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Volume 40 Issue 5
Oct.  2022
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CHEN Yan, XIA XiaoMin, ZHAO Jian, CUI Jun, QIAO BaiHan, ZHAO DongSheng, GAO HongCan, WANG Yi, TAN Li. Sedimentary Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Neogene Algal Limestone in Western Qaidam Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2022, 40(5): 1323-1334. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.056
Citation: CHEN Yan, XIA XiaoMin, ZHAO Jian, CUI Jun, QIAO BaiHan, ZHAO DongSheng, GAO HongCan, WANG Yi, TAN Li. Sedimentary Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Neogene Algal Limestone in Western Qaidam Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2022, 40(5): 1323-1334. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.056

Sedimentary Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Neogene Algal Limestone in Western Qaidam Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.056
Funds:

Front and Applied Fundamental Research Plan of Chongqing Science & Technology Commission cstc2014jcyjA90022

Chongqing University of Science and Technology Graduate Science and Technology Innovation Project YKJCX2020103

  • Received Date: 2020-12-08
  • Publish Date: 2022-10-10
  • The Neogene in the western Qaidam Basin is mainly composed of terrigenous sedimentary rocks; lacustrine carbonate rocks are also widely developed. Of these, algal limestones have good properties for both oil reserves and saturation. The sedimentary characteristics and formation mechanism of the Neogene algal limestones in the Youquanzi, Huangguamao, Nanyishan, Dafengshan etc. areas were studied mainly by detailed core observation and slice analysis. It was found that they could be classified into three types: (1) microbial laminated limestones (maximum thickness generally no more than 0.5 m, in horizontal, continuous and parallel laminations); (2) columnar stromatolitic limestones (maximum single layer thickness 0.25 m) appearing either as shrublike structures with small height⁃width ratio, or as conical, dense finger-like clusters inclined to the strata; and (3) thrombolitic limestones, appearing in the cores as block-shaped with a rough surface, and with unevenly cloudy and spongy fabrics when viewed under a microscope. (4) Syn-deformational structures occur in both the stromatolitic and thrombolitic limestones, distributed either in a breccia-like fashion in some of the lime mudstones in an isolated “floating” state, or as mixed accumulations of differently sized irregular strips. (5) The microbial laminated limestone has all been deposited in situ. However, most of the stromatolitic and thrombolitic limestones are mainly collapsed in situ deposits, with some slumped deposits nearby. (6) The syn-deformational structures have resulted from two main influences: the different hardness of the limestones and basement lime mudstones, and the hydrodynamics generated chiefly by underflow, and secondly by wave action. Other factors include, among others, seismic activity, slope angles in shallow lakes and the inclined growth of stromatolites and algal thrombolites.
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  • Received:  2020-12-08
  • Published:  2022-10-10

Sedimentary Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Neogene Algal Limestone in Western Qaidam Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.056
Funds:

Front and Applied Fundamental Research Plan of Chongqing Science & Technology Commission cstc2014jcyjA90022

Chongqing University of Science and Technology Graduate Science and Technology Innovation Project YKJCX2020103

Abstract: The Neogene in the western Qaidam Basin is mainly composed of terrigenous sedimentary rocks; lacustrine carbonate rocks are also widely developed. Of these, algal limestones have good properties for both oil reserves and saturation. The sedimentary characteristics and formation mechanism of the Neogene algal limestones in the Youquanzi, Huangguamao, Nanyishan, Dafengshan etc. areas were studied mainly by detailed core observation and slice analysis. It was found that they could be classified into three types: (1) microbial laminated limestones (maximum thickness generally no more than 0.5 m, in horizontal, continuous and parallel laminations); (2) columnar stromatolitic limestones (maximum single layer thickness 0.25 m) appearing either as shrublike structures with small height⁃width ratio, or as conical, dense finger-like clusters inclined to the strata; and (3) thrombolitic limestones, appearing in the cores as block-shaped with a rough surface, and with unevenly cloudy and spongy fabrics when viewed under a microscope. (4) Syn-deformational structures occur in both the stromatolitic and thrombolitic limestones, distributed either in a breccia-like fashion in some of the lime mudstones in an isolated “floating” state, or as mixed accumulations of differently sized irregular strips. (5) The microbial laminated limestone has all been deposited in situ. However, most of the stromatolitic and thrombolitic limestones are mainly collapsed in situ deposits, with some slumped deposits nearby. (6) The syn-deformational structures have resulted from two main influences: the different hardness of the limestones and basement lime mudstones, and the hydrodynamics generated chiefly by underflow, and secondly by wave action. Other factors include, among others, seismic activity, slope angles in shallow lakes and the inclined growth of stromatolites and algal thrombolites.

