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Volume 39 Issue 6
Dec.  2021
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LI Yun, HU ZuoWei, ZHAN QiSheng, SHI Ge, GUAN JinHong, WANG XingJian. Research Progress on Shallow-sea Microporous Micritic Carbonate Reservoirs[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(6): 1580-1592. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.063
Citation: LI Yun, HU ZuoWei, ZHAN QiSheng, SHI Ge, GUAN JinHong, WANG XingJian. Research Progress on Shallow-sea Microporous Micritic Carbonate Reservoirs[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(6): 1580-1592. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.063

Research Progress on Shallow-sea Microporous Micritic Carbonate Reservoirs

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.063
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41772100, 41372113

  • Received Date: 2021-03-10
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-05-04
  • Publish Date: 2021-12-10
  • Microporous micritic limestone forms important hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Middle East, and is clearly different from the three major reservoir types in China, namely, marine paleo-karst reservoirs, reef-shoal reservoirs and stratified dolostone reservoirs. The matrix texture is of two kinds: tight mosaic textures, and chalky textures. The micrites occur in three crystal forms: micro-rhombic, rounded and anhedral. Rounded micrite crystals form the best reservoirs, followed by micro-rhombic micrite reservoirs and anhedral tight reservoirs. Micropores (< 10 μm diameter) are the main pores in the micrites, in addition to spongy matrix dissolution pores, mold holes and dissolution channels. The formation of micropores is mainly restricted by the original mineral components and the diagenetic conditions. Low-magnesium calcites are the essential precursor minerals. Relative mineralogical stability may preserve primitive structures that include intergranular micropores. The formation of pores in micritic limestones is the result of two stages of early atmospheric freshwater leaching during shallow burial and organic acid dissolution during buried diagenesis. In the shallow freshwater burial case, calcite overgrowth (the Ostwald ripening process) leads to early cementation that prevents compaction while partially retaining the original structure and intergranular micropores, and increases permeability by eliminating small crystals. Freshwater selective leaching also forms widely developed mold holes. In deeper burial diagenesis, the dissolution of organic acid fluid forms spongy matrix dissolution pores and dissolution channels, which also leads to the formation of rounded micrite crystals.
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  • Received:  2021-03-10
  • Revised:  2021-05-04
  • Published:  2021-12-10

Research Progress on Shallow-sea Microporous Micritic Carbonate Reservoirs

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.063
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41772100, 41372113

Abstract: Microporous micritic limestone forms important hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Middle East, and is clearly different from the three major reservoir types in China, namely, marine paleo-karst reservoirs, reef-shoal reservoirs and stratified dolostone reservoirs. The matrix texture is of two kinds: tight mosaic textures, and chalky textures. The micrites occur in three crystal forms: micro-rhombic, rounded and anhedral. Rounded micrite crystals form the best reservoirs, followed by micro-rhombic micrite reservoirs and anhedral tight reservoirs. Micropores (< 10 μm diameter) are the main pores in the micrites, in addition to spongy matrix dissolution pores, mold holes and dissolution channels. The formation of micropores is mainly restricted by the original mineral components and the diagenetic conditions. Low-magnesium calcites are the essential precursor minerals. Relative mineralogical stability may preserve primitive structures that include intergranular micropores. The formation of pores in micritic limestones is the result of two stages of early atmospheric freshwater leaching during shallow burial and organic acid dissolution during buried diagenesis. In the shallow freshwater burial case, calcite overgrowth (the Ostwald ripening process) leads to early cementation that prevents compaction while partially retaining the original structure and intergranular micropores, and increases permeability by eliminating small crystals. Freshwater selective leaching also forms widely developed mold holes. In deeper burial diagenesis, the dissolution of organic acid fluid forms spongy matrix dissolution pores and dissolution channels, which also leads to the formation of rounded micrite crystals.

