Advanced Search
Volume 39 Issue 3
Jun.  2021
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents

LI Hong, LI Fei, GONG QiaoLin, ZENG Kai, DENG JiaTing, WANG HaoZheng, SU ChengPeng. Morphological Characteristics and Provenance Significance of Heavy Minerals in the Mixed Siliciclastic-carbonate Sedimentation: A case study from the Xiannüdong Formation, Cambrian (Series 2), northern Sichuan[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(3): 525-539. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.073
Citation: LI Hong, LI Fei, GONG QiaoLin, ZENG Kai, DENG JiaTing, WANG HaoZheng, SU ChengPeng. Morphological Characteristics and Provenance Significance of Heavy Minerals in the Mixed Siliciclastic-carbonate Sedimentation: A case study from the Xiannüdong Formation, Cambrian (Series 2), northern Sichuan[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(3): 525-539. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.073

Morphological Characteristics and Provenance Significance of Heavy Minerals in the Mixed Siliciclastic-carbonate Sedimentation: A case study from the Xiannüdong Formation, Cambrian (Series 2), northern Sichuan

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.073
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41872119, 41502115

Science and Technology Plan Project of Sichuan Province 20YYJC1185

  • Received Date: 2020-07-02
  • Rev Recd Date: 2020-08-23
  • Publish Date: 2021-06-10
  • The mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks can provide clues for understanding both the carbonate sedimentation and the sources of terrigenous particles. Accordingly, these rocks have received increasingly attention in the fields of studies on sedimentary dynamics, paleogeography, paleoclimatology, and provenance analysis. It should be noted that, affected by the nature of the particles, as well as the hydrodynamic, weathering, and diagenetic conditions, the content of the terrigenous fractions in the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks is changeable and the particle size is generally small. Metastable-unstable heavy minerals may be lost during the weathering and diagenetic processes in varying degrees. Therefore, some traditional provenance analysis methods to indicate the source of original terrestrial compositions may not be applicable. In this work, systemic petrological and morphological studies were conducted on silt-sized heavy minerals in the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate systems of Lower Cambrian (Stage 3) in the Hannan-Micangshan area. The composition, morphological (grain size, elongation, and roundness), weathering and diagenetic characteristics of heavy minerals in different sedimentary environments have been preliminarily explored. The results show that the percentage of terrigenous particles in the coastal environments was much higher than those of the shelf margins, and the proportion of easily weathered heavy minerals also decreases in the rimmed shelf. On the other hand, the particle size and elongation of detrital zircon in the stable heavy minerals on the platform margin are markedly smaller than those in the coastal environment, and the roundness of zircon becomes better under the same level of elongation. In addition, this study also found that there were relatively continuous shallow-water, high-energy ooid shoals and archaeocyath-microbial mounds developed along the Hannan-Micangshan area. These evidence indicates that the Hannan Massif had being developed during the Cambrian Age 3 and could provide large amounts of terrigenous material to the northern Upper Yangtze area. The Lower Cambrian of the northern Sichuan Basin is a potential replacement for oil and gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin. It is of great value to clarify the provenance of the Canglangpuian for understanding the Early Cambrian paleogeography of the northern Upper Yangtze area of the South China Block.
  • [1] 汪正江,陈洪德,张锦泉. 物源分析的研究与展望[J]. 沉积与特提斯地质,2000,20(4):104-110.

    Wang Zhengjiang, Chen Hongde, Zhang Jinquan. Provenance analysis: Perspectives[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 2000, 20(4): 104-110.
    [2] 赵红格,刘池洋. 物源分析方法及研究进展[J]. 沉积学报,2003,21(3):409-415.

    Zhao Hongge, Liu Chiyang. Approaches and prospects of provenance analysis[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2003, 21(3): 409-415.
    [3] Jan Weltje G, von Eynatten H. Quantitative provenance analysis of sediments: Review and outlook[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2004, 171(1/2/3/4): 1-11.
    [4] 徐田武,宋海强,况昊,等. 物源分析方法的综合运用:以苏北盆地高邮凹陷泰一段地层为例[J]. 地球学报,2009,30(1):111-118.

    Xu Tianwu, Song Haiqiang, Kuang Hao, et al. Synthetic application of the provenance analysis technique: A case study of member 1 of Taizhou Formation in Gaoyou Sag, Subei Basin[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2009, 30(1): 111-118.
    [5] 毛光周,刘池洋. 地球化学在物源及沉积背景分析中的应用[J]. 地球科学与环境学报,2011,33(4):337-348.

    Mao Guangzhou, Liu Chiyang. Application of geochemistry in provenance and depositional setting analysis[J]. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 2011, 33(4): 337-348.
    [6] 杨仁超,李进步,樊爱萍,等. 陆源沉积岩物源分析研究进展与发展趋势[J]. 沉积学报,2013,31(1):99-107.

    Yang Renchao, Li Jinbu, Fan Aiping, et al. Research progress and development tendency of provenance analysis on terrigenous sedimentary rocks[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2013, 31(1): 99-107.
    [7] 徐杰,姜在兴. 碎屑岩物源研究进展与展望[J]. 古地理学报,2019,21(3):379-396.

