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Apr.  2022
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XU NingNing, ZHANG ShouPeng, WANG YongShi, QIU LongWei. Diagenesis and Pore Formation of the Upper Paleozoic Tight Sandstone in the Northern Area of the Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2022, 40(2): 422-434. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.027
Citation: XU NingNing, ZHANG ShouPeng, WANG YongShi, QIU LongWei. Diagenesis and Pore Formation of the Upper Paleozoic Tight Sandstone in the Northern Area of the Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2022, 40(2): 422-434. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.027

Diagenesis and Pore Formation of the Upper Paleozoic Tight Sandstone in the Northern Area of the Ordos Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.027
Funds:

National Science and Technology Major Project 2017ZX05009-002, 2017ZX05049-004

China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2019M662438

  • Received Date: 2020-10-13
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-01-15
  • Publish Date: 2022-04-10
  • Tight sandstones are well developed in the Upper Paleozoic in the Ordos Basin. Burial diagenesis in the reservoirs of the Hangjinqi area and Daniudi gas field are quite different. Their comparative study is helpful in understanding the formation process of the reservoir in tight sandstone. Their diagenesis and pore development characteristics are revealed by the observation of casting thin sections and scanning electronic microscopy. The study shows they are in Stage A1 and B of Middle Diagenesis as a result of different burial depths, fracturing, and later uplift. Kaolinite cementation developed extensively in the reservoir of the Hangjinqi area where in the north of the Boerjianghaizi Fault, and the feldspar content is 10%. Within the feldspar, dissolution, moldic, and intergranular dissolution pores are the dominant types. With the connection of tension fissure, reservoir porosity is quite high, and its forming mechanism is “feldspar dissolution to improve porosity and tension fissure connection in the uplift area”. The reservoir of the Hangjinqi area north of the Boerjianghaizi Fault is similar to the Daniudi gas field. The reservoir in the Daniudi gas field is characterized by deep burial, a high degree of diagenetic evolution, and complete dissolution of feldspar. Reservoir porosity is low and rock fragment dissolution pores and micropores are dominant. Its forming mechanism is “rock fragment dissolution to improve porosity in the slope area”.
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  • Received:  2020-10-13
  • Revised:  2021-01-15
  • Published:  2022-04-10

Diagenesis and Pore Formation of the Upper Paleozoic Tight Sandstone in the Northern Area of the Ordos Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.027
Funds:

National Science and Technology Major Project 2017ZX05009-002, 2017ZX05049-004

China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2019M662438

Abstract: Tight sandstones are well developed in the Upper Paleozoic in the Ordos Basin. Burial diagenesis in the reservoirs of the Hangjinqi area and Daniudi gas field are quite different. Their comparative study is helpful in understanding the formation process of the reservoir in tight sandstone. Their diagenesis and pore development characteristics are revealed by the observation of casting thin sections and scanning electronic microscopy. The study shows they are in Stage A1 and B of Middle Diagenesis as a result of different burial depths, fracturing, and later uplift. Kaolinite cementation developed extensively in the reservoir of the Hangjinqi area where in the north of the Boerjianghaizi Fault, and the feldspar content is 10%. Within the feldspar, dissolution, moldic, and intergranular dissolution pores are the dominant types. With the connection of tension fissure, reservoir porosity is quite high, and its forming mechanism is “feldspar dissolution to improve porosity and tension fissure connection in the uplift area”. The reservoir of the Hangjinqi area north of the Boerjianghaizi Fault is similar to the Daniudi gas field. The reservoir in the Daniudi gas field is characterized by deep burial, a high degree of diagenetic evolution, and complete dissolution of feldspar. Reservoir porosity is low and rock fragment dissolution pores and micropores are dominant. Its forming mechanism is “rock fragment dissolution to improve porosity in the slope area”.