LI Yun, HU ZuoWei, ZHAN QiSheng, SHI Ge, GUAN JinHong, WANG XingJian. Research Progress on Shallow-sea Microporous Micritic Carbonate Reservoirs[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(6): 1580-1592. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.063
Citation: LI Yun, HU ZuoWei, ZHAN QiSheng, SHI Ge, GUAN JinHong, WANG XingJian. Research Progress on Shallow-sea Microporous Micritic Carbonate Reservoirs[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(6): 1580-1592. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.063
  • 在中东、北非、东南亚和北美墨西哥湾海岸,尤其是在中东地区,白垩系浅海低能环境沉积的、以分散状微孔隙为主要储集空间、以泥晶基质胶结或支撑为特色的含生屑泥晶灰岩、生屑泥晶灰岩或泥晶生屑灰岩等碳酸盐岩类(统称“微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩Microporous Micritic Carbonate Rock”)是一种重要的油气储集岩类型[1-13]。微孔泥晶灰岩从潮坪到浅海台地都可发育,泥晶基质中存在丰富的弥散状微孔,形成特殊的多孔的白垩质结构(Chalky texture)[1,5,9,14],直径常小于10 μm的微孔[15]是其孔隙的主要构成部分。在这些微孔泥晶灰岩储层中,由微菱形和圆形低镁方解石组成微孔晶间格架,泥晶方解石晶体直径一般小于8 μm,特别是在中东地区[10-11];孔隙度为0~25%,渗透率可达数百毫达西[11-13]。与之相伴且形成明显对比的是,泥晶灰岩也可形成孔隙度和渗透率很低(常小于5%)的致密层[12,16-17]

    尽管微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩储层明显不同于传统的古风化壳型岩溶储层(古潜山储层)、礁滩相储层及层状白云岩储层等三大典型碳酸盐岩储层,但其油气地质意义不可忽视并且越来越重要。然而,目前对作为泥晶灰岩孔隙主体的微孔孔隙的成因却仍然知之甚少且争议巨大,原因共有三方面:1)研究微米级大小的泥晶晶体及微孔(直径小于10 μm)所涉及的分析技术和操作方法与常规储层相比显得较为复杂和明显困难得多;2)目前缺乏可进行类比研究的类似的碳酸盐岩沉积物,热带海洋碳酸盐台地中沉积的现代碳酸盐灰泥主要是由不稳定的文石和高镁方解石组成,在成岩过程中没有保留原有的微孔结构而呈致密状,与中东地区白垩系微孔泥晶灰岩储层中以低镁方解石为主要成分的泥晶基质完全不同;目前也仅见西班牙马德里盆地晚中新世湖相微孔泥晶灰岩与中东地区下土伦阶Mishrif组浅海碳酸盐岩储层的基质微组构相似[12,16];3)以泥晶灰岩或泥晶支撑的碳酸盐岩储层类型在很多国家和地区并不发育,长期以来没有得到充分认识,其在我国的相关研究也只是随着近年来海外油气项目的拓展得以关注,并对该类微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩储层的发育特征、成因、主控因素等进行了初步研究[18-24]。因此,到目前为止,微孔泥晶灰岩比常规粗孔大孔灰岩储层受到的关注程度明显要少得多。

    尽管微孔泥晶灰岩储层的孔隙体积通常类似于相对粗粒灰岩中发育的大孔隙(孔隙直径>62 μm[25]),但其渗透性变化很大,常形成非均质油藏[13,15,26-28];束缚水常见[15,29-35],强大的毛细管力将大部分石油保留在原位,导致石油采收变得困难,也使得水油饱和度、采收率难以预测和实现[36-37]。因此,本文基于国外研究现状以及我国海外油气勘探现状,综合分析归纳微孔泥晶灰岩储层晶体形态特征、孔隙结构特征及孔隙成因等特征,以期能够对提高非常规成熟油田的油气采收率、提高非常规油藏产量等提出指导性建议,并进一步丰富对碳酸盐岩储层类型的认识。

  • 中东地区白垩系浅海相微孔泥晶灰岩中的泥晶基质由泥晶低镁方解石晶体组成[38],晶体粒径总体小于4 μm,较大的晶体可以达到8 μm,即微亮晶。泥晶碳酸盐岩中泥晶基质通常具有多孔的白垩质结构(Chalky texture)和致密镶嵌结构(Mosaic textures)两种结构类型。白垩质结构又叫晶体骨架结构(Crystal-framework texture),发育在具有微孔的浅水碳酸盐台地泥晶沉积物而非真正的远洋白垩沉积中[6-7],具有较大的晶间孔隙度(图1a,b),孔隙度一般介于15%~30%,渗透率超过1.0×10-3 μm2。致密镶嵌结构在古老的灰泥中十分常见,最常见的特点是泥晶晶体呈它形,具有曲线状和平直晶棱,晶间孔隙度小于5%(图1c)。

