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FU Guang, YU Tong, LIANG MuGui. Methods of Determining Oil-source Faults in Three Major Source-reservoir Configurations and Their Application[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(3): 909-918. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.114
Citation: FU Guang, YU Tong, LIANG MuGui. Methods of Determining Oil-source Faults in Three Major Source-reservoir Configurations and Their Application[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(3): 909-918. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.114

Methods of Determining Oil-source Faults in Three Major Source-reservoir Configurations and Their Application

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.114
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41872157

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42072157

  • Received Date: 2021-03-22
  • Accepted Date: 2021-09-28
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-08-19
  • Available Online: 2021-09-28
  • Publish Date: 2023-06-10
  • This study of oil and gas distribution in three major source⁃reservoir configurations in petroliferous basins considered oil-gas migration and accumulation mechanisms, and the role of oil-source faults. A set of methods was established to determine the oil-source faults in adjacent lower-source/upper-reservoir configuration, lower-source/upper-reservoir segregated configuration, and upper-source/lower-reservoir adjacent configuration. The methods combine the distribution areas of (i) intra-reservoir transport faults and source rock expulsion; (ii) intra-reservoir transport faults, source rock expulsion, and segregated layer leakage; and (iii) intra-reservoir transport faults and oil-gas backflow transport source rock.The methods were applied respectively to determining oil-source faults in the Es1x formation and the Ed3 formation of the Banqiao area of the Qikou Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, and the Fuyu Formation of the Sanzhao Depression in the northern part of the Songliao Basin. It was established that the source rocks of the Es3 formation and the reservoir of the Es1x formation in the Banqiao area is the lower-source/upper-reservoir adjacent configuration, in which the oil source faults are mainly distributed in the NE and SE marginal areas, with a small amount found locally in the central region. The source rocks of the Es3 formation and the reservoir of the Ed3 formation are separated by the Es1z formation mudstone in a lower-source/upper-reservoir segregated configuration, in which the oil source faults are mainly distributed in the SE area, with some in the NE. The source rock of the K2qn1 formation and the Fuyu oil layer in the Sanzhao Sag in the northern Songliao Basin is an example of the upper-source/lower-reservoir adjacent configuration, with the oil source faults distributed throughout the entire depression except in some NE and SE areas. These three source⁃reservoir configurations are located at or near oil-source faults, consistent with the fact that the oil and gas discovered in the Es1x formation and the Ed3 formation in the Banqiao area, and also the Fuyu oil layer in the Sanzhao Depression, are mainly located at or near the source faults. This indicates that the proposed methods are feasible for determining the location of oil-source faults in the three major source⁃reservoir configurations.
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Publishing history
  • Received:  2021-03-22
  • Revised:  2021-08-19
  • Accepted:  2021-09-28
  • Published:  2023-06-10

Methods of Determining Oil-source Faults in Three Major Source-reservoir Configurations and Their Application

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.114
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41872157

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42072157

Abstract: This study of oil and gas distribution in three major source⁃reservoir configurations in petroliferous basins considered oil-gas migration and accumulation mechanisms, and the role of oil-source faults. A set of methods was established to determine the oil-source faults in adjacent lower-source/upper-reservoir configuration, lower-source/upper-reservoir segregated configuration, and upper-source/lower-reservoir adjacent configuration. The methods combine the distribution areas of (i) intra-reservoir transport faults and source rock expulsion; (ii) intra-reservoir transport faults, source rock expulsion, and segregated layer leakage; and (iii) intra-reservoir transport faults and oil-gas backflow transport source rock.The methods were applied respectively to determining oil-source faults in the Es1x formation and the Ed3 formation of the Banqiao area of the Qikou Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, and the Fuyu Formation of the Sanzhao Depression in the northern part of the Songliao Basin. It was established that the source rocks of the Es3 formation and the reservoir of the Es1x formation in the Banqiao area is the lower-source/upper-reservoir adjacent configuration, in which the oil source faults are mainly distributed in the NE and SE marginal areas, with a small amount found locally in the central region. The source rocks of the Es3 formation and the reservoir of the Ed3 formation are separated by the Es1z formation mudstone in a lower-source/upper-reservoir segregated configuration, in which the oil source faults are mainly distributed in the SE area, with some in the NE. The source rock of the K2qn1 formation and the Fuyu oil layer in the Sanzhao Sag in the northern Songliao Basin is an example of the upper-source/lower-reservoir adjacent configuration, with the oil source faults distributed throughout the entire depression except in some NE and SE areas. These three source⁃reservoir configurations are located at or near oil-source faults, consistent with the fact that the oil and gas discovered in the Es1x formation and the Ed3 formation in the Banqiao area, and also the Fuyu oil layer in the Sanzhao Depression, are mainly located at or near the source faults. This indicates that the proposed methods are feasible for determining the location of oil-source faults in the three major source⁃reservoir configurations.