    Xu Jie, Jiang Zaixing. Provenance analysis of clastic rocks: Current research status and prospect[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2019, 21(3): 379-396.
    [8] Andò S, Garzanti E. Raman spectroscopy in heavy-mineral studies[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2014, 386(1): 395-412.
    [9] Moral Cardona J P, Gutiérrez Mas J M, Sánchez Bellón A, et al. Surface textures of heavy-mineral grains: A new contribution to provenance studies[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2005, 174(3/4): 223-235.
    [10] Gärtner A, Linnemann U, Sagawe A, et al. Morphology of zircon crystal grains in sediments-characteristics, classifications, definitions[J]. Geologica Saxonica, 2013, 59: 65-73.
    [11] Zoleikhaei Y, Frei D, Morton A, et al. Roundness of heavy minerals (zircon and apatite) as a provenance tool for unraveling recycling: A case study from the Sefidrud and Sarbaz rivers in N and SE Iran[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2016, 342: 106-117.
    [12] 宋鹰,钱禛钰,张俊霞,等. 碎屑锆石形态学分类体系及其在物源分析中的应用:以松辽盆地松科一井为例[J]. 地球科学,2018,43(6):1997-2006.

    Song Ying, Qian Zhenyu, Zhang Junxia, et al. Morphology of detrital zircon and its application in provenance analysis: Example from Cretaceous Continental Scientific Drilling borehole in Songliao Basin[J]. Earth Science, 2018, 43(6): 1997-2006.
    [13] Yue W, Yue X Y, Zhang L M, et al. Morphology of detrital zircon as a fingerprint to trace sediment provenance: Case study of the Yangtze Delta[J]. Minerals, 2019, 9(7): 438.
    [14] Rahl J M, Reiners P W, Campbell I H, et al. Combined single-grain (U-Th)/He and U/Pb dating of detrital zircons from the Navajo Sandstone, Utah[J]. Geology, 2003, 31(9): 761-764.
    [15] Reiners P W. Zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry[J]. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 2005, 58(1): 151-179.
    [16] Gehrels G. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology: Current methods and new opportunities[M]//Busby C, Azor A. Tectonics of sedimentary basins: Recent advances. New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing, 2011: 47-62.
    [17] Hinton R W, Upton B G J. The chemistry of zircon: Variations within and between large crystals from syenite and alkali basalt xenoliths[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1991, 55(11): 3287-3302.
    [18] Kinny P D, Compston W, Williams I S. A reconnaissance ion-probe study of hafnium isotopes in zircons[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1991, 55(3): 849-859.
    [19] Valley J W. Oxygen isotopes in zircon[J]. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 2003, 53(1): 343-385.
    [20] Kemp A I S, Hawkesworth C J, Paterson B A, et al. Episodic growth of the Gondwana supercontinent from hafnium and oxygen isotopes in zircon[J]. Nature, 2006, 439(7076): 580-583.
    [21] 赵振华. 副矿物微量元素地球化学特征在成岩成矿作用研究中的应用[J]. 地学前缘,2010,17(1):267-286.

    Zhao Zhenhua. Trace element geochemistry of accessory minerals and its applications in petrogenesis and metallogenesis[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2010, 17(1): 267-286.
    [22] 杨江海,马严. 源—汇沉积过程的深时古气候意义[J]. 地球科学,2017,42(11):1910-1921.

    Yang Jianghai, Ma Yan. Paleoclimate perspectives of source-to-sink sedimentary processes[J]. Earth Science, 2017, 42(11): 1910-1921.
    [23] Mount J F. Mixing of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments in shallow shelf environments[J]. Geology, 1984, 12(7): 432-435.
    [24] 曾楷,李飞,龚峤林,等. 寒武系第二统仙女洞组混合沉积特征及古环境意义:以川北旺苍唐家河剖面为例[J]. 沉积学报,2020,38(1):166-181.

    Zeng Kai, Li Fei, Gong Qiaolin, et al. Characteristics and paleoenvironmental significance of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sedimentation in the Xiannüdong Formation, Cambrian (Series 2): A case study from the Tangjiahe section, Wangcang, northern Sichuan[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2020, 38(1): 166-181.
    [25] Gallagher S J, Holdgate G. The palaeogeographic and palaeoenvironmental evolution of a Palaeogene mixed carbonate-siliciclastic cool-water succession in the Otway Basin, Southeast Australia[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2000, 156(1/2): 19-50.
    [26] Schwarz E, Veiga G D, Álvarez Trentini G, et al. Expanding the spectrum of shallow-marine, mixed carbonate-siliciclastic systems: Processes, facies distribution and depositional controls of a siliciclastic-dominated example[J]. Sedimentology, 2018, 65(5): 1558-1589.
    [27] Bádenas B, Aurell M, Gasca J M. Facies model of a mixed clastic-carbonate, wave-dominated open-coast tidal flat (Tithonian-Berriasian, North-East Spain)[J]. Sedimentology, 2018, 65(5): 1631-1666.
    [28] 于冬冬,张永生,邢恩袁,等. 柴西南翼山构造上新统狮子沟组混积岩地球化学特征及物源指示意义[J]. 地学前缘,2018,25(4):65-75.

    Yu Dongdong, Zhang Yongsheng, Xing Enyuan, et al. Geochemical characteristics and implication for provenance of mixed rocks from the Pliocene Shizigou Formation in the Nanyishan structure of the western Qaidam Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2018, 25(4): 65-75.
    [29] 李艳,李安春,黄朋. 大连湾近海表层沉积物重矿物组合分布特征及其物源环境指示[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2011,31(6):13-20.

    Li Yan, Li Anchun, Huang Peng. Distribution of heavy mineral assemblages in subsurface sediments of Dalian Bay and their implications for provenance and environment[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2011, 31(6): 13-20.
    [30] 宁泽,韩宗珠,林学辉,等. 山东半岛南部近岸海域碎屑矿物对中小河流的物源响应[J]. 海洋地质前沿,2019,35(4):57-68.