XU NingNing, ZHANG ShouPeng, WANG YongShi, QIU LongWei. Diagenesis and Pore Formation of the Upper Paleozoic Tight Sandstone in the Northern Area of the Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2022, 40(2): 422-434. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.027
Citation: XU NingNing, ZHANG ShouPeng, WANG YongShi, QIU LongWei. Diagenesis and Pore Formation of the Upper Paleozoic Tight Sandstone in the Northern Area of the Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2022, 40(2): 422-434. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.027
  • 致密砂岩气自20世纪70年代在北美发现并大规模开采以来,已有近五十年的勘探历史。中国近几年在多个盆地陆续发现致密砂岩气,其中鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界致密气资源十分丰富。现今发现的气田有东胜气田、苏里格气田、榆林气田、乌审旗气田、大牛地气田、米脂气田等。鄂北地区上古生界物源主要来自于北部、东北部和西北部[1-2],发育的河流—三角洲沉积体系自北向南展布开来[1,3-5]。其中下石盒子组平面上自东向西形成神木—绥德方向(盟8井—榆19井—榆11井)、东胜—大牛地—榆林方向(陕208—陕141—麒参1井)和杭锦旗—乌审旗方向(伊6井—陕191井—陕3井—青1井)等多个方向的主砂体带[1-2,6],所形成的碎屑岩储层在平面上具有强继承性。

    针对鄂北不同气田的储层特征的研究内容很多,多集中于特定地区[7-8]。而对于盆地南北方向物源继承性碎屑岩储层的区域性演化方面的工作则相对较少[9]。如东胜—大牛地方向的碎屑岩储层,平面上跨越北部的伊盟隆起和伊陕斜坡,地层温压条件均有显著的差异。而这种差异性的因素会如何影响储层,以及差异性存在的同时两者储层特征共性又如何。解决这些问题对于理解平面上大尺度的碎屑岩储层的形成和演化有重要的意义。基于这一点,本文以杭锦旗地区和大牛地气田碎屑岩储层为主要研究对象,探讨继承性砂岩储层的差异性形成机制。

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地位于中国板块西北部、华北地台的西部,具有比较稳定的中、上元古界基底。盆地除边缘变形较强烈外,内部变形构造极其微弱。经历多次构造运动但均以整体升降为主,断层不发育,是一个西倾且倾角不到1°的大型平缓斜坡[10]。盆地由六个一级构造单元组成:伊陕斜坡、伊盟隆起、晋西挠褶带、渭北隆起、天环坳陷和西缘冲断带[11]图1a)。

    Figure 1.  Tectonic divisions of the Ordos Basin and the geographic location of the study areas (modified from reference [11])

    杭锦旗探区位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部,横跨鄂尔多斯盆地两大构造单元—伊盟隆起与伊陕斜坡,二者以泊尔江海子断裂为界[12]图1b)。自古生代至晚古生代早期,杭锦旗探区一直处于相对隆起的状态,局部地区有太古界及下元古界变质结晶基底出露,是一个继承性的隆起带和剥蚀区。现今构造继承了燕山期的构造格局,总体表现为东高西低、北高南低的构造特征。受区域构造应力场的控制,发育两条走向近东西的次级断裂,分别是泊尔江海子断裂和乌兰吉林庙断裂,控制了下古生界的沉积和局部构造的形成[13]。大牛地气田位于伊陕斜坡,为一平缓的西倾单斜构造,气藏面积将近775 km2[14]图1c)。其气源岩主要为石炭系和二叠系厚层泥岩及煤层,储集层段主要为石炭系太原组和二叠系山西组、下石盒子组,盖层主要为区域性分布的石炭系和二叠系泥岩,垂向上构成自生自储型及近源型天然气藏[15]

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地基底为太古界(Ar)及下元古界变质岩。其上发育地层有中元古界长城系(Pt2 ch),蓟县系(Pt2 jx),上元古界震旦系(Pt2 z)地层以及古生界、中新生界地层[10]。研究层段二叠系下石盒子组岩性以砂岩为主,夹少量泥岩,总厚度100~160 m。其中砂岩底部常含砾石,主要为浅灰绿、灰白及灰黄色块状含砾粗—中砂岩和细砂岩,泥岩主要呈现紫红、棕褐和灰色(图2)。另可见少量粉砂质泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤线。

    Figure 2.  Stratigraphic features of the Upper Paleozoic in the northern part of the Ordos Basin

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界沉积体系具有继承性,在大地构造的制约下经历海相—海陆过渡相—陆相的发展过程[10]。二叠系下石盒子组是一个超长期层序充填旋回,主要是在地形高差显著的古构造—沉积背景下形成的湖泊—三角洲沉积体系[16-17],以发育进积型的辫状河—辫状河三角洲,及侧向迁移为特点的曲流河—曲流河三角洲沉积为主,同时沉积中心继续向南迁移[4]