CHEN Yan, XIA XiaoMin, ZHAO Jian, CUI Jun, QIAO BaiHan, ZHAO DongSheng, GAO HongCan, WANG Yi, TAN Li. Sedimentary Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Neogene Algal Limestone in Western Qaidam Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2022, 40(5): 1323-1334. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.056
Citation: CHEN Yan, XIA XiaoMin, ZHAO Jian, CUI Jun, QIAO BaiHan, ZHAO DongSheng, GAO HongCan, WANG Yi, TAN Li. Sedimentary Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Neogene Algal Limestone in Western Qaidam Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2022, 40(5): 1323-1334. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.056
  • 柴达木盆地西部地区(简称“柴西地区”)是柴达木盆地的三大含油气系统之一,油气资源丰富,是柴达木盆地石油勘探的主战场[1]。柴西地区新生界主要为陆源沉积岩,湖相碳酸盐岩亦广泛发育,特别是藻灰岩储层已在跃进、七个泉、狮子沟、花土沟、尖顶山、油泉子、南翼山和大风山等地区获得了油气[2]。柴西地区藻灰岩主要分布于古近系渐新统下干柴沟组上段(E32)到新近系上新统上油砂山组(N22)。其中,E32和新近系中新统上干柴沟组(N1)的藻灰岩主要分布于狮子沟—油砂山以西(西南)地区,上新统下油砂山组(N21)和N22的藻灰岩主要分布于狮子沟—油砂山以东(东北)地区[3],这与柴达木盆地的湖平面的变化[4]、沉积中心的迁移及盆地演化有着密切的关系[3]

    柴西地区藻灰岩的研究主要从21世纪初开始。早期主要侧重于藻灰岩的岩石类型和储层特征[3,5-10]、测井响应特征[11-12]和古生物特征[13]等方面的研究,之后对藻灰岩的沉积环境及沉积模式等进行了初步研究[2,4,14-15]。认为柴西地区新生界藻灰岩主要形成于滨浅湖环境,位于生烃凹陷的周缘,烃源充足,其周围过渡为滨浅湖相的泥质灰岩、灰质泥岩和泥岩,其成藏条件十分优越;而且藻灰岩孔隙度是非藻灰岩类的2倍左右,渗透率比非藻灰岩类高2至近10个数量级[7]。油气勘探实践也证明,藻灰岩的储集性和含油性是柴西地区新生界碳酸盐岩孔隙性储集体中最好的[7,16]

    柴西地区新近系藻灰岩发育规模较小、厚度较薄,特别是藻灰岩中垮塌—滑塌同生变形等沉积构造较发育,因此,其形成机制对柴西地区新近系藻灰岩的空间发育及储集性等有重要的控制作用;而柴西地区新近系藻灰岩形成机制的研究相对较薄弱,在一定程度上制约了柴西地区藻灰岩的油气勘探。所以,柴西地区新近系藻灰岩沉积特征及形成机制的研究,不仅对青海油田柴西地区新生界的油气勘探具有较大的实践意义,而且对新生代湖相藻灰岩沉积也具有重要的地质理论意义。

    本文拟主要通过详细的岩心和岩石薄片观察分析,对柴西地区的油泉子、黄瓜峁、南翼山、大风山、小梁山等地区新近系的藻灰岩的沉积特征进行深入研究,并进一步探讨其形成机制和诱发因素等,为柴西地区新近系湖相碳酸盐岩油气勘探提供基础地质资料和理论支撑。