    Figure 1.  Micrite morphology and petrophysical properties of the three main microporous micritic limestone[39]

    泥晶颗粒结晶学、晶体形态和晶间接触类型是控制微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩储层物性的最重要参数,泥晶形态结构(包括晶体形状和接触关系)在微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩储层与无孔致密镶嵌储层之间存在较大的差异[13,17,33,39-42]。很多学者已经[5,7,17,39]分别提出了中东地区白垩系泥晶灰岩储层泥晶基质的形态分类,在总体上分别分为三种主要类型的泥晶形态并对应三种储层分类。

    Kaczmarek et al.[39]根据泥晶晶体形状、堆积和晶棱密度的不同,将泥晶分为粒状半自形晶(Granular-subhedral)、粒状自形晶(Granular-euhedral)、松散聚集状(Clustered-loose)、熔结聚集状(Clustered-fused)、部分拟合(Fitted-partial)和熔结拟合(Fitted-fused)等六种形态类型,并进一步总结划分为粒状、聚集状和拟合状三大结构组合类型。粒状结构包括半自形和自形晶体,由未固结的菱形到多面体泥晶构成,表现出直线—曲线状边界和中等晶棱密度。聚集状结构包括松散和熔结聚集状晶体,由不规则形状的泥晶构成,具有相对高密度的不连续曲线状晶棱。拟合状结构包括部分熔结和熔结拟合类晶体,表现为较大的泥晶晶体密集镶嵌,大多数具曲线边界和相对较低的晶棱密度。三种结构类型对应着三种岩石物理微孔“类型”(图1)。I型与粒状半自形晶体结构一致,通常表现出较大的平均孔喉半径(0.7 µm)以及高的孔隙度(>20%)和渗透率((1~20)×10-3 μm2);II型包括粒状自形和聚集状结构,具有中等平均孔喉半径(0.2 µm)、孔隙度(10%~20%)和渗透率((0.1~1)×10-3 μm2);III型包括拟合状结构,通常具有较小的平均孔喉半径(0.06 µm)及相对较低的孔隙度(<10%)和渗透率(<0.1×10-3 μm2),相当于Moshier[7]所称的“无孔晶体镶嵌结构”。

    但Kaczmarek et al.[39]形态描述分类较多且术语相对复杂,在实际应用中比较困难。在微孔泥晶灰岩的相关研究中,较早地识别出一种典型的微菱形泥晶方解石(Micro-rhombic calcite)[5,8,43]。Lambert et al.[17]将泥晶灰岩中泥晶分为圆形泥晶、微菱形泥晶和致密它形泥晶三种典型的微观形态特征(图2),这种更为直观且易于理解的形态描述术语得到较广泛使用[12-13,16]。微孔泥晶灰岩储层常由圆形和微菱形泥晶构成,圆形泥晶最常出现在微孔油藏顶部附近,微菱形泥晶发育于油层或水层中部至底部及储层侧翼微孔相中;圆形泥晶相的储层物性最好,微菱形泥晶在好储层和差储层中都存在,圆形泥晶的平均孔隙度比微菱形泥晶的高8%~13%;而它形泥晶常出现在储层基部或侧翼富缝合线的非储层相致密层中[17]。圆形晶体晶面极少呈平面状,晶体之间呈点接触。微菱形晶体呈自形到半自形,晶体之间通常呈点接触,有时呈锯齿状接触。它形晶体呈半自形到它形(或异型),晶体之间呈锯齿状接触。

    Figure 2.  Three morphologies and morphological terms for micrites in micritic limestones[17]