FU Guang, YU Tong, LIANG MuGui. Methods of Determining Oil-source Faults in Three Major Source-reservoir Configurations and Their Application[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(3): 909-918. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.114
Citation: FU Guang, YU Tong, LIANG MuGui. Methods of Determining Oil-source Faults in Three Major Source-reservoir Configurations and Their Application[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(3): 909-918. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.114
  • 油气勘探的实践表明,人们对油源断裂(连接源岩和目的层,且在油气成藏期活动的断裂)在含油气盆地运聚成藏中所起作用的认识愈来愈深入,它不仅仅是连接源藏的油气输导通道,而且还能为油气聚集成藏提供遮挡条件,造成含油气盆地内油气聚集分布明显受到油源断裂分布的控制。然而,由于含油气盆地中源储配置方式(本文这里主要是指下源上储紧邻配置、下源上储分隔配置和上源下储紧邻配置)不同,造成连接其源藏的油源断裂类型及特征不同,其厘定方法也就不同。因此,能否厘定油源断裂,应是含油气盆地三种主要源储配置油气勘探的关键。

    关于下源上储紧邻配置油源断裂厘定方法,前人曾做过大量研究工作,归纳起来主要有以下三种:第一种方法是根据断裂活动时期与油气成藏期之间关系,结合断裂断穿层位与源岩和储层之间位置关系,厘定主要油源断裂类型[14],认为连接源岩和储层,且在油气成藏期活动的断裂才是主要油源断裂;第二种方法是根据断裂断穿层位与源岩和储层之间位置关系,结合断裂之上未断穿地层形态,厘定次要油源断裂类型[57],认为连接源岩和储层,虽在油气成藏期没有明显活动,但断裂之上地层形态弯曲,表明该断裂在油气成藏期活动,但规模小,也可以输导油气,应为次要油源断裂;第三种方法是根据断裂活动时期与油气成藏期之间关系,结合断裂与主要油源断裂之间关系,厘定次要油源断裂类型[811],认为储层内断裂虽未连接源岩,但油气成藏期活动,又与主要油源断裂连接,此类断裂也应是次要油源断裂。以上这些方法厘定的油源断裂,对于认识含油气盆地下源上储紧邻配置油气分布规律及指导油气勘探起到了非常重要的作用。

    前人对于下源上储分隔配置油源断裂厘定的研究较少[1214],主要是在下源上储紧邻配置油源断裂厘定方法的基础上,结合泥岩盖层不封闭区,厘定下源上储分隔配置油源断裂,认为只有在油气成藏期活动且连接源岩和目的储层,并穿过不封闭泥岩盖层的断裂才是下源上储分隔配置的油源断裂。而对于上源下储紧邻配置油源断裂厘定,虽然前人做过一定研究[1518],但也主要是套用下源上储紧邻配置油源断裂厘定方法,并没有考虑源岩是否排烃。这无疑表明油源断裂厘定方法还不够完善,尚不能满足含油气盆地三种主要源储配置油源断裂厘定的需要。因此,开展油源断裂厘定方法研究,对于正确认识含油气盆地三种主要源储配置油气分布规律及指导油气勘探均具重要意义。

  • 油气勘探证实,在含油气盆地中以油源断裂作为油气输导通道的源储组合按照源岩和储层之间空间组合关系,主要有下源上储和上源下储两种配置,其中下源上储配置按照源储之间是否有分隔层——区域性泥岩分隔层,可以分为源储紧邻配置(无区域性泥岩分隔层分隔)和源储分隔配置(有区域性泥岩分隔层分隔),如图1所示,上源下储配置只有紧邻配置。

    Figure 1.  Schematic diagram of oil⁃source fault types for three major source⁃reservoir configurations