    北部大牛地气田和杭锦旗探区二叠系下石盒子组中泥岩颜色由北向南呈现红色—棕红色等氧化色到灰—灰黑色等还原色的变化,反映三角洲沉积的陆上平原亚相沉积到水下三角洲前缘的沉积转变;同时垂向上不同小层间泥岩颜色分界线在平面上的向南部迁移,也表明整体进积式的地层叠加模式[18-19]。物源分析表明杭锦旗—大牛地一线主要为岩屑砂岩分布区及锆石+铁矿物分布区[20],亦同样说明两者在物源上的继承性。

  • 偏光显微镜下的薄片点统计方法(point count)可定量识别储层中各类矿物[21]。选取杭锦旗探区X1井和大牛地气田E1井作为测试对象,统计上古生界二叠系下石盒子组储层的碎屑颗粒和胶结物的含量。鉴定数据显示二者主要差异集中于两个方面,长石颗粒的类型和含量。X1井长石含量范围为10%~15%,普遍高于10%,同时包含部分斜长石颗粒。而E1井长石含量较小,含量范围0.5%~3.0%,普遍3.0%,且基本不含斜长石,而以钾长石为主。整体的岩石类型由北部杭锦旗探区的长石质岩屑砂岩、岩屑砂岩和亚岩屑砂岩组合向南部大牛地气田转变为到岩屑砂岩和亚岩屑砂岩的组合。石英、长石和岩屑颗粒的平面分布特征显示以泊尔江海子断裂为界,北部长石含量突出,而南部直至大牛地气田长石含量均极少,平面性的长石含量差异性特征更为显著(图3)。

    Figure 3.  Development features and distribution of framework grains of tight sandstones of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation in the northern part of the Ordos Basin

  • 杭锦旗探区砂岩以普遍发育的石英次生加大、长石颗粒的高强度溶蚀、分布广泛的高岭石胶结以及局部发育的方解石胶结为主要特征(图4)。压实作用明显,颗粒间以线和凸凹—线接触方式为主。早期成岩作用以绿泥石膜的形成、石英的次生加大以及方解石胶结为主。绿泥石膜常形成于颗粒表面,在颗粒点对点接触位置仍可见其之附着说明其形成于同沉积期,是发生较早的成岩作用类型(图4a)。石英的次生加大发育普遍,以尘线与颗粒相接。一般厚度在3~30 μm之间,常堵塞颗粒间的三角区域而降低储层孔隙度(图4b)。而方解石胶结则特征突出,颗粒间分布方解石胶结而使颗粒呈现“似漂浮”的形态(图4c),且其中可看出长石颗粒发生普遍溶蚀,所形成的铸模孔隙保存完好亦说明方解石形成时间较早。而且其在成岩后期发生了交代石英颗粒的现象。

    Figure 4.  Microscopic characteristics of the reservoir of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation in the Hangjinqi area

    长石溶蚀特征明显,常见现象为完全溶蚀后形成的铸模孔隙(图4d)、完全交代形成的高岭石集合体(图4d,f)、不完全溶蚀双晶及解理特征可见的长石残骸(图4c)以及部分颗粒边界不清的溶蚀孔隙。经统计发现残留长石中以正长石、条纹长石和微斜长石等钾长石最为常见,而斜长石大多被完全溶蚀或完全被交代。另外在成岩中后期亦发生硅质胶结,在长石铸模孔隙中形成体积较大的自形石英晶体(图4e)。