    Ning Ze, Han Zongzhu, Lin Xuehui, et al. Provenance response of detrital minerals from medium and small rivers in offshore southern Shandong Peninsula[J]. Marine Geology Frontiers, 2019, 35(4): 57-68.
    [31] 刘忠诚,金秉福,王金城,等. 辽东湾滨岸带矿物组合分区及其意义[J]. 海洋通报,2014,33(3):268-276.

    Liu Zhongcheng, Jin Bingfu, Wang Jincheng, et al. Provinces of the detrital mineral and their significances on the coastal zone of the Liaodong Bay[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2014, 33(3): 268-276.
    [32] Kudrass H R. Sedimentary models to estimate the heavy-mineral potential of shelf sediments[M]//Teleki P G, Dobson M R, Moore J R, von Stackelberg U. Marine minerals: Advances in research and resource assessment. Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer, 1987: 39-56.
    [33] Larcombe P, Carter R M. Cyclone pumping, sediment partitioning and the development of the Great Barrier Reef shelf system: A review[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2004, 23(1/2): 107-135.
    [34] Komar P D. The entrainment, transport and sorting of heavy minerals by waves and currents[J]. Developments in Sedimentology, 2007, 58: 3-48.
    [35] Cascalho J, Fradique C. The sources and hydraulic sorting of heavy minerals on the northern Portuguese continental margin[J]. Developments in Sedimentology, 2007, 58: 75-110.
    [36] Dickinson W R. Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones[M]//Zuffa G G. Provenance of arenites. Dordrecht: Springer, 1985: 333-361.
    [37] Critelli S, Muto F, Perri F, et al. Interpreting provenance relations from sandstone detrital modes, southern Italy foreland region: Stratigraphic record of the Miocene tectonic evolution[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2017, 87: 47-59.
    [38] Morton A C, Hallsworth C. Identifying provenance-specific features of detrital heavy mineral assemblages in sandstones[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 1994, 90(3/4): 241-256.
    [39] Pye K. Properties of sediment particles[M]//Pye K. Sediment transport and depositional processes. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994: 1-24.
    [40] Komar P D. Placer deposits[M]//Schwartz M L. Encyclopedia of coastal science. Dordrecht: Springer, 2005: 771-772.
    [41] Trenhaile A S. Beach sediment characteristics[M]//Schwartz M L. Encyclopedia of coastal science. Dordrecht: Springer, 2005: 177-179.
    [42] Andò S, Garzanti E, Padoan M, et al. Corrosion of heavy minerals during weathering and diagenesis: A catalog for optical analysis[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2012, 280: 165-178.
    [43] Garzanti E, Andò S, Limonta M, et al. Diagenetic control on mineralogical suites in sand, silt, and mud (Cenozoic Nile Delta): Implications for provenance reconstructions[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2018, 185: 122-139.
    [44] Morton A C, Hallsworth C. Stability of detrital heavy minerals during burial diagenesis[J]. Developments in Sedimentology, 2007, 58: 215-245.
    [45] Garzanti E, Ando S. Heavy mineral concentration in modern sands: Implications for provenance interpretation[J]. Developments in Sedimentology, 2007, 58: 517-545.
    [46] Gram R. A Florida Sabellariidae reef and its effect on sediment distribution[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 1968, 38(3): 863-868.
    [47] 刘宝珺,许效松. 中国南方岩相古地理图集[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1994:1-238.

    Liu Baojun, Xu Xiaosong. Atlas of the lithofacies and paleogeography of the South China[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1994: 1-238.
    [48] 李晋僧. 秦岭显生宙古海盆沉积和演化史[M]. 北京:地质出版社,1994:1-216.

    Li Jinseng. The sedimentary and evolutionary history of the Phanerozoic ancient marine basin in Qinling Mountains[M]. Beijing: Geological Press, 1994: 1-216.
    [49] 余宽宏,金振奎,苏奎,等. 中、上扬子地台北缘寒武纪沉积特征及油气勘探意义[J]. 中国科学(D辑):地球科学,2013,43(9):1418-1435.

    Yu Kuanhong, Jin Zhenkui, Su Kui, et al. The Cambrian sedimentary characteristics and their implications for oil and gas exploration in north margin of Middle-Upper Yangtze Plate[J]. Science China (Seri. D): Earth Sciences, 2013, 43(9): 1418-1435.
    [50] 李皎,何登发. 四川盆地及邻区寒武纪古地理与构造—沉积环境演化[J]. 古地理学报,2014,16(4):441-460.

    Li Jiao, He Dengfa. Palaeogeography and tectonic-depositional environment evolution of the Cambrian in Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2014, 16(4): 441-460.
    [51] 张英利,贾晓彤,王宗起,等. 米仓山地区早寒武世仙女洞组沉积物源新认识:沉积学、重矿物和碎屑锆石年代学的证据[J]. 地质学报,2018,92(9):1918-1935.

    Zhang Yingli, Jia Xiaotong, Wang Zongqi, et al. New insights into provenance of Early Cambrian Xiannüdong Formation in the Micangshan area: Evidence from sedimentology, heavy mineral and detrital zircon chronology[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2018, 92(9): 1918-1935.
    [52] 张英利,贾晓彤,王宗起,等. 米仓山地区早寒武世仙女洞组古地理和沉积物源分析[J]. 地质学报,2019,93(11):2904-2920.

    Zhang Yingli, Jia Xiaotong, Wang Zongqi, et al. Palaeogeography and provenance analysis of Early Cambrian Xiannüdong Formation in the Micangshan area[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2019, 93(11): 2904-2920.
    [53] 魏显贵,杜思清,何政伟,等. 米仓山地区构造演化[J]. 矿物岩石,1997,17(增刊1):107-113.

