,以低碳数正构烷烃为主的原油,其生源一般为浮游藻类;而以高碳数正构烷烃为主的原油,其生源一般为高等植物[2223]。选取的原油样品均来自塔河油田奥陶系,主峰碳为nC16nC17,以低碳数正构烷烃为主。根据MDBTs/MDBTFs与Pr/Ph二元图(图4),三类原油均分布在海相碳酸岩范围内,另一方面,原油样品中C29甾烷占优势,而在前奥陶纪高等植物尚未出现,只有浮游绿藻和宏体褐藻C29甾烷占优势[3],表明三类原油中的海相有机质贡献显著。

    Figure 4.  Binary plot of Pr/Ph vs. MDBTs/MDBTFs[24]

    C21-22/C27-29甾烷(孕甾烷/规则甾烷)和C27 dia/reg甾烷(C27重排甾烷/规则甾烷)是判识沉积环境和有机相的常用指标[25]。孕甾烷主要来源于生物激素孕甾醇和孕甾酮以及热演化过程中规则甾烷的侧链断裂等[26]。丰富的孕甾烷、升孕甾烷与缺氧碳酸盐岩和受限制、碎屑缺乏的环境有关[25]。另外,重排甾烷/规则甾烷常被用来鉴别原油是源于碳酸盐岩还是碎屑岩烃源岩。原油中重排甾烷/规则甾烷比值较低指示烃源岩的沉积水体是缺氧环境,为贫黏土的碳酸盐岩;重排甾烷/规则甾烷比值较高时指示富含黏土的烃源岩[2728]。三类原油主要分布在限制性区域且富碳酸盐岩烃源岩的范围内[25]图5a),表明它们的烃源岩类型一致,这也与实际采样区域相符。

    Figure 5.  Discrimination diagram of crude oil deposition environment and parent material source

    Pr/Ph是重要的有机地球化学指标,它有助于进一步判识有机质的沉积环境及母质来源[2930]。高Pr/Ph(>3.0)指示与陆源相关的有氧条件有机质的输入;低Pr/Ph(<1.0)指示缺氧条件,一般是高盐或碳酸盐环境[3132];1.0<Pr/Ph<3.0指示介于二者之间的沉积环境,为贫氧环境[33]。塔河油田奥陶系三类原油的Pr/Ph介于0.60~1.10,平均值为0.89。根据Pr/nC17-Ph/nC18二元图[34]图5b),三类原油分布在还原型沉积环境范围内,说明烃源岩发育于弱还原环境。此外,伽马蜡烷的含量可以指示烃源岩沉积环境的水体分层[35],水体盐度的提高会导致较高的GI指数(伽马蜡烷/C3017α(H)-藿烷),三类原油GI指数介于0.15~0.60,平均值为0.34,表明有机质形成时的水体环境是咸水环境。

    利用不同的生物标志化合物参数,包括MDBTs/MDBTFs、Pr/Ph、C27-C28-C29ααα20R/甾烷、孕甾烷/规则甾烷、C27重排甾烷/规则甾烷及GI指数等,对塔河油田奥陶系原油的有机质类型、烃源岩的发育环境、有机质沉积水体的氧化还原条件及咸化程度进行了讨论。结果表明,三类原油之间无较大差异,它们的母质来源以海相有机质为主,烃源岩形成于弱还原的沉积环境,有机质沉积时的水体盐度较高。

  • C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)和C29甾烷ββ/(αα+ββ)是判别原油成熟度常用的指标[33]。C2920R甾烷在成熟度较低时含量较高,随着成熟度的增加,R构型的甾烷会逐渐向S构型的甾烷转化。当C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)值小于0.25时为未熟油,C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)值介于0.25~0.40时为低熟油,C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)值大于0.40时为成熟油。但当C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)值大于0.52~0.55时,S构型的甾烷和R构型的甾烷之间的转化达到平衡,C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)值将不能准确反映原油的成熟度[36]。ββ 构型和αα构型的甾烷与S和R构型的甾烷类似,随着成熟度的增加,αα构型的甾烷会向ββ 构型的甾烷转化,C29甾烷ββ/(αα+ββ)比值随之增大,但当异构化达到平衡后,C29甾烷ββ/(αα+ββ)值趋于稳定(介于0.61~0.71),C29甾烷ββ/(αα+ββ)值将不再反映成熟度的变化[34]。三类原油的C29甾烷ββ/(αα+ββ)值介于0.53~0.57,C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)值介于0.46~0.49,C29甾烷构型的转化已经达到平衡,表明原油可能处于高成熟阶段,上述两个指标已经无法将三类原油成熟度的大小关系进行区分。

    芳烃化合物是原油中的重要组成部分,原油母质来源、成熟度及沉积环境的不同,均会导致芳烃组成存在差异,因此可以利用芳烃化合物的组成和分布特征来判识原油的母质类型、成熟度以及沉积环境[37]。甲基菲是芳烃化合物中的重要组成部分,不同构型的甲基菲具不同的稳定性,随着热演化进程的推进,9-MP与1-MP会逐渐转化为3-MP与2-MP,因此,甲基菲的相关参数是指示原油成熟度的良好指标[38]。塔河油田奥陶系原油中的甲基菲参数MPI1与MPI2、MPDF1表1)都具有明显的线性关系(图6),表明从重质原油到中质原油再到轻质原油,成熟度逐渐升高。另外根据Pr/nC17-Ph/nC18二元图(图5b)同样可以得出这个规律。

    Figure 6.  Discrimination diagram of crude oil maturity[39]

  • 目前,国内外众多学者已经对原油的生物降解作用开展了大量的研究,并且提出了基本的降解顺序:正构烷烃(最易降解)>无环类异戊二烯>藿烷(25-降藿烷出现)≥甾烷>藿烷(不含25-降藿烷)≈重排甾烷>芳香甾烷(最难降解)[40]