  • 微孔在中东、北非、东南亚、北美和欧洲的中新生界(尤其是中东白垩系)泥晶灰岩储层中普遍存在[11-13,15-17,35,44-45]。“微孔”一词通常用于描述蓝色环氧树脂铸体的石灰岩岩石薄片中观察到的“蓝色雾霾”(图3a)。通过扫描电子显微镜对“蓝色雾霾”进行详细研究,发现绝大多数微孔的特征是孔隙空间发育于密度不等的泥晶晶体格架内(图3b~d)。对微孔的定义通常是基于孔隙直径大小,微孔直径一般小于10 μm[25,30,46]。具有微孔的泥晶灰岩储层具白垩质结构(Chalky texture)或晶体骨架结构(Crystal-framework texture),具有较大的晶间孔隙度(图3),一般在15%~30%之间,渗透率超过1.0×10-3 μm2,大多数孔隙为直径5~10 μm的多面体孔洞,由直径0.5~2 μm的孔喉相互连接,孔隙高度分散,沿着晶棱呈狭窄的、平直的或层状空间,是碳酸盐基质晶间微孔的主要组成部分。微孔泥晶灰岩的毛管压力曲线显示孔喉大小分布一般呈“分选良好”和倾斜较细[47-48]

    Figure 3.  Micropore characteristics of microporous micritic limestones[39]

    微孔泥晶灰岩中发育多种孔隙类型,包括原生晶间微孔和溶蚀增强的基质晶间溶孔(或称海绵状基质溶孔),还可发育铸模孔和溶蚀沟道(Microchannels)(图4)。溶蚀作用可增强晶体骨架结构的晶间微孔。次生微孔直径一般小于64 μm。微孔空间连通性好时,一些晶间微孔或微裂隙或缝合线为溶蚀性流体提供通道,沿基质边界溶蚀形成明显的次生晶间微孔隙,骨骼碎片和微化石的溶解会产生微铸模孔,也可能产生较大的溶洞和溶蚀沟道,使孔隙度和渗透率增加。

    Figure 4.  Microscopic characteristics of matrix dissolution pores, mold pores and dissolution communication in microporous micritic limestones

  • 微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩中微孔的成因与灰泥的成岩作用密切相关,因为碳酸盐岩中的微孔结构是岩石石化过程中发生的物质和孔隙度转变以及随后的灰泥蚀变的产物。对于白垩质结构及微孔的形成提出了许多假说和多种成岩模式[5-8,17,49-52],尤其是当成岩模式中又叠加了成岩阶段和演化时间等影响因素时,目前还没有一个结论性的模型能令人满意地解释它们的成因,但确定这些控制沉积和成岩因素是了解和预测微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩储层分布的关键。尽管关于微孔泥晶灰岩成因的观点分歧大、争论剧烈,但总体上来说,特殊的原始矿物组成及特殊的成岩条件是其主要控制因素目前得到了较广泛的认可。

  • 泥晶方解石晶体是目前灰岩中微孔隙发育的主要赋存矿物[6-7,38-39],而原始矿物学(文石、高镁方解石和低镁方解石)控制着早期矿物学稳定的强度,从而控制着早期胶结和溶蚀的强度,被认为是微孔泥晶灰岩储层形成的主要控制因素之一[11-12,16]。解释泥晶灰岩基质及其相关微孔的主要问题之一是确定灰泥的来源和初始矿物[53-54],对于这种物质的原始沉积矿物有两种观点:一种认为原始沉积矿物是文石和/或高镁方解石[5,12-13,16-17,30,49,51,55-56],另一种观点认为原始矿物是低镁方解石[15,57-59]

    不管灰泥主要是来自于海水直接沉淀,还是来自于碳酸盐质生物的机械分解,海水性质都控制了原生碳酸盐矿物的性质。Volery et al.[11]根据不同海水化学特征,发现中东地区在晚石炭世至三叠纪文石海时期形成的36个碳酸盐岩储层都未形成微孔碳酸盐岩;而已知的微孔碳酸盐岩储层多发育于白垩纪方解石海期间;新生代方解石海向文石海过渡时期,4个微孔碳酸盐岩储层之中的3个是在海水成分发生变化之前形成的(图5a)。并且白垩纪是中东储层沉积时代在体积和数量上最重要的时期,白垩纪地层的可采石油和可采天然气分别占50%和13%;白垩纪储层也比中东任何其他地质时期的储层都要多[60]

    Figure 5.  Seawater properties and distribution of microporous carbonate rocks in different periods[11]