    大牛地气田储集层中绿泥石常见(图5a),多以颗粒包膜为主,系早成岩的产物,扫描电镜下呈玫瑰花状或绒球状(图5b)。碳酸盐矿物的胶结和交代作用发育广泛。碳酸盐胶结以方解石为主,多以填充粒间孔隙的形式产出,碎屑颗粒呈漂浮状分布(图5c,d)。方解石交代碎屑颗粒如石英等现象显著(图5c~e)。高岭石根据颗粒形态、结晶程度等可分两类,自生高岭石和蚀变高岭石。前者呈典型的书页状充填粒间孔隙,晶形较好,堆积松散,保留有良好的微孔隙(图5e,f);后者一般由长石蚀变而来,受限于晶体生长空间,原位堆积,微孔隙发育程度弱,形成时间比较早(图5g,h)。硅质胶结普遍发育,主要有石英次生加大边和自生石英晶体两种形式,其常与高岭石胶结相邻发育。显微镜下可见明显的多期次石英次生加大边,其常呈等厚环边状半包裹或全包裹碎屑石英颗粒,与原生石英颗粒之间可看到黏土质成分的尘线(图5a,d)。自生石英晶体主要发育于粒间孔或溶蚀孔内,呈零星状分布,单体呈柱状(图5b)。其形成时间最晚,经包裹体分析其均一温度可达160 ℃[22]。岩屑、长石等颗粒的溶蚀作用显著,形成铸模孔隙(图5a,d,h,i)。

    Figure 5.  Microscopic characteristics of the reservoir of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation in the Daniudi gas field

    研究区方解石胶结较为普遍,利用碳氧同位素可以判定其形成温度。利用安装牙钻的显微镜从厚的岩石薄片中钻出不同类型的胶结物微样(0.35~0.45 mg)。碳氧同位素数据主要通过测定其酸化过程中释放出的二氧化碳来获取。样品主要在弗吉尼亚理工学院地球科学系同位素设备中搭配多相流体地质顶空取样器的Isoprime稳定同位素质谱仪(IRMS)中完成。数据显示杭锦旗探区储层中方解石胶结物δ 13CPDB的范围为-14.44‰~-6.31‰,δ 18OPDB的范围为-17.55‰~-14.18‰。这与前人研究结果相一致。而大牛地气田储层中方解石胶结物的δ 13CPDB的范围为-18.39‰~-3.73‰,δ 18OPDB的范围为-20.62‰~-13.35‰,整体范围与杭锦旗探区相一致。其中氧同位素的分布区间相对集中,说明是一次性成因。按照前人总结的的不同来源的碳氧同位素的分布范围[23],杭锦旗探区和大牛地气田的方解石胶结物均为与有机质脱羧作用有关的碳酸盐矿物(δ 13CPDB<0且δ 18OPDB<-10‰)。

    用Epstein公式[24]:t/℃=14.8-5.4×δ 18OPDB对方解石形成温度进行计算。结果显示杭锦旗探区和大牛地气田储层中方解石胶结形成的温度分别为102.9 ℃和101.6 ℃,相差无几。利用Z值来讨论方解石胶结形成时的相对流体盐度。其中Z=2.048(δ 13CPDB+50)+0.498(δ 18OPDB+50)[25],当Z>120时为海水成因,Z<120时为淡水成因。计算表明(表1),研究区方解石胶结的Z值范围为89.36~106.83(杭锦旗探区)[26-27]和95.84~112.88(大牛地气田),说明其形成时的古流体均为矿化度较高的淡水。