  • 在下源上储紧邻配置中,下伏源岩生成的油气在剩余地层孔隙流体压力差和浮力的作用下沿油源断裂向上运移,因受区域性泥岩盖层阻挡向其下紧邻砂岩储层中发生侧向分流运移,最后油气在油源断裂附近聚集成藏[19]。该源储配置的油源断裂类型应为连接可排烃源岩和储层,且在油气成藏期活动的断裂(图1a)。

    在下源上储分隔配置中,下伏源岩生成油气在剩余地层孔隙流体压力差和浮力的作用下,沿油源断裂向上运移,并穿过分隔层(区域性泥岩盖层)再向其上砂岩储层中侧向分流运移,最后在油源断裂附近聚集成藏[20]。该源储配置的油源断裂类型应为连接可排烃源岩和储层,且穿过分隔层,并在油气成藏期活动的断裂(图1b)。

  • 在该源储配置中,上覆源岩生成的油气在超压的作用下,沿油源断裂向下伏紧邻砂岩储层中倒灌运移,遇到砂岩储层便发生侧向分流运移,最后在油源断裂附近聚集成藏[21]。该源储配置的油源断裂类型应为连接油气向下倒灌运移源岩和储层,且在油气成藏期活动的断裂(图1c)。

  • 要厘定下源上储紧邻配置油源断裂,就必须确定储层内输导断裂和源岩排烃分布区,二者叠合便可以厘定出油源断裂,即源岩排烃分布区内的输导断裂。利用三维地震资料划分储层内不同类型断裂,将连接源岩和储层,且在油气成藏期(可由储层流体包裹体均一温度资料,结合储层埋藏史和热史,由文献[22]中油气成藏期确定方法确定)活动的断裂,作为输导断裂(图2a)。利用源岩成熟度地化指标随埋深变化关系,由文献[23]中方法确定源岩排烃门限,据此确定源岩排烃分布区(图2a)。将上述已确定的储层内输导断裂和源岩排烃分布区叠合,便可以厘定下源上储紧邻配置油源断裂及其分布(图2a)。

    Figure 2.  Determination of oil⁃source faults with three major source⁃reservoir configurations

    要厘定下源上储分隔配置油源断裂,就必须确定储层内输导断裂、源岩排烃分布区和分隔层渗漏区,三者叠合便可以厘定油源断裂,即连接排烃源岩和储层,且穿过分隔层的输导断裂。储层内输导断裂和源岩排烃分布区可按上述方法确定。而对于分隔层渗漏区的确定可按如下步骤进行:首先,由钻井和地震资料统计分隔层厚度和其内输导断裂的断距,由地层古厚度恢复方法[24]和最大断距相减法[25]恢复分隔层和输导断裂在油气成藏期的古厚度和古断距,二者相减求取分隔层古断接厚度;然后,统计研究区已知井点处分隔层古断接厚度与其上下油气分布关系,按照文献[26]中的方法确定分隔层封油气所需的最小断接厚度;最后,将分隔层古断接厚度小于其封油气所需的最小断接厚度的区域圈在一起,即可确定分隔层渗漏区(图2b)。将上述已确定的储层内输导断裂、源岩排烃分布区和分隔层渗漏区叠合,便可以厘定下源上储分隔配置油源断裂及其分布(图2b)。

  • 要厘定上源下储紧邻配置油源断裂,就必须确定储层内输导断裂和油气倒灌运移源岩分布区,二者叠合便可以厘定油源断裂,即为连接油气倒灌运移源岩和储层的输导断裂。储层内输导断裂可按照上述方法确定。而要确定油气倒灌运移源岩分布区,则必须要确定源岩排烃分布区和油气倒灌运移源岩超压分布区,其中源岩排烃分布区可按照上述方法确定;油气倒灌运移源岩超压分布区的确定可按如下步骤进行。首先,读取声波时差资料,利用源岩超压值计算方法[27]和源岩古超压值恢复方法[28],计算源岩现今超压值,并恢复其在油气成藏期的古超压值;然后,统计研究区源岩古超压值与油气倒灌运移的最大深度(可用现今储层最大油底深度来表示)之间关系,取油气倒灌运移深度为零时所对应的古超压值作为油气倒灌运移所需的最小超压值;最后,圈出源岩古超压值大于油气倒灌运移所需的最小超压值的区域,即为油气倒灌运移源岩超压分布区(图2c)。将已确定的源岩排烃分布区和油气倒灌运移源岩超压分布区叠合,二者重合区即为油气倒灌运移源岩分布区(图2c)。将上述已确定的储层内输导断裂与油气倒灌运移源岩分布区叠合,便可以厘定上源下储紧邻配置油源断裂及其分布(图2c)。