  • 柴达木盆地位于青藏高原北部,盆地西部以阿尔金走滑断裂、北部以南祁连山冲断带、南部以东昆仑山走滑冲断带为界,柴西地区位于柴达木盆地西缘,面积约为3.0×104 km2图1)。柴西地区新生代湖盆的演化经历了发生—发展、稳定沉降和收缩—衰亡3个阶段[3],形成了一套干燥气侯条件下的高钙多盐内陆湖盆沉积。古近纪古新世和始新世(E1+2)—古近纪渐新世早期(E31)为湖盆演化的初始发生—发展阶段。随着周边山脉的隆升,盆地开始整体下沉,接受了一套河流相碎屑岩和红色泥质岩沉积。E31时期湖盆发展趋向统一,该时期盆地规模较小,藻灰岩不发育。E32—N1时期为湖盆演化的稳定沉降阶段。该时期湖盆整体下沉,湖盆水域扩大,在盆地中心沉积了一套千余米厚的深灰、灰色生油灰质泥页岩,盆地周边的滨浅湖是灰岩和藻灰岩发育的主要地区,E32时期的藻灰岩主要发育于跃进和七个泉地区,N1晚期随着阿尔金山和昆仑山的抬升,湖盆由西向东、由南向北迁移,藻灰岩也随之向北迁移,主要发育于狮子沟—花土沟一带。N21—上新世晚期(N23)为湖盆演化的收缩—衰亡阶段。该时期湖盆继续由西向东、由南向北迁移,使干柴沟、狮子沟和油砂山一带出现水上沉积,在其以北和以东地区为湖相沉积,该时期的藻灰岩也随之迁移至尖顶山、南翼山和大风山一带,N23气侯逐渐干旱,湖水浓缩,盐岩和石膏普遍发育,直至湖盆衰亡。

    Figure 1.  Location and structural division of western Qaidam Basin

  • 藻类是低等植物,其中具有沉淀或分泌钙质功能,且有钙质包壳或钙质骨骼的藻类常统称为钙藻,其往往可形成藻礁灰岩;而不具有钙质包壳或钙质骨骼的蓝藻、绿藻等常统称为“隐藻”,其通过分泌碳酸盐黏液,沉淀和捕集、黏结碳酸盐颗粒物质形成黏结岩[17]。根据隐藻黏结作用的组构特征,藻灰岩可分为叠层石灰岩、层纹石灰岩、凝块石灰岩和核形石灰岩等[17-18]

    柴西地区新近系藻灰岩主要为叠层石灰岩、层纹石灰岩和凝块石灰岩等隐藻碳酸盐岩,以凝块石灰岩最多。柴西地区新近系藻灰岩发育规模较小,呈薄层状夹于深灰色灰质泥页岩中,并以略发黄白色或具铁锈色而明显区别于相邻层(图23图4a,c,e,g,h、图5a~i,k、图6a,c,e,g,i,k)。单个藻灰岩层厚度一般仅为几厘米至20多厘米,连续发育的藻灰岩段厚度一般小于2 m。特别地,有较多叠层石灰岩和凝块石灰岩呈不规则的砾屑状产出,其中发育有明显的同生变形沉积构造。

    Figure 2.  Neogene microbial laminated limestones in western Qaidam Basin

    Figure 3.  Neogene stromatolitic limestones in western Qaidam Basin

    Figure 4.  Neogene stromatolitic limestones in western Qaidam Basin

    Figure 5.  Neogene collapsed and slumped algal limestones in western Qaidam Basin

    Figure 6.  Neogene thrombolitic limestones in western Qaidam Basin

  • 层纹石灰岩和叠层石灰岩均具藻纹层状构造,前者的藻纹层呈水平状或微波状,后者的藻纹层呈波状、柱状、锥状、分枝状、穹状等多种形态。柴西地区新近系层纹石灰岩明暗相间的纹层结构清晰可见,呈较连续且相互平行的水平纹层状或微波状,单纹层厚度较薄,一般仅几毫米,但延伸稳定(图2),层纹石灰岩最大厚度一般亦不超过0.5 m。

    在较深水环境中,光照和水流强度均减弱,为获得足够的养料以及光合作用所需的阳光,微生物则持续侧向生长以达到最大表面积,从而使得微生物的侧向生长速率大于纵向生长速率,因而形成水平层纹状横向连接的微生物结构[19]。所以,层纹石灰岩形成的水体深度较大[20-21]。从与柴西地区新近系层纹石灰岩相邻的深灰色纹层状灰质泥岩的沉积环境分析,也说明层纹石灰岩形成的水体相对较深、水体能量较低。另外,从柴西地区新近系层纹石灰岩及相邻的深灰色纹层状灰质泥岩中纹层平直、清晰并保存完好,分析其为原地沉积,未受垮塌—滑塌等二次改造。