    地区 井号 井深/m δ 13CPDB/‰ δ 18OPDB/‰ 温度/℃ 相对古盐度(Z) 数据来源 平均温度/℃ 平均温度/℃
    杭锦旗探区 X66 2 562.2 -6.31 -17.55 109.57 105.64 本文 102.7 102.9
    杭锦旗探区 X67 2 496.4 -14.05 -16.57 104.28 90.27 本文
    杭锦旗探区 X12 2 097.5 -14.44 -16.81 105.57 89.36 本文
    杭锦旗探区 X12 2 123.6 -12.57 -14.18 91.37 94.50 本文
    杭锦旗探区 J12 2 102.4 -7.49 -15.02 95.91 104.48 王飞龙 [26] 100.3
    杭锦旗探区 J12 2 103.9 -5.99 -16.48 103.79 106.83 王飞龙[26]
    杭锦旗探区 J5 2 646.78 -13.95 -16.88 105.95 90.32 王飞龙[26]
    杭锦旗探区 J5 2 648.82 -8.21 -12.54 82.52 104.24 王飞龙[26]
    杭锦旗探区 J5 2 649.02 -12.37 -17.57 109.68 93.22 王飞龙[26]
    杭锦旗探区 J5 2 681.26 -9.98 -16.49 103.85 98.65 王飞龙[26]
    杭锦旗探区 J1 2 309.54 -10.172 -17.639 110.05 97.68 惠宽洋等 [27] 107.1
    杭锦旗探区 J1 2 313.99 -9.751 -18.036 112.19 98.35 惠宽洋等[27]
    杭锦旗探区 J1 2 331.54 -13.844 -17.81 110.97 90.08 惠宽洋等[27]
    杭锦旗探区 J1 2 335.58 -12.587 -14.918 95.36 94.09 惠宽洋等[27]
    大牛地气田 E18 2 636 -11.66 -15.23 97.05 95.84 本文 101.6 101.6
    大牛地气田 E33 2 578.2 -14.57 -16.59 104.39 89.20 本文
    大牛地气田 E33 2 587.4 -14.45 -16.28 102.73 89.60 本文
    大牛地气田 E23 2 656.5 -11.42 -15.84 100.33 96.02 本文
    大牛地气田 E23 2 650.65 -11.61 -16.93 106.20 95.09 本文
    大牛地气田 E4 2 746.5 -12.00 -15.96 100.99 94.78 本文
    大牛地气田 E33 2 572.6 -9.58 -20.62 126.15 97.41 本文
    大牛地气田 E43 2 417.85 -13.36 -16.36 103.16 91.79 本文
    大牛地气田 E26 2 403.5 -17.35 -15.58 98.91 84.01 本文
    大牛地气田 EK13 2 686.89 -6.47 -15.39 97.91 106.39 本文
    大牛地气田 EK13 2 666.5 -4.34 -13.35 86.89 111.76 本文
    大牛地气田 E23-1 2 559.9 -18.39 -16.93 106.24 81.21 本文
    大牛地气田 EK13 2 659.73 -3.73 -13.61 88.32 112.88 本文

    Table 1.  Data of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) stable isotopes and the estimated temperature of calcite cement from the Permian Xiashihezi Formation in the northern part of the Ordos Basin

  • 鄂北地区储层发育的主要孔隙类型有包含岩屑溶孔(图4g、图5i)、长石溶孔(图4b,h、图5a)和石英溶孔的粒内溶孔(图4g);粒间溶孔(凝灰质等杂基溶蚀形成;图4g、图5i);铸模孔隙(多为长石颗粒的溶蚀;图4d、图5d);微孔隙(高岭石等黏土矿物间孔隙;图4f、图5f)和裂缝性孔隙(图4h,i)。对于大牛地气田,储层总面孔率逐渐变大,储层质量逐渐提高,其相应地表现为长石溶孔的增多和粒间溶孔及岩屑溶孔的减少(图6a),而在杭锦旗探区这一过程中表现为岩屑溶孔的增多和粒间溶孔的减少(图6b)。大牛地气田相对优质储层(总面孔率>6%)中长石溶孔、粒间溶孔和微孔隙是贡献最大的三类孔隙(图6a)。而在杭锦旗探区(总面孔率>6%)则表现不一致,其主要以岩屑溶孔和微孔隙为主(图6b)。同时,杭锦旗探区储层中微裂缝较为发育,大牛地气田储层中铸模孔隙较为发育。

    Figure 6.  Pore types and distribution histogram of reservoir of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation in the Daniudi gas field and Hangjinqi area

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界系煤系地层,可参考石油天然气行业标准(SY/T 5477—2003)中对酸性水介质(含煤地层)碎屑岩各成岩阶段所发育现象的总结。泊尔江海子断裂北部上古生界致密储层成岩阶段划分依据有:1)埋藏深度大约为2 100~3 100 m。2)薄片观察发现储层有较多的钾长石和斜长石的溶蚀残余,说明长石还未溶蚀殆尽。3)黏土矿物的组合为高岭石、伊利石、蒙皂石和绿泥石,其中高岭石含量较高。4)伊蒙混层比为20%~35%。这说明蒙皂石向伊利石演化正处于有序混层带。5)镜质体反射率范围为小于0.8%[28],有机质演化处于低成熟阶段。按照碎屑岩成岩阶段划分标准,其现今主要处于中成岩A1期(图7)。

    Figure 7.  Diagenetic evolutional sequence of the reservoir of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation in the northern part of the Ordos Basin

