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为尽可能模拟滩坝沉积演化过程,实验采用模拟的三角洲和概化坡折浅水湖岸为底形(图1),实验排除了气候、构造变化对沉积带来的影响,设计模拟河道长1 m,宽20 cm,坡度5%,实验采用单一物源供给;利用通量供水器通过河道向湖盆沉积区域投送泥沙,泥沙配比为:细砂∶中砂∶粗砂=1∶2∶1;三角洲沉积区长4 m,宽3 m,此处先模拟沉积的三角洲作为后期波浪改造对象;盆区通过底形设计为坡度为0.4%的单一沙质斜坡;实验中设计了19轮波浪改造,通过造浪机产生浪高3~5 cm、周期为9 s、频率为1 s的规则波浪。
实验过程设定为三个阶段(表1),第一阶段:三角洲形成阶段,三角洲的供给量为:供水由0.5 L/s逐步降低至0 L/s,供砂量由0.8 kg/min逐渐降低至0 kg/min,湖平面保持稳定,模拟三角洲逐步废弃过程;第二阶段:低水位期三角洲改造阶段。三角洲沉积终止,湖平面保持稳定,模拟较低水位条件下湖浪对三角洲的侵蚀、改造滩坝作用;第三阶段:高水位期,三角洲改造阶段,湖平面上升,模拟较高水位条件下湖浪对滩坝的侵蚀改造作用。整个实验持续时间为19 h,其中第一阶段6 h,第二阶段6 h,第三阶段5 h。
实验阶段 滨浅湖水深/cm 波浪周期/s 波高/cm 波浪作用时间/h 泥沙沉降间隔时间/h 实验阶段一 3 9 2 6 12 实验阶段二 6 9 3.5 6 12 实验阶段三 12 9 5 5 12
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