    Wei Xiangui, Du Siqing, He Zhengwei, et al. The tectonic evolution of Micangshan area[J]. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 1997, 17(Suppl.1): 107-113.
    [54] 刘登忠,魏显贵,杜思清,等. 米仓山西段地质研究新进展[J]. 矿物岩石,1997,17(增刊1):4-11.

    Liu Dengzhong, Wei Xiangui, Du Siqing, et al. Advance of geologic study in western of Micangshan area[J]. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 1997, 17(Suppl.1): 4-11.
    [55] 刘树根,孙玮,罗志立,等. 兴凯地裂运动与四川盆地下组合油气勘探[J]. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2013,40(5):511-520.

    Liu Shugen, Sun Wei, Luo Zhili, et al. Xingkai taphrogenesis and petroleum exploration from Upper Sinian to Cambrian Strata in Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition), 2013, 40(5): 511-520.
    [56] 谷志东,殷积峰,姜华,等. 四川盆地宣汉—开江古隆起的发现及意义[J]. 石油勘探与开发,2016,43(6):893-904.

    Gu Zhidong, Yin Jifeng, Jiang Hua, et al. Discovery of Xuanhan-Kaijiang Paleouplift and its significance in the Sichuan Basin, SW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2016, 43(6): 893-904.
    [57] 李智武,冉波,肖斌,等. 四川盆地北缘震旦纪—早寒武世隆—坳格局及其油气勘探意义[J]. 地学前缘,2019,26(1):59-85.

    Li Zhiwu, Ran Bo, Xiao Bin, et al. Sinian to Early Cambrian uplift-depression framework along the northern margin of the Sichuan Basin, central China and its implications for hydrocarbon exploration[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2019, 26(1): 59-85.
    [58] 张满郎,谢增业,李熙喆,等. 四川盆地寒武纪岩相古地理特征[J]. 沉积学报,2010,28(1):128-139.

    Zhang Manlang, Xie Zengye, Li Xizhe, et al. Characteristics of lithofacies paleogeography of Cambrian in Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2010, 28(1): 128-139.
    [59] 牟传龙,梁薇,周恳恳,等. 中上扬子地区早寒武世(纽芬兰世—第二世)岩相古地理[J]. 沉积与特提斯地质,2012,32(3):41-53.

    Mou Chuanlong, Liang Wei, Zhou Kenken, et al. Sedimentary facies and palaeogeography of the Middle-Upper Yangtze area during the Early Cambrian (Terreneuvian-Series 2)[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 2012, 32(3): 41-53.
    [60] 龚峤林,李飞,苏成鹏,等. 细粒浊积岩特征、分布及发育机制:以川北唐家河剖面寒武系郭家坝组为例[J]. 古地理学报,2018,20(3):349-364.

    Gong Qiaolin, Li Fei, Su Chengpeng, et al. Characteristics, distribution and mechanisms of fine-grained turbidite: A case study from the Cambrian Guojiaba Formation in Tangjiahe Section, northern Sichuan Basin[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2018, 20(3): 349-364.
    [61] 张廷山,兰光志,沈昭国,等. 大巴山、米仓山南缘早寒武世礁滩发育特征[J]. 天然气地球科学,2005,16(6):710-714.

    Zhang Tingshan, Lan Guangzhi, Shen Zhaoguo, et al. Early Cambrian reefs and banks development in southern margin of Daba Mt. and Micang Mt.[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2005, 16(6): 710-714.
    [62] Tang H, Kershaw S, Tan X C, et al. Sedimentology of reefal buildups of the Xiannüdong Formation (Cambrian Series 2), SW China[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2019, 8(1): 11.
    [63] 赵兵,杜思清,徐新煌. 米仓山南缘寒武纪岩石地层及层序地层[J]. 矿物岩石,1997,17(增刊1):21-31.

    Zhao Bing, Du Siqing, Xu Xinhuang. The lithostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of Cambrian in the south of Micangshan area[J]. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 1997, 17(Suppl.1): 21-31.
    [64] 冯增昭,彭勇民,金振奎,等. 中国南方寒武纪和奥陶纪岩相古地理[M]. 北京:地质出版社,2001.

    Feng Zengzhao, Peng Yongmin, Jin Zhenkui, et al. Lithofacies paleogeography of the Cambrian and Ordovician in South China[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2001.
    [65] 汪啸风,陈孝红. 中国各地质时代地层划分与对比[M]. 北京:地质出版社,2005:67-100.

    Wang Xiaofeng, Chen Xiaohong. Stratigraphic division and correlation of each geologic period in China[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2005: 67-100.
    [66] 范海经,邓虎成,伏美燕,等. 四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组沉积特征及其对构造的响应[J]. 沉积学报,http://doi.org/10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.041. doi:  10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.041

    Fan Haijing, Deng Hucheng,Fu Meiyan,et al.Sedimentary characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its response to construction[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, http://doi.org/10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.041. doi:  10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.041
    [67] 刘善品,何况,吴小斌,等. 细粒沉积物(岩)中重矿物提取方法的改进[J]. 地质科技情报,2012,31(1):131-136.