    大牛地气田上古生界埋藏深度为2 300~3 000 m。薄片观察发现储层中长石含量极低,具有长石轮廓的高岭石集合体及铸模孔隙的存在说明长石经历大规模的高强度溶蚀。最大古地温为150 ℃左右,其所处的伊陕斜坡地层镜质体反射率R o值集中于1.35%~1.8%[14,30]。伊蒙混层比一般小于30%[17]。按照碎屑岩成岩阶段划分标准,其现今主要处于中成岩B期(图7)。其中杭锦旗探区地层镜质体反射率R o值集中于1.2%~1.5%[31],和大牛地气田的油气充注期次相似,集中于中—晚侏罗世和早白垩世,但持续时间有差异[14,32]。前文述及,方解石胶结在杭锦旗探区和大牛地气田的形成温度相近(表1),均发生于中成岩A1期。但因为两个地区埋藏史和热演化史的差异,方解石胶结的形成时间有差异。杭锦旗探区胜1井埋藏史和热史(图7)显示其整体最大埋深浅于大牛地气田,地温演化相对滞后,同一地质时间,其地温低于大牛地气田20 ℃左右。这就意味着方解石胶结在大牛地气田中形成时间早于杭锦旗探区。方解石胶结形成温度相对固定,所处的成岩阶段相对统一,这也说明两个地区成岩演化阶段的相似性和递进性。

    按照成岩阶段性演化的顺序,不同自生矿物组合和表现特征具有阶段性特征。其中早成岩B期早期的煤系地层导致弱酸性—酸性的成岩环境,基性斜长石发生早期溶解,随后由于长期而缓慢的成岩消耗,酸性减弱而碱性增强。成岩序列为为绿泥石薄膜—早期石英加大/自生高岭石(图4a,b,g),此阶段为强机械压实期;而至中成岩A1期则成岩表现较为复杂。现今的高成分成熟度的储层岩石特征是成岩期长石大量溶解殆尽的结果[33-34]。部分粗碎屑以及绝大部分细粒高杂基含量碎屑岩中仍可观察到残余长石的形态。高岭石的主要成因为长石类矿物的酸性溶蚀的产物。成岩序列表现为长石溶解—石英次生加大/高岭石胶结—方解石胶结—硅质部分溶蚀(图4d,f),多期胶结和溶蚀作用对储层改造作用明显;至中成岩A2期,长时间成岩消耗导致流体逐渐呈现弱碱性—碱性,发生石英及部分岩屑颗粒的溶蚀。碱性流体的消耗亦会使环境呈现短暂的酸性而发生方解石的部分溶蚀。成岩序列为晚期方解石胶结—石英/岩屑溶蚀—方解石部分溶蚀(图4f),储层地质特征已趋于稳定;至中成岩B期,成岩特征已无明显改变,因抬升而形成的微裂缝较为显著,此为抬升—弱构造阶段。

  • 杭锦旗探区和大牛地气田储层中孔隙发育类型的差异主要体现在长石溶孔、粒间溶孔和岩屑溶孔。长石颗粒的成岩变化主要有四种:不完全溶蚀后形成残骸、完全溶蚀殆尽形成铸模孔隙、原位被高岭石交代和原位被方解石交代。大牛地气田经历比杭锦旗探区更高程度的成岩演化,而且是封闭的成岩环境(图7)。中成岩阶段的长石颗粒大规模溶蚀,或原位转化为高岭石,或被方解石交代,作用强度均较深。加之后续高岭石伊利石化对残存钾长石溶蚀的促进作用,使得长石进一步被溶蚀。长石被完全溶蚀后形成铸模孔隙,这在岩石组分的统计(图3)和微观特征(图5a,d)中均可证实,大牛地气田储层中铸模孔隙比重也相对高于杭锦旗探区(图6)。统计显示高岭石作为成岩产物,在大牛地气田表现是原位交代长石的高岭石为主(图8a),而在杭锦旗探区则是以高岭石交代和高岭石胶结为主(图8b)。这说明在大牛地气田储层中长石颗粒更多地被高岭石原位交代,从而造成统计数据中长石碎屑颗粒组分含量较低。而杭锦旗探区成岩演化程度相对低,长石大部分得以保存,所以其储层中长石溶孔含量高于大牛地气田。