    正构烷烃的消耗通常被认为是油藏开始生物降解的标志。但是,塔河油田奥陶系原油的成熟度较高,原油中的正构烷烃可能来源于其他组分的热裂解。例如,非烃和沥青质组分中脂碳链/桥的断裂和脂肪酸脱羧等。从重质原油到中质原油再到轻质原油,饱和烃中的nC17/Pr、nC18/Ph的比值随着成熟度的升高逐渐增大,表明原油在热演化过程中释放的烷烃以正构烷烃为主。因此,塔河奥陶系原油中正构烷烃的存在与否不能作为判断其生物降解程度大小的标志。

    C28-25降藿烷是生物降解原油中一类典型的化合物,它是由C29-17α(H)藿烷发生降解作用失去一个甲基形成。因此,根据它们二者的比值可以反映原油的生物降解程度[41]。三类原油中,重质原油均检出了C28-25降藿烷,中质原油部分样品检出了C28-25降藿烷,而轻质原油并未检出C28-25降藿烷(图7a、表2),根据C28-25降藿烷/C29-17α(H)藿烷与Σ三环萜烷/C29-17α(H)藿烷二元图(图7b),表明相较于中质原油及轻质原油来说,重质原油受到的生物降解程度最大。此外,由Pr/nC17-Ph/nC18二元图(图5b)同样可以得出,从轻质原油到中质原油再到重质原油,生物降解程度逐渐升高。

    Figure 7.  Discrimination diagram of crude oil biodegradation[41]

  • 沉积环境影响有机质类型,进而控制原油的性质,这通过原油碳同位素组成上的差异得以体现[42]。奥陶系海相原油正构烷烃单体碳同位素值在-35‰左右,其分布曲线呈现水平或正倾斜[4243]。不同母质来源有机质的正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成存在一定差异,塔河油田奥陶系原油无论是早期遭受过强烈生物降解的重质原油,还是晚期充注的高成熟度的轻质油或凝析油,均来自同一来源[44]。塔河油田奥陶系三类原油δ13Calkane值介于-37‰~-31‰,并且δ13Calkane值曲线变化较为平缓,呈现出海相原油的特征[43,45],表明原油正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成及分布范围受其形成的沉积环境和母质类型控制。而三类原油的有机质类型、烃源岩及有机质沉积时水体的氧化还原和咸化程度相差较小,表明这些条件不是重质原油、中质原油和轻质原油间δ13Calkane值产生差异的主要影响因素。

    正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成不仅取决于先驱生物所利用的碳源,而且受控于其生物合成、同化过程中的碳同位素分馏效应[46]。在热力学断键机制的影响下,12C-12C键的断开所需要的能量比12C-13C键或13C-13C键的小[42],因此,在干酪根成熟生油演化过程中,从饱和烃中裂解出来的甲烷等轻组分的碳同位素轻,残留者重,导致成熟度越高,形成的石油、凝析油的碳同位素值越大,而且较高成熟度的凝析油单体碳同位素值比原油重3‰左右[4748]。塔河油田奥陶系原油中4-甲基+3-甲基双金刚烷绝对含量呈现“东高西低、南高北低”的特点,表明奥陶系原油东部和南部的成熟度高于主体区和西部,反映奥陶系油气主要来自沙雅隆起南部的满加尔坳陷[44,49]。塔河油田奥陶系三类原油的成熟度均较高,重质原油到中质原油再到轻质原油的成熟度逐渐增加,结合δ13Calkane值曲线变化规律分析,表明成熟度增大是原油δ13Calkane值正偏的主要影响因素,这与烃类化合物热力学断键机制呈现出的规律保持一致。

    塔河油田主力产层奥陶系储集的海相原油在成藏早期经历了强烈的生物降解,原油中普遍检测到生物降解的标志化合物25-降藿烷系列[44]。生物降解作用对整个原油的碳同位素组成影响不大[13,50],然而,正构烷烃的连续损失会导致饱和烃部分的δ13C降低。在轻度至中度生物降解过程中,正构烷烃没有发生明显的碳同位素分馏;在重度生物降解过程中,低分子量正构烷烃(nC15~nC18)的δ13C值通常会增加, 高分子量正构烷烃没有发生同位素分馏[50]。塔河油田奥陶系三类原油受到的生物降解程度不同,生物降解作用对重质原油的影响最大。另外,生物降解作用优先降解低碳数部分的正构烷烃,表明生物降解程度是重质原油中、低分子量(nC14~nC19δ13Calkane值正偏的主要影响因素。

  • (1) 塔河奥陶系原油的有机质类型、烃源岩及有机质沉积时水体的氧化还原和咸化程度相差较小,表明这些条件不是三类原油间δ13Calkane值产生差异的主要影响因素。塔河油田奥陶系原油δ13Calkane值介于-37‰~-31‰,三类原油原油δ13Calkane值总体变化较为平缓,呈现出海相原油的特征,表明原油δ13Calkane值的组成分布范围受其形成的沉积环境和母质类型控制。

    (2) 塔河油田奥陶系原油成熟度较高,从重质原油到中质原油再到轻质原油的成熟度逐渐增大,δ13Calkane值逐渐变大,表明成熟度升高是原油δ13Calkane值正偏的主要影响因素。

    (3) 相较于中质原油和轻质原油,生物降解作用对重质原油的影响程度最大。中、轻质原油δ13Calkane值变化曲线较为平缓,而重质原油低碳数正构烷烃(C14~C19)碳数越小,δ13Calkane值越大,结合生物降解作用优先降解正构烷烃中低碳数部分的规律判断,生物降解程度是重质原油中、低分子量(nC14~nC19δ13Calkane值正偏的主要影响因素。

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