  • 板桥地区位于歧口凹陷的北部,是其油气勘探的重点地区,构造上包括板桥次凹、板桥斜坡和歧北斜坡部分地区。该区发育的地层主要有古近系、新近系和第四系,其中古近系地层有孔店组、沙河街组和东营组,新近系地层有馆陶组和明化镇组。目前已发现油气主要分布在沙河街组,少量分布在东营组和馆陶组,其中沙一下亚段和东三段是其主要含油气层。油气源对比结果表明,沙一下亚段和东三段油气主要来自下伏沙三段源岩。沙三段源岩和沙一下亚段储层之间无区域性分隔层,属于下源上储紧邻配置;沙三段源岩和东三段储层之间被沙一中亚段区域性泥岩分隔层,属于下源上储分隔配置,可分别作为下源上储紧邻和下生上储分隔配置的应用实例厘定其油源断裂。

    三维地震资料解释成果表明,板桥地区沙一下亚段内发育不同类型的断裂,但连接沙三段源岩和沙一下亚段储层,且在油气成藏期——明化镇组沉积中晚期活动的输导断裂,主要分布在东南部、东北部地区和西部局部地区(图3)。根据沙三段源岩成熟度地化指标(S1+S2/TOC)与埋深变化之间关系,利用源岩排烃门限的确定方法[23],确定板桥地区沙三段源岩排烃门限(约为3 600 m),据此圈定板桥地区沙三段源岩排烃分布区。板桥地区沙三段源岩排烃分布区主要分布在东北部和中部局部地区,少量分布在东南边部地区(图3)。

    Figure 3.  Relationship between oil⁃source faults and oil and gas distribution in the Es1x formation in Banqiao area

    将上述已确定的板桥地区沙一下亚段输导断裂与沙三段源岩排烃分布区叠合,厘定其沙一下亚段油源断裂。板桥地区沙一下亚段油源断裂主要分布在东北部和东南部边部地区,少量分布在中部局部地区(图3)。板桥地区沙一下亚段目前已发现油气主要分布在东北部和东南边缘地区,少量分布在中部局部地区的油源断裂附近(图3),这是因为只有位于这些油源断裂处或附近,才有利于油源断裂从下伏沙三段源岩处获得油气在沙一下亚段聚集成藏,油气钻探才能有大量油气发现;反之则油气发现较少或无油气发现。

    钻井资料统计显示,板桥地区沙一中亚段泥岩分隔层厚度最大可达450 m,主要分布在东部、西部和南部局部地区,由这些高值区沙一中亚段泥岩分隔层厚度逐渐减少,在北部和东南部局部地区泥岩分隔层厚度减小至100 m以下(图4)。由钻井和地震资料统计沙一下亚段油源断裂在沙一中亚段泥岩分隔层内的断距和对应处泥岩分隔层厚度,利用最大断距相减法[24]和地层古厚度恢复方法[25]恢复其在油气成藏期——明化镇组沉积中晚期的古断距和古厚度,二者相减求取沙一中亚段泥岩分隔层古断接厚度。由歧口凹陷沙一中亚段分隔层封油气所需的最小断接厚度(约为139 m,图5),圈定板桥地区沙一中亚段泥岩分隔层渗漏区。板桥地区沙一中亚段分隔层渗漏区主要分布在东北部和东南部地区(图6)。

    Figure 4.  Distribution of mudstone separation layer in the Es1z formation in Banqiao area

    Figure 5.  Determination of minimum juxtaposition thickness required for oil and gas sealing in mudstone separation layer of the Es1z formation in the Qikou Sag

    Figure 6.  Distribution of leakage area of the mudstone separation layer in the Es1z formation in Banqiao area