    Figure 8.  Kaolinite types and distribution histograms of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation in the Daniudi gas field and Hangjinqi area

    大牛地气田岩屑颗粒成分相对复杂,不似长石颗粒可被完全溶蚀,仅发生部分易溶成分的溶解,形成粒内溶蚀孔隙,这使得岩屑溶孔的比重较大。而杭锦旗探区尤其是泊尔江海子断裂以北地区的储层中粒间溶孔的比重较大,主要原因是后期抬升,大气淡水渗入,成岩系统相对开放,碎屑颗粒和杂基的溶蚀产物得以流出,形成粒间溶孔并得以保存。

    同时,杭锦旗探区储层中微裂缝相对发育。泊尔江海子断裂作用造成上盘地层出现小幅度的构造褶皱和变形[35]。断层逆冲作用会对储层形成挤压而形成构造裂缝。根据裂缝充填物同位素测试结果,其平均形成温度约为92 ℃,属燕山晚幕—喜山早幕构造运动产物[36]。裂缝长约120~357 μm(图9a),宽约9~16 μm(图9b)。主要分布于泊尔江海子断裂北部杭锦旗断阶带中低幅度构造褶皱发育的位置(图9)。裂缝多属于挤压张裂缝,在长石等脆性颗粒中表现突出。大部分发育裂缝的储层其碎屑颗粒的溶蚀特征更明显,易形成具网状特征的孔—缝储集空间体系。而大牛地气田下石盒子组储层中裂缝则主要以层间缝和泥岩收缩缝为主,对储层贡献较小。

    Figure 9.  Microscopic characteristics of tectonic fissures from the reservoir of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation in the Hangjinqi area

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系太原组和二叠系山西组发育广泛煤层。煤层埋藏演化前期(R o=0.3%~0.5%),即早成岩阶段,水生及陆生植物的连续分解会产生腐殖酸,导致长石等不稳定矿物的第一次溶蚀;至演化后期(R o=0.5%~1.0%),温压升高,腐殖型干酪根开始成熟,热降解作用为羧基脱落而形成大量短链羧酸,造成长石等不稳定矿物的再次溶解而形成大量孔隙[37-38]。这是鄂北地区储层中长石、岩屑等颗粒粒内溶蚀孔隙、铸模孔隙和粒间溶孔的主要形成机制。此外,前人研究发现围绕泊尔江海子基底大断裂的地层矿化度具明显高值。这有效说明断裂可沟通深部偏酸性热流体并与上古生界地层水发生混合作用[39],并进而促进断裂周围碎屑颗粒的溶蚀增孔作用。同时,泊尔江海子断裂以北地层水当中含有不等量的 S O 4 2 - 离子,而且离子浓度往北增加的趋势明显,这说明断裂带北部受后期构造抬升地表水渗入影响[39]。所以断裂以北的杭锦旗探区储层具有相对开放的成岩环境,使得粒间高岭石胶结和大规模的粒间孔隙发育。

  • (1) 鄂北杭锦旗探区和大牛地气田,因埋深差异、断裂作用和后期抬升作用导致两者储层的成岩阶段有差异,分别为中成岩A1期和中成岩B期。烃类演化过程形成的有机酸对两者储层长石溶蚀增孔贡献明显,而断裂作用沟通深部偏酸性高温流体和暴露环境沟通的大气淡水同时对杭锦旗探区储层溶蚀增孔有明显作用。

    (2) 杭锦旗断裂以北杭锦旗探区储层中发育广泛的高岭石胶结。孔隙以长石溶孔、铸模孔和粒间溶孔为主,加之构造张裂缝的沟通作用,孔隙保存较好,属“隆起区长石溶蚀增孔—张裂缝沟通孔隙”的形成机制。断裂以南的杭锦旗探区储层和大牛地气田相似。大牛地气田储层持续埋深,成岩演化程度高,长石溶蚀殆尽,高岭石以原位交代长石的形式存在,硅质胶结发育广泛。孔隙主要以岩屑溶孔和微孔隙为主,孔隙条件较差,属“斜坡深埋区岩屑溶蚀增孔”的形成机制。

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