    Liu Shanpin, He Kuang, Wu Xiaobin, et al. Improving the methods of heavy minerals pretreatment and minerals separation in mudstone and siltstone[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2012, 31(1): 131-136.
    [68] Corfu F, Hanchar J M, Hoskin P W O, et al. Atlas of zircon textures[J]. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 2003, 53(1): 469-500.
    [69] Garzanti E, Resentini A, Andò S, et al. Physical controls on sand composition and relative durability of detrital minerals during ultra-long distance littoral and aeolian transport (Namibia and southern Angola)[J]. Sedimentology, 2015, 62(4): 971-996.
    [70] Vavra G, Gebauer D, Schmid R, et al. Multiple zircon growth and recrystallization during polyphase Late Carboniferous to Triassic metamorphism in granulites of the Ivrea Zone (southern Alps): An ion microprobe (SHRIMP) study[J]. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1996, 122(4): 337-358.
    [71] Turner G, Morton A C. The effects of burial diagenesis on detrital heavy mineral grain surface textures[J]. Developments in Sedimentology, 2007, 58: 393-412.
    [72] Velbel M A. Surface textures and dissolution processes of heavy minerals in the sedimentary cycle: Examples from pyroxenes and amphiboles[J]. Developments in Sedimentology, 2007, 58: 113-150.
    [73] Velbel M A, Losiak A I. Denticles on chain silicate grain surfaces and their utility as indicators of weathering conditions on Earth and Mars[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2010, 80 (9): 771-780.
    [74] Flemming B. Beach sand and its origins[M]//Jackson D W T, Short A D. Sandy Beach Morphodynamics. Elsevier, 2020: 15-37.http://doi.org/10.1016/13978-0-08-102927-5.00002-3.
    [75] Deer W A, Howie R A, Zussman J. An introduction to the rock-forming minerals[M]. London: Longman Press, 1966.
    [76] Flint A L, Flint L E. 2.2 Particle density[M]//Dane J H, Topp G C. Methods of soil analysis. Madison: Soil Science Society of America, 2002: 229-240.]
    [77] 王文之,范毅,赖强,等. 四川盆地下寒武统沧浪铺组白云岩分布新认识及其油气地质意义[J]. 天然气勘探与开发,2018,41(1):1-7.

    Wang Wenzhi, Fan Yi, Lai Qiang, et al. A new understanding of dolomite distribution in the Lower Cambrian Canglangpu Formation of Sichuan Basin: Implication for petroleum geology[J]. Natural Gas Exploration and Development, 2018, 41(1): 1-7.
    [78] 彭军,褚江天,陈友莲,等. 四川盆地高石梯—磨溪地区下寒武统沧浪铺组沉积特征[J]. 岩性油气藏,2020,32(4):12-22.

    Peng Jun, Chu Jiangtian, Chen Youlian, et al. Sedimentary characteristics of Lower Cambrian Canglangpu Formation in Gaoshiti-Moxi area, Sichuan Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2020, 32(4): 12-22.
    [79] 张晓东,翟世奎,许淑梅. 长江口外近海表层沉积物粒度的级配特性及其意义[J]. 中国海洋大学学报,2007,37(2):328-334.

    Zhang Xiaodong, Zhai Shikui, Xu Shumei. The grain size fractions distribution characteristics and their significance of the surface sediments on the adjacent sea area off the Changjiang Estuary[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2007, 37(2): 328-334.
    [80] 杨亚迪,郑建国,岳帅,等. 海滩沙在波浪作用下的垂向分异试验研究[J]. 中国海洋大学学报,2018,48(增刊1):123-130.

    Yang Yadi, Zheng Jianguo, Yue Shuai, et al. Experimental study on vertical differentiation of beach sand under wave action[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2018, 48(Suppl.1): 123-130.
    [81] Orpin A R, Brunskill G J, Zagorskis I, et al. Patterns of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate sedimentation adjacent to a large dry-tropics river on the central Great Barrier Reef shelf, Australia[J]. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2004, 51(5): 665-683.
    [82] 袁克兴,朱茂炎,张俊明,等. 陕西南郑福成剖面早寒武世古杯生物地层学:对古杯演化和地层对比的初步探讨[J]. 古生物学报,2001,40(增刊1):115-129.

    Yuan Kexing, Zhu Maoyan, Zhang Junming, et al. Biostratigraphy of archaeocyathan horizons in the Lower Cambrian Fucheng Section, South Shaanxi province: Implications for regional correlations and archaeocyathan evolution[J]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 2001, 40(Suppl.1): 115-129.
    [83] Hicks M, Rowland S M. Early Cambrian microbial reefs, archaeocyathan inter-reef communities, and associated facies of the Yangtze Platform[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2009, 281(1/2): 137-153.
    [84] 沈骋,谭秀成,周博,等. 川北旺苍唐家河剖面仙女洞组灰泥丘沉积特征及造丘环境分析[J]. 地质论评,2016,62(1):202-214.

    Shen Cheng, Tan Xiucheng, Zhou Bo, et al. Construction of mud mounds and their forming models of Xiannüdong Formation in Tangjiahe Section of Wangcang, North Sichuan[J]. Geological Review, 2016, 62(1): 202-214.
    [85] 赵建华,金之钧,林畅松,等. 上扬子地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩沉积环境[J]. 石油与天然气地质,2019,40(4):701-715.