    白垩纪是一个以方解石海洋为特征的时期(图5b)[61-67],主要由低镁方解石组成的厚壳蛤生物是主要的碳酸盐建造者[68],低镁方解石是主要的非生物成因海相沉积物[61],文石和高镁方解石主要是生物成因的,微孔泥晶灰岩储层的原始沉积物是一个“方解石海”环境中沉积的多矿物组合[33,69],低镁方解石灰泥是有利于微孔泥晶灰岩发育的原始沉积物。因此,这些浅海微孔碳酸盐岩似乎是主要由低镁方解石晶体组成的原始灰泥发展而来的。

    热带海洋碳酸盐台地沉积的现代碳酸盐泥主要由不稳定的文石和高镁方解石组成,在成岩过程中没有保留原有的微孔结构。在淡水[70]或埋藏成岩作用[52,71]中,文石和高镁方解石灰泥转化为由低镁方解石组成的石灰岩。它们的结构与中东地区微孔泥晶灰岩中的基质显著不同,其晶体一般大于4 μm,呈它形致密状,常含残余文石针。虽然新鲜的文石质和高镁方解石灰泥的孔隙度可以达到70%,但在成岩固结后,岩石的孔隙度只有5%左右[70],比在典型的微孔泥晶灰岩中发现的孔隙度要低得多,因而文石和高镁方解石灰泥不可能是微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩的潜在原始沉积物;以文石和高镁方解石为主的现代浅海环境不能作为地质记录中微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩研究的类似物。这些灰泥的矿物学不稳定性阻止了其原始微孔结构的保存,会转化为致密泥晶灰岩。

    低镁方解石灰泥的相对高稳定性可能解释了为什么浅海微孔碳酸盐岩在方解石海期间发育。与由文石或高镁方解石晶体组成的灰泥相比,低镁方解石灰泥矿物学性质相对稳定,可促进原始微组构(包括原生晶间微孔)在中等成岩作用条件下部分保存下来。以低镁方解石为主的灰泥与文石和高镁方解石灰泥相比具有相对较高的矿物学稳定性,是形成微孔泥晶灰岩的先决条件。

  • 低镁方解石灰泥是微孔灰岩形成的先决原始矿物条件,但也有其他因素影响其演化,特殊的成岩条件是微孔泥晶灰岩发育的必要改造条件。根据岩石学和地球化学数据,各种成岩环境与微孔隙的形成有关,包括大气潜水[5-6,12,16,58-59],淡水—海水混合[17,49],早埋藏[13,15,17,30,55,72-73]和深埋藏[74-75]。同时,对于控制浅层碳酸盐台地微孔形成的具体成岩过程也有很多说法,如海水中稳定作用[7,55,59,76]、极浅至浅埋藏条件下大气淡水影响的早期成岩过程[5,8,11,13,16,77-78]、深埋藏期间的溶蚀作用[17]、构造暴露表生期溶蚀[21,79]等,因而目前成岩因素的观点分歧较大。然而,目前主要有两种成因观点得到比较广泛地认可:与暴露有关的极浅至浅埋藏条件下大气淡水影响的早期成岩过程[5,8,11,13,16,77-78]、埋藏期间溶蚀[17]

  • 在白垩纪和新生代,中东地区微孔碳酸盐岩储层的发育一般与大型海侵和相对海平面的高位有关[12,16]。有利条件出现在主要的海侵期,在海平面停滞或低幅度海平面下降期间,大气潜水透镜体发育,并在随后的海平面上升期间迅速被反应性较弱的海水所取代。相比之下,在海平面下降时期,会导致渗透性胶结作用的形成,随着原始泥晶组构的破坏,原生晶间微孔隙度急剧减少[80-81],而其他类型的储层可在此条件下发育(如岩溶储层、古土壤和铝土矿)[82-84],但不会形成微孔泥晶灰岩。