  • 叠层石是微生物生长和新陈代谢作用的产物,也是沉积物捕获、黏结和沉淀产生的有机沉积构造[22],叠层石灰岩是最经典的微生物岩[23]。柴西地区新近系叠层石的规模一般较小,最大单层厚度仅为25 cm,主要有柱状叠层石灰岩和锥状叠层石灰岩两种类型。

    柱状叠层石灰岩:柴西地区新近系柱状叠层石的高宽比较小,柱体之间间隔的距离小,岩心上整体呈较稳定连续的灌木状形态(图3a,b、图4a,c,e,g,h),也称灌木状叠层石[19];而岩石薄片中柱状藻纹层清晰可见(图4b,d,f),其间发育有藻团块内碎屑或陆源碎屑等颗粒(图4d,f)。相对于柴西地区新生代层纹石灰岩,柱状叠层石灰岩形成于水体稍浅的环境,也是为最大程度地获取阳光及养分,藻类微生物也主要表现为侧向生长,高宽比变小,形成灌木状的形态[19]

    锥状叠层石灰岩:柴西地区新近系锥状叠层石灰岩呈明显的指型密集簇状的形态,单个锥长2~3 cm,相对于地层面倾斜生长(图3c)。锥状叠层石灰岩形成的水体深度界于层纹石灰岩和柱状叠层石灰岩两者形成的水体深度之间,随着水体深度增加,藻纹层柱体高度增加,直径变细,层纹基面呈锥形或纹层不清晰的锥形[18],并与基底成一定角度倾斜生长,这可能与藻类的向光性生长有关[24]。柴西地区新近系锥状叠层石灰岩发育相对较少,仅在风西103井和咸东1井的N21岩心中见到原地倾斜生长的锥状叠层石灰岩(图3c,d),在风西101井的N21岩心中见到锥状体杂乱堆积的垮塌锥状叠层石灰岩(图5a)。

    与层纹石灰岩相比,柴西地区新近系叠层石灰岩中的同生变形沉积构造普遍发育(图5)。有的叠层石灰岩由不规则的长条等形状的藻灰岩碎屑大小混杂堆积在一起形成,砾屑圆度较好但分选极差(图5h),应为塑性滑塌变形所致;有的叠层石灰岩呈形状不规则的角砾孤立漂浮于灰质泥岩中(图5b,f,i),角砾中藻纹层清晰,有的藻纹层柱状体角砾或呈倒立状(岩心外表面可见倒转的叠层石柱状体纵切面,即藻纹层显示出呈向下生长)(图5f)或呈水平状(岩心外表面可见水平的叠层石柱状体的横切面——环状藻纹层)(图5b)或呈杂乱状。不正常的藻纹层柱状体的产出方位说明其不是原地形成的,而是藻灰岩因垮塌或滑塌形成的近原地再沉积角砾。

  • 凝块石灰岩是碳酸盐岩中一种不规则状的藻类凝块体,不具有与叠层石相似的成层性[25-26],即内部不具纹层或纹层极不发育[18]。凝块石灰岩并不是叠层石受到生物扰动破坏形成的[27],而是底栖微生物群落吸附或挡积泥晶沉积物形成的内部不均一的碳酸盐沉积体[23]

    在柴西地区新近系藻灰岩中,凝块石灰岩最为发育,主要由蓝绿藻黏结泥晶方解石而成,因有机质含量高而颜色较深[13]图6)。岩心上,凝块石灰岩表现为表面粗糙、肉眼可见的团块组构为特征(图5i、图6a,c,e,g,i,k);显微镜下,凝块的内部显微组构为不均匀的大小不等的云雾状和海绵状(图5l、图6b,d,f,h,j,l),藻凝块中常含有藻鲕粒(图6d)、藻屑(图6b,f,h,j,l)、陆源碎屑(图5l、图6b,d,j)以及生物碎屑等,藻凝块体之间的空隙常被硬石膏充填(图6b,d,f,h,l)。

    凝块石灰岩的形成水体深度介于叠层石灰岩和层纹石灰岩之间,水体较深但有一定的水动力,垂向光照和养分供给不足时,藻类微生物横向生长,在湖浪等水流作用下,形成团块状微生物结构。柴西地区新近系凝块石灰岩常因垮塌、滑塌而呈孤立的角砾产于灰质泥岩中,凝块石灰岩角砾形状不规则,角砾突出的枝杈较多,塑性变形特征明显(图5c~e,g)。