    Zhao Jianhua, Jin Zhijun, Lin Changsong, et al. Sedimentary environment of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation shale in the Upper Yangtze region[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2019, 40(4): 701-715.
  • 加载中
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Figures(11)  / Tables(2)

Article Metrics

Article views(1046) PDF downloads(317) Cited by()

Proportional views
Related
Publishing history
  • Received:  2020-07-02
  • Revised:  2020-08-23
  • Published:  2021-06-10

Morphological Characteristics and Provenance Significance of Heavy Minerals in the Mixed Siliciclastic-carbonate Sedimentation: A case study from the Xiannüdong Formation, Cambrian (Series 2), northern Sichuan

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.073
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41872119, 41502115

Science and Technology Plan Project of Sichuan Province 20YYJC1185

Abstract: The mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks can provide clues for understanding both the carbonate sedimentation and the sources of terrigenous particles. Accordingly, these rocks have received increasingly attention in the fields of studies on sedimentary dynamics, paleogeography, paleoclimatology, and provenance analysis. It should be noted that, affected by the nature of the particles, as well as the hydrodynamic, weathering, and diagenetic conditions, the content of the terrigenous fractions in the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks is changeable and the particle size is generally small. Metastable-unstable heavy minerals may be lost during the weathering and diagenetic processes in varying degrees. Therefore, some traditional provenance analysis methods to indicate the source of original terrestrial compositions may not be applicable. In this work, systemic petrological and morphological studies were conducted on silt-sized heavy minerals in the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate systems of Lower Cambrian (Stage 3) in the Hannan-Micangshan area. The composition, morphological (grain size, elongation, and roundness), weathering and diagenetic characteristics of heavy minerals in different sedimentary environments have been preliminarily explored. The results show that the percentage of terrigenous particles in the coastal environments was much higher than those of the shelf margins, and the proportion of easily weathered heavy minerals also decreases in the rimmed shelf. On the other hand, the particle size and elongation of detrital zircon in the stable heavy minerals on the platform margin are markedly smaller than those in the coastal environment, and the roundness of zircon becomes better under the same level of elongation. In addition, this study also found that there were relatively continuous shallow-water, high-energy ooid shoals and archaeocyath-microbial mounds developed along the Hannan-Micangshan area. These evidence indicates that the Hannan Massif had being developed during the Cambrian Age 3 and could provide large amounts of terrigenous material to the northern Upper Yangtze area. The Lower Cambrian of the northern Sichuan Basin is a potential replacement for oil and gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin. It is of great value to clarify the provenance of the Canglangpuian for understanding the Early Cambrian paleogeography of the northern Upper Yangtze area of the South China Block.

LI Hong, LI Fei, GONG QiaoLin, ZENG Kai, DENG JiaTing, WANG HaoZheng, SU ChengPeng. Morphological Characteristics and Provenance Significance of Heavy Minerals in the Mixed Siliciclastic-carbonate Sedimentation: A case study from the Xiannüdong Formation, Cambrian (Series 2), northern Sichuan[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(3): 525-539. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.073
Citation: LI Hong, LI Fei, GONG QiaoLin, ZENG Kai, DENG JiaTing, WANG HaoZheng, SU ChengPeng. Morphological Characteristics and Provenance Significance of Heavy Minerals in the Mixed Siliciclastic-carbonate Sedimentation: A case study from the Xiannüdong Formation, Cambrian (Series 2), northern Sichuan[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(3): 525-539. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.073
  • 物源分析在判断沉积物来源、确定源区母岩类别,进而重建古气候特征与古地理环境、恢复源区地质构造背景和构造演化史等方面具有重要意义[1-6]。随着研究的不断深入以及测试技术的不断进步,物源分析方法已经从传统的矿物类型、粒度和组合特征,扩展到单矿物元素与同位素分析、矿物年代学、矿物拉曼光谱学等方面[7-8]。近年来,研究者们对现代河流沉积物以及“深时”碎屑岩的物源分析方法研究取得了一系列重要进展。例如,利用重矿物颗粒形貌学特征,包括延长系数、磨圆度、裂隙等颗粒表面形态的变化推断沉积物搬运和埋藏过程及物源情况[9-13];利用单矿物年代学(如U-Pb和(U-Th)/He)、元素和同位素(如Hf和O同位素等)地球化学方法分析源区性质、构造背景和演化过程[5,14-21];利用矿物化学风化程度分析古陆剥蚀过程与气候变化[22]等。长期以来,物源分析都是以碎屑岩为研究对象,对于混积岩等较为特殊情况下的物源分析仍极具挑战性,有待深入探讨。

    陆源碎屑与碳酸盐组分在层内的原地混合沉积,经成岩作用后保存下来的岩石类型称为混积岩[23-24]。混积岩不仅能反映碳酸盐沉积过程中的海水性质,提供生物与环境演化方面的线索[25],同时在指示陆源碎屑物质来源,以及化学风化程度等方面也具有潜力[25-28]。但是,根据机械分异作用原理和现代滨海混合沉积实例[29-31],陆源碎屑颗粒在碳酸盐沉积主导的环境中粒径普遍较小,以粉砂级为主。此外,滨海环境下沉积物分布多数受水动力条件影响(如波浪、风暴、潮流等),颗粒分选性较强[32-35],造成反映原始物质组成的一些物源分析方法可能不太适用,例如Dickinson三元判别图解[36-37]、全岩地球化学分析[31]、重矿物特征指数(ZTR、ATi和MTi)等[38]。不同矿物对水动力条件的响应会受其物理性质(粒度、形状和密度等)的影响,例如密度相对较小的片状云母类矿物易迁移,在斜坡和盆地环境常见,而独居石、锆石和金红石等密度较大的重矿物多在近岸环境[39-41]。此外,古代混积岩与现代混合沉积中的重矿物组合存在明显差异,表现为易溶重矿物(例如辉石、角闪石和绿帘石等)比例明显降低[42-43]。这是由于在深埋藏条件下,成岩作用会优先溶解闪石类和辉石类等不稳定重矿物(图1),因而在对古老沉积岩中的重矿物组合进行物源分析时,需要保持谨慎[44-45]

    Figure 1.  Relative stability of detrital heavy minerals in burial diagenetic conditions (after reference [44])