    将上述已确定的沙一下亚段油源断裂与沙一中亚段泥岩分隔层渗漏区叠合,厘定板桥地区东三段油源断裂。板桥地区东三段油源断裂主要分布在东南部地区,少量分布在东北部地区(图7)。板桥地区东三段目前已发现油气主要分布在东南部地区,少量分布在北部中部地区的油源断裂附近(图7),这是因为只有位于这些油源断裂附近,下伏沙三段源岩生成的油气才能通过油源断裂穿过沙一中亚段泥岩分隔层在东三段聚集成藏,油气钻探才能发现大量油气;反之则油气发现较少或无油气发现。

    Figure 7.  Relationship between oil⁃source faults and oil and gas distribution in the Ed3 formation in Banqiao area

  • 三肇凹陷位于松辽盆地北部中央坳陷区内,是油气勘探的重点地区。该区发育的地层有下白垩统、上白垩统及新生界,其中下白垩统地层有火石岭组、沙河子组、营城组、登娄库组和泉头组,上白垩统地层有青山口组、姚家组、嫩江组、四方台组和明水组。位于泉四段的扶余油层是主要含油气层位,油气主要来自上青一段,二者配置属于上源下储紧邻配置,可以作为应用实例,厘定其油源断裂。

    三维地震资料解释成果显示三肇凹陷扶余油层内发育多种类型断裂[29],连接青一段源岩和扶余油层,且在油气成藏期——明水组沉积末期[17]活动的输导断裂在全凹陷分布(图8)。由文献[30]可知,三肇凹陷青一段源岩的排烃分布区如图8所示,除东北边部和东南边部局部地区青一段源岩未进入排烃分布范围外,其余地区皆为源岩排烃分布区。

    Figure 8.  Relationship between oil⁃source faults and oil and gas distribution in Fuyu oil layer in Sanzhao Sag

    利用声波时差资料计算三肇凹陷青一段源岩的超压值,按照文献[31]中源岩古超压恢复方法恢复油气成藏期古超压值(图9),由三肇凹陷青一段源岩生成油气倒灌运移所需的最小超压值(约为5 MPa)[32],圈定三肇凹陷油气倒灌运移青一段源岩超压分布区。三肇凹陷除东南边部局部地区外,其余地区均为油气倒灌运移青一段源岩超压分布区(图9)。

    Figure 9.  Distribution of paleo⁃overburden pressure in source rocks in the K2qn1 formation of Sanzhao Sag

    将上述三肇凹陷青一段源岩排烃分布区和油气倒灌运移青一段源岩超压分布区叠合,二者重合区即为油气倒灌运移青一段源岩分布区。三肇凹陷除东北边部和东南边部地区外,其余地区皆为油气倒灌运移青一段源岩分布区(图8)。

    将上述已确定的三肇凹陷扶余油层内输导断裂与油气倒灌运移青一段源岩分布区叠合,厘定扶余油层油源断裂。三肇凹陷扶余油层除东北边部和东南边部局部地区外,油源断裂在整个凹陷均有分布(图8)。

    三肇凹陷扶余油层目前已发现油气均分布在中部和南部地区的油源断裂附近(图8)。这是因为只有位于这些油源断裂附近,上覆青一段源岩生成的油气才能在超压作用下通过油源断裂向下伏扶余油层倒灌运移,并在附近聚集成藏;反之则油气发现较少或无油气发现。

  • (1) 三种主要源储配置油源断裂类型不同,下源上储紧邻配置油源断裂为连接排烃源岩和储层的输导断裂;下源上储分隔配置油源断裂为连接排烃源岩和储层,且穿过分隔层的输导断裂;上源下储紧邻配置油源断裂为连接油气倒灌运移源岩和储层的输导断裂。

    (2) 建立了一套厘定下源上储紧邻配置、下源上储分隔配置和上源下储紧邻配置油源断裂的方法,实例应用结果证实了该方法的可行性。

    (3) 渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷板桥地区沙三段源岩与沙一下亚段储层为下源上储紧邻配置,油源断裂主要分布于东北部和东南边缘地区。沙三段源岩与东三段储层属于下源上储分隔配置,油源断裂主要分布在东南部地区。松辽盆地北部三肇凹陷青一段源岩与扶余油层为上源下储紧邻配置,油源断裂分布在除东北边部和东南边部局部地区外的整个凹陷区。上述研究区中油气均分布在油源断裂处及附近。

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