  • 柴西地区新近系藻灰岩,除层纹石灰岩具较明显的外貌特征外,叠层石灰岩和凝块石灰岩常呈薄层的疙瘩状和团块状,以及外表粗糙、颜色偏黄白或具铁锈色而突出于其相邻的灰色灰质泥岩。究其原因,除与叠层石灰岩的藻纹层形态呈短柱状、凝块石灰岩呈团块状特征有关外,主要与藻灰岩经过同生改造而再沉积作用有关,特别是呈孤立状产出的藻灰岩角砾及碎屑。

    柴西地区新近系藻灰岩之所以会发生同生改造的再沉积作用,主要由以下几方面的因素造成:

    (1) 藻灰岩与其基底灰质泥岩岩性硬度的差异造成。在柴西地区的油泉子、黄瓜峁、南翼山、大风山、小梁山等地,新近系藻灰岩主要形成于浅湖水体较深处,且均发育于灰质泥岩软底之上,这也是柴西地区新生代湖相藻灰岩生长发育的特点之一[4];藻灰岩由于藻类黏结灰泥颗粒,相对于其较软的灰质泥岩基底硬度大。藻灰岩与其基底岩性在硬度上的差异,致使藻灰岩的生长发育不稳定而易于倾倒垮塌,也可进一步滑动。

    (2) 以底流为主、波浪为辅的水动力作用造成。叠层石灰岩和凝块石灰岩相对于层纹石灰岩形成的水体更浅一些,其中发育的藻鲕粒(图6d)、藻团块(图6b,f~h,j,l)、以及陆源碎屑等颗粒(图5e、图6b,d,j)也佐证了其形成环境有一定的水动力。特别是通过岩心中的沉积特征观察,具变形构造的藻灰岩角砾或砾屑之上往往发育有粉砂质条带(图7b,c),在以深灰色灰质泥岩为主的沉积背景下陆源碎屑的注入必有一定的水动力;而且岩石薄片显示,灰色灰质泥岩中的砂质条带底界面平直,且其中的陆源碎屑颗粒呈定向排列(图8a~d,g~k),即使是在含粉砂灰质泥岩中,其所含的粉砂碎屑颗粒也呈定向排列(图8a,b,e,f),说明柴西地区新近纪浅湖沉积频繁受底流的影响和改造。前人研究也表明,柴西地区新近系藻灰岩沉积期,气候温暖湿润[2,4],不时爆发的洪水可使柴西地区浅湖沉积受到一定底流的改造。在藻灰岩与其基底灰质泥岩岩性的差异基础上,加上底流及波浪的改造,会进一步加剧藻灰岩的垮塌和滑塌。

    Figure 7.  Sedimentary structure characteristics of the Neogene in western Qaidam Basin

    Figure 8.  Sedimentary characteristics of Neogene terrigenous sedimentary rocks in western Qaidam Basin

    (3) 地震、斜坡的坡度以及叠层石柱状体和藻凝块的倾斜生长等因素造成。湖盆的发展演化与断层的活动密不可分,新近纪早期为柴达木盆地的稳定沉降阶段,至新近纪末期湖盆逐渐衰亡。虽然新近纪不是柴达木盆地构造活动的鼎盛期,但不时的断层活动可诱发藻灰岩的垮塌—滑塌,对藻灰岩的同生改造起辅助作用。柴西地区新近系中震积岩的发现[28-29],以及岩心中所显示的层内小断层和滑动变形构造(图7a)、液化砂岩脉(图7d,e)以及球枕构造(图7d,f~g)等软沉积物变形构造也说明地震活动的存在。另外,柴西地区位于盆地边缘,有一定的坡度,特别是随着藻类生长的向光性而使叠层石柱状体和藻凝块倾斜于基底生长[24],会进一步加剧藻灰岩的不稳定性,对藻灰岩的垮塌和滑塌起一定的促进作用。

  • 柴西地区新生代藻灰岩除原地呈薄层外,还有两种产出方式,一种是呈藻灰岩角砾孤立分布于灰质泥岩中(图5b~g,i,k),另一种是藻灰岩砾屑堆积在一起夹于灰质泥岩中(图5h),前者更发育,两者的沉积机理有较大差别。