    单矿物分析是一种较为有效的物源分析方法。这是由于在长期风化、剥蚀和搬运过程中,锆石、电气石等稳定重矿物受输送距离、机械侵蚀、埋藏成岩作用等影响有限,经河流入海后大量卸载,虽然波浪、潮汐和洋流等会对陆源沉积物进行改造,但其分布和沉积过程仍然受到颗粒性质和水动力分选的影响,排除再旋回因素后,总体表现为从滨岸向浅海粒度变细的特点,同时台地或陆架边缘高能相带受波浪颠选影响亦会出现重矿物相对富集的现象[32,34-35,46]。因此,在缺乏充足陆源碎屑供给的情况下,从水体能量相对较高的混积岩中分选出陆源碎屑组分并对其中特定的重矿物进行岩石学和形貌学分析,可为认识当地物源情况提供线索。

    四川盆地北缘寒武纪沧浪铺期古地理格局尚不明确,其中关于川北地区浅海陆源碎屑组分的来源情况存在较大争议:一类观点认为川北米仓山地区(汉南古陆)与川西北地区(碧口地体)各存在一个古陆,为上扬子地区北部提供物源[24,47-50];另一类观点认为米仓山地区由南向北水体逐渐加深,不存在古陆,主要物源供给方向为川西北碧口地体和川西南康滇古陆[51-52]。由于米仓山地区寒武纪沧浪铺期主要为混合沉积,碎屑组分含量不稳定且多为粉砂级颗粒,因此寻找可靠的物源证据对厘清上扬子北部古地理格局具有实际意义。基于此,本文选取川北地区寒武系第二统仙女洞组发育典型的三个剖面,对同时期不同沉积环境下混积岩中的细粒碎屑组分进行系统的岩石学和重矿物形貌学工作,包括岩性、重矿物类型及组合、重矿物的形态和风化侵蚀特征等,对该地区仙女洞组的物源情况进行了初步探讨,以期为川北地区古地理格局恢复、混积岩体系下细粒碎屑组分的物源分析方法提供参考。

  • 研究区位于上扬子地区北缘米仓山一带,北临秦岭造山带,南接四川盆地,东西两侧分别为大巴山构造带和松潘—甘孜造山带[53-54]。新元古代末期至寒武纪筇竹寺期,强烈的构造隆升和裂陷运动造成四川盆地形成“隆坳相间”的沉积格局,例如绵阳—长宁拉张槽,川中水下古隆起等[55-57]。筇竹寺期,整个上扬子地区发生了寒武纪规模最大的一次海侵,沉积了一套巨厚的陆棚相泥岩和粉砂岩[57-60]。沧浪铺期,随着海水的逐渐退却,研究区逐渐转为碎屑组分—碳酸盐混合沉积体系[24,61-62]

    研究区寒武系自下而上依次出露宽川铺组(麦地坪组)、郭家坝组、仙女洞组、阎王碥组和孔明洞组,苗岭统和芙蓉统普遍缺失[50,63]图2)。本次研究主要关注仙女洞组物源情况,选取的三个野外剖面露头出露情况良好,分别为陕西勉县大河坝,四川旺苍县唐家河,以及四川南江县田垭(图3)。三个剖面的郭家坝组均由薄层钙质粉(细)砂岩或泥岩组成。大河坝剖面仙女洞组发育的混积岩以碎屑组分为主,上部可见砂质鲕粒岩和砂质古杯—凝块岩等。而唐家河和田垭剖面仙女洞组发育的混积岩则以碳酸盐组分占主导,岩性为钙质细砂岩、(含)砂质鲕粒灰岩、含砂凝块岩等。各个剖面上覆阎王碥组底部均以偏红色细粒碎屑岩发育为特征[24,60]图4)。按照最新的国内寒武系划分方案,本次研究所关注的仙女洞组属于第二统第三阶岩石地层单元(图2)。

    Figure 2.  Diagram exhibiting the lithostratigraphic units of the Lower Cambrian Strata (Series 2) in the Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas (after references [49,64⁃65])

    Figure 3.  Location and paleogeography during Cambrian Age 3 (Canglangpuian) in northern Sichuan (modified from references [24,66])

    Figure 4.  Lithological columns of the Xiannüdong Formation (Cambrian Stage 3) in the study area (modified from reference [24])

  • 样品采样位置如图3所示(TY-1、TJH-1和DHB-1)。对选取的三个剖面仙女洞组混积岩样品,笔者分别进行了薄片观察(Leica DM4P显微镜)、重砂分选以及重矿物形貌学分析。其中重砂分选按细粒单矿物分选方法,将采集的样品经过粉碎、筛选、酸洗、淘选、磁选和重液分选等步骤[67],人工挑选出纯净的锆石、磷灰石、石榴石等颗粒,然后进行样品制靶、抛光等处理,以便后期进行形貌学分析。用于单矿物识别和形貌学特征分析的电子探针(JEOL JXA-8230)实验在西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院完成;重矿物分选在廊坊岩拓地质服务有限公司完成;重矿物制靶、阴极发光及透反射照相等在北京中科矿研检测技术有限公司完成。

    挑选出来的锆石颗粒采用ImageJ软件测量其圆度值,测量出的颗粒长度和宽度用于计算晶粒的延长系数(长宽比) [11,13,68]。本次研究共挑选597颗碎屑锆石进行形貌学统计,选择了186颗具有相对完整晶型的碎屑锆石来计算其延长系数。虽然前人对碎屑锆石形貌学研究已有一定基础,但对于不同形态和磨圆度的区分标准仍存在分歧[10]。根据现代河流沉积物中的碎屑矿物磨圆分类方案[42],将磨圆度划分为四类:棱角状(0~0.4)、次圆状(0.4~0.6)、圆状(0.6~0.8)和破裂改造圆状(0.8~1.0)(图5)。其中,比较特殊的破裂改造颗粒主要呈圆状或次圆状,其中一侧因机械断裂而呈现出较锐利的边缘。将统计的矿物延长系数划分为小(<1.5)、中(1.5~2.0)、大(>2.0)三个组。需要注意的是,复杂物源背景下磨圆度良好的锆石形貌主要受控于早期的变质或者岩浆成因,反映再旋回特征;强水动力条件或长距离搬运并不会显著改造锆石磨圆程度[69]