    与具有较高δ 13C值、晶体细小(<2 μm)、晶体以它形为主、阴极发光下明亮发光的泥晶基质占优势的致密泥晶灰岩相比,在微孔泥晶灰岩中,泥晶粗大(>2 μm),以半自形为主,在阴极发光下发光非常暗,δ 13C比值偏负[81],再加上微孔泥晶灰岩中出现小晶体与大晶体共存的双峰晶粒模式[16],表明方解石次生加大是大气潜水透镜体内沉积物的早期成岩转变(图6)。不稳定晶体(文石、高镁方解石与小的低镁方解石晶体)的溶解为更稳定晶体(大的低镁方解石晶体)上发育的次生加大生长提供了物质[85-87]。小晶体的溶解有利于大晶体的次生加大(奥斯特瓦尔德成熟过程[85]),这些溶解—再沉淀过程或进积新生变形作用形成了沉积物的早期胶结,使沉积物硬化,防止压实,同时部分保留了原始的结构和原始的晶间微孔网络[12,16],使泥晶区域孔隙网络发生改变[33];该过程还通过消除小尺寸的晶体来提高渗透性。如果在进积新生变形作用之前发生海底岩化,使泥晶胶结物沉淀和(或)泥晶区域内晶体生长导致固—固接触增加,则可发育致密灰岩。Volery et al.[12,16]根据与中东地区下土伦阶Mishrif组浅海泥晶碳酸盐岩储层的基质微组构相似的西班牙马德里盆地晚中新世湖相微孔泥晶灰岩研究认为:在马德里盆地的白垩纪海水和中新世晚期淡水湖泊中,低镁方解石是主要的碳酸盐沉淀矿物,致密相的压实作用较强,微孔相的压实作用较弱,而致密相和微孔相灰岩的岩石结构、沉积成分、矿物学和化学成分基本一致,唯一的区别在于方解石次生加大普遍存在于微孔灰岩中,但在致密碳酸盐中几乎不存在。

    Figure 6.  Different diagenetic processes for microporous micritic carbonate rocks and tight micritic carbonate rocks during early diagenesis[12,16]

    然而,对于深海远洋沉积的微孔泥晶灰岩,如意大利东南部的赛诺曼阶和马斯特里赫特阶“Scaglia”灰岩[88]或中太平洋海山的上白垩统碳酸盐浊积岩[89],则很难考虑这种情况。

    除此之外,Léonide et al.[79]认为早期大气淡水成岩作用是法国东南部巴雷姆阶—阿普特阶碳酸盐台地灰泥中原生孔隙全部封闭的原因,认为孔隙度的增加主要是由于早期埋藏时的奥斯特瓦尔德成熟和表生期间(Telogenesis)淡水流体的溶解。Carpentier et al.[90]研究法国巴黎盆地东部上侏罗统牛津阶泥晶灰岩微孔时,认为地表以下大气淡水的渗入可能有利于矿物稳定过程,增强早期的孔隙闭合,早期暴露表面下的大气淡水成岩作用并不是泥晶灰岩孔隙形成的系统原因,相反可能导致致密泥晶灰岩的形成。出现这种情况,可能与海平面下降时间长和形成渗透性胶结作用有关,随着原始泥晶组构的破坏,原生晶间微孔隙度急剧减少。

  • 微孔泥晶灰岩在埋藏成岩期间可能发育溶蚀作用[17,33]。Richard et al.[33]研究了法国东南部Jura and Bas台地下白垩统巴雷姆阶上部和阿普特阶中部Urgonian灰岩中微孔的形成过程,认为溶解过程在泥晶区形成了铸模孔和晶间宏观孔隙。Lambert et al.[17]对中东地区侏罗系—白垩系潟湖相灰泥研究后,认为在埋藏成岩过程中,可能在油气充注阶段之前和期间发生运移的酸性流体(特别是沿通道和盖层上方的流体)会改善微菱形泥晶的储层特性(图7),造成埋藏溶解作用,形成圆形泥晶晶体,增加孔隙度(8%~13%),减小泥晶晶体晶粒大小(平均约1 μm)。

    Figure 7.  Burial dissolution genetic model of microporous carbonate reservoirs[17]