    从岩心来看,柴西地区新近系呈孤立状分布于灰质泥岩中的具同生变形沉积构造的藻灰岩角砾具有特殊的沉积特征。一方面,藻灰岩角砾底部滑动面或侵蚀面不发育,与其底部接触的灰质泥岩中的纹层基本保存完好,并随藻灰岩角砾底部的形态而发生协调的弯曲变形(图4图5f,k);另一方面,藻灰岩角砾的形状不规则,没有磨圆与分选,也没有定向性(图5a,c~g,k),明显区别于灰质泥岩中所夹的粉砂质条带具平直侵蚀的底界面及呈定向排列的碎屑颗粒的牵引流的沉积特征。分析藻灰岩角砾是在前述控制因素影响下,直接从叠层石灰岩或凝块石灰岩上垮塌下来且没经过滑动的原地再沉积。

    相比于孤立状发育的藻灰岩角砾,堆积在一起的藻灰岩砾屑的磨圆度较好,但形状不规则且分选极差,砾屑之间彼此呈凸凹状紧密镶嵌,其底界面不平整(图5h),且显示出较明显的滑动方向,但滑动面之下的灰质泥岩中的纹层保存较好。说明一方面藻灰岩滑塌时,其尚未固结成岩,而使藻灰岩砾屑易于塑性变形;另一方面藻灰岩砾屑堆积体虽具滑动的沉积特征,但其滑动距离较短,从而其底界面的侵蚀作用不强烈,可能主要也与滑塌体所处盆地边缘浅湖斜坡的坡度不大有关。

    综上,柴西地区新近系藻灰岩中,呈孤立状分布于灰质泥岩中的藻灰岩角砾为原地垮塌沉积,而呈彼此镶嵌紧密堆积在一起的圆度较好但分选极差的藻灰岩砾屑堆积体则为近原地短距离滑塌沉积。

  • 由前述藻灰岩的沉积特征及其所反映出的藻类生态环境和藻灰岩的形成机制分析,柴西地区新近系藻灰岩主要形成于水体相对较深的浅湖,并不时受到洪水期注入浅湖形成的底流的影响和改造,其形成的藻灰岩单层厚度薄,发育规模小,分布零散,呈夹层产出于深灰色灰质泥岩和泥质灰岩中(图9)。

    Figure 9.  Sedimentary pattern of Neogene algal limestone in western Qaidam Basin

  • (1) 柴达木盆地西部地区新近系藻灰岩主要有层纹石灰岩、叠层石灰岩和凝块石灰岩3种类型,其中叠层石灰岩主要有柱状叠层石灰岩和锥状叠层石灰岩2种类型。以凝块石灰岩最发育,叠层石灰岩次之,层纹石灰岩相对较少。

    (2) 柴达木盆地西部地区新近系藻灰岩发育规模小,呈薄层状夹于深灰色灰质泥岩中,并以略发黄白色或具铁锈色而明显区别于相邻层。层纹石灰岩中纹层呈较连续且相互平行的水平纹层状,单个纹层最大厚度一般不超过0.5 m。叠层石灰岩和凝块石灰岩外表常呈粗糙的疙瘩状和团块状,并常含有藻屑、藻鲕粒、陆源碎屑等。柱状叠层石在岩心上呈高宽比较小的灌木状,锥状叠层石则呈倾斜于地层面的指型密集簇状,叠层石最大单层厚度仅为0.25 m。凝块石灰岩在显微镜下藻凝块内部显微组构为不均匀的云雾状和海绵状。此外,叠层石灰岩和凝块石灰岩部分呈不规则的砾屑状产出,且发育有明显的同生变形沉积构造。

    (3) 柴达木盆地西部地区新近系层纹石灰岩均为原地形成,而叠层石灰岩和凝块石灰岩除原地沉积外,还发育有同生改造再沉积,以原地垮塌的藻灰岩角砾孤立漂浮于灰质泥岩中为主,以近原地短距离滑塌的藻灰岩砾屑堆积为辅。

    (4) 柴达木盆地西部地区新近系藻灰岩的同生改造有2个主要控制因素:一是藻灰岩与其基底灰质泥岩岩性硬度的差异,二是以底流为主、波浪为辅的水动力。此外,地震的振动、浅湖斜坡的坡度以及叠层石柱状体和藻凝块的倾斜生长等对藻灰岩的同生改造起辅助作用。

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