    Figure 5.  Reference roundness scheme for detrital zircons (criterion sourced from reference [42])

  • 大河坝、唐家河和田垭剖面的样品岩性分别为砂质微生物岩(DHB-1)、含砂泥质鲕粒微生物岩(TJH-1)和砂质鲕粒灰岩(TY-1)。碳酸盐主导的混积岩颜色主要为浅青灰色,碳酸盐颗粒类型包括古杯、鲕粒,和簇状钙化蓝细菌等,颗粒之间以钙质胶结为主;碎屑物质主要以粉砂—泥级组分占主导(图6a~c)。镜下观察发现,细粒碎屑组分主要分布于碳酸盐颗粒或胶结物之间的孔隙,呈分散状,类型主要为石英、长石、岩屑和黏土矿物,粒级在粉砂—泥级,其中陆源组分含量据估计不超过15%,而重矿物含量不足1%(图6d~f)。进一步的电子探针分析显示这些重矿物粒径在10~100 μm,常见锆石、黄铁矿、磷灰石和金红石等(图6g~l)。大部分的重矿物呈棱角—次圆状,小部分重矿物常作为石英或长石包裹体产出(图6h~j)。

    Figure 6.  Photographs of detrital light and heavy minerals in the mixed siliciclastic⁃carbonate rocks of the Xiannüdong Formation (Micangshan area)

  • 样品中重矿物类型及含量详见表1,重矿物类型主要包括磷灰石、锆石、电气石、黄铁矿和褐铁矿等。田垭和唐家河剖面样品中,黄铁矿在重矿物中的占比最高(分别为50.2%、88.5%),以单体形式产出,晶型较好(图6h),亦常作为长石包裹体(图6j)。大河坝剖面样品中重矿物种类比田垭和唐家河剖面丰富,包括含量较高的金红石、白钛石、褐铁矿以及特有的石榴石,但几乎不含黄铁矿(表1)。虽然黄铁矿在研究区是一种主要的重矿物类型,但是由于其本身成因和来源复杂,本次研究暂不考虑其物源意义。

    样品编号 岩性 锆石 磷灰石 金红石 电气石 黄铁矿 锐钛矿 褐铁矿 白钛石 石榴石 其他
    TY-1 TJH-1 DHB-1 砂质鲕粒灰岩 1.53 0.30 0.70 88.41 9.06
    含砂泥质鲕粒微生物岩 0.60 16.50 0.60 50.20 32.10
    砂质微生物岩 12.40 3.85 4.20 3.82 0.50 38.10 2.20 6.52 28.40

    Table 1.  Heavy⁃mineral compositions (wt.%), Cambrian Xiannüdong Formation in three study sections, northern Sichuan

    大河坝剖面重矿物特征:锆石透明度高,90%为浅粉色,次圆状,少数为半自形柱状,偶见自形晶,晶体表面较粗糙,可见凹坑;玫瑰色占10%,次圆状为主,少量半自形柱状,晶体表面凹坑常见。阴极发光(CL)图像下,大多数锆石内部具有清晰的振荡环带且环带较窄,少数具有比较特殊的扇形分带结构(图7a),这是环境变化造成锆石在结晶时各晶面生长速率不一致而形成的[70];部分锆石有重结晶、增生边等现象,个别边部变质重结晶锆石已经切割了原岩岩浆锆石的环带;锆石大多为暗灰色至亮灰色,少数颗粒颜色明亮(图7a),初步判断大部分锆石为岩浆成因,少数为变质成因。岩浆锆石中,锆石粒径范围主要在30~150 μm,延长系数1.0~3.1。三组延长系数中,大延长组比例为21.7%,中延长组和小延长组分别为46.7%和31.7%(图8a)。磨圆度方面,破裂改造圆状颗粒占比为13.6%,完整晶型的棱角状、次圆状和圆状锆石平均比例分别为2.8%、39.5%和44.2%(图8d)。磷灰石主要呈次圆状—圆状,棱角状偶见,大部分颗粒粒径范围为50~150 μm,延长系数1.2~1.5。电气石主要为次圆状,棱角状次之,透明,晶粒大小主要为50~120 μm,少数为130~200 μm,长宽比为1.2~2.0。

    Figure 7.  Cathodoluminescence images of detrital zircon grains in three study sections

    Figure 8.  Elongation and roundness of detrital zircon grains of Xiannüdong Formation in the study area

    唐家河剖面重矿物特征:锆石透明度高,其中60%为浅粉色,圆状—次圆状为主,表面较粗糙,可见凹坑。玫瑰色锆石约占40%左右,多数为次圆—半自形柱状。CL图像显示,大多数锆石内部具振荡环带,颜色以暗到稍亮为主。少数锆石内部呈均匀的灰色或亮灰色的弱分带情况,边缘含增生边或重结晶特征(图7b),初步推测大部分为岩浆成因,少数为变质成因。锆石粒径主要在50~140 μm,延长系数为1.1~3.3,其中约有40.6%的碎屑锆石颗粒在中显示为1.5~2.0的延长系数(图8b)。唐家河样品中锆石的圆状颗粒约占一半,