    由此可见,泥晶灰岩中孔隙(包括原生晶间微孔和溶蚀增强的海绵状基质溶孔以及铸模孔和溶蚀沟道)的形成有可能是早期浅层埋藏下大气淡水淋滤以及埋藏成岩期间有机酸溶蚀作用等两期溶蚀作用叠加的结果(图8)。在近地表海洋环境中,泥晶化形成了部分晶间微孔隙。在浅层埋藏大气淡水环境下,淡水透镜体内部的文石和高镁方解石的矿物学相对不稳定作用导致生物骨骼颗粒溶解形成了铸模大孔隙。不稳定晶体的溶解(文石、高镁方解石与小的低镁方解石晶体)有利于更稳定的、大的低镁方解石晶体发生次生加大生长(奥斯特瓦尔德成熟过程或进积新生变形作用),形成了沉积物的早期胶结使沉积物硬化,在防止压实作用进行的同时,还部分保留了原始的结构和原始的晶间微孔网络,并通过消除小尺寸的晶体提高了渗透性。最后,在埋藏成岩过程中,有机酸性流体溶蚀作用可能会改善微菱形泥晶的储层特性,形成圆形泥晶晶体并进一步形成海绵状基质溶孔及溶蚀沟道,增加了孔隙度。

    Figure 8.  Genetic mechanism of micritic limestone micropores

  • 尽管浅海微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩储层研究在国外已经得到了广泛关注,但由于这类储层多发育在中生界白垩系海相地层,而我国白垩系多为陆相地层,同时近期的一些相关研究也是基于海外区块油气项目,因而总的来说,我国对以泥晶灰岩或泥晶支撑的碳酸盐岩储层并没有给予太多关注。

    事实上,前期已有一些学者对我国古生代泥微晶灰岩储层给予了一些关注,如叶德胜[75,91]研究了塔里木盆地北部上丘里塔格群致密灰岩微孔储层,并认为上述泥微晶灰岩是重要的潜在储集岩。但值得注意的是,上述泥微晶灰岩储层的孔隙度很小,大多数均小于1.5%[75,91],同时其储集空间颇有争议(裂隙型、裂隙—缝合线型或缝合线—微孔型?),且其微孔几乎只能通过扫描电镜进行观察,因而这些泥微晶灰岩储层与国外浅海微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩储层仍有很大差别,而且我国古生代浅海泥晶灰岩所在层系总体具有时代老、成因多、埋藏深、成岩强、改造大等特点,造成其储层形成机理非常复杂,因而我国古生代浅海泥晶灰岩油气勘探仍然面临着诸多挑战。当然,我国古生代浅海泥晶灰岩相当发育,这类储层仍具有一定的油气勘探潜力。

  • (1) 泥晶灰岩通常具有微孔的白垩质结构和致密的镶嵌结构两种结构类型。泥晶颗粒结晶学、晶体形态和晶间接触类型是控制微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩储层物性的最重要参数,泥晶形态结构(包括晶体形状和接触面)在微孔泥晶碳酸盐岩储层相与非微孔致密泥晶储层之间存在较大的差异,泥晶基质总体上分为三种主要类型的泥晶形态并对应三种储层分类:常由圆形泥晶和微菱形泥晶构成的微孔泥晶灰岩储层,由它形泥晶构成的致密灰岩。

    (2) 泥晶灰岩中存在多种孔隙类型孔,包括原生晶间微孔和溶蚀增强的海绵状基质溶孔,以及铸模孔和溶蚀沟道。碳酸盐基质的晶间微孔宽度一般为5~10 μm,是碳酸盐基质晶间微孔的主要组成部分。溶蚀可增强晶体格架结构的晶间微孔隙度。

    (3) 微孔的形成主要受到原始矿物组分和成岩条件的共同制约。以低镁方解石晶体为主的灰泥与文石和高镁方解石灰泥相比具有较高的稳定性,是形成微孔泥晶灰岩的先决矿物条件。特殊的成岩条件是微孔泥晶灰岩发育的必要改造条件,表现为泥晶灰岩中孔隙(包括原生晶间微孔和溶蚀增强的海绵状基质溶孔、铸模孔和溶蚀沟道)的形成是早期浅层埋藏下大气淡水淋滤以及埋藏成岩期间有机酸溶蚀作用等两期溶蚀作用叠加的结果。在浅埋藏淡水透镜体内,方解石次生加大(奥斯特瓦尔德成熟过程)形成了沉积物早期胶结抵抗压实作用,部分保留了原始结构和原始晶间微孔网络,并通过消除小尺寸晶体提高了渗透性;淡水选择性淋滤也形成了较广泛发育的铸模孔。在埋藏成岩过程中,有机酸性流体溶蚀作用形成海绵状基质溶孔及溶蚀沟道,也导致了圆形泥晶形状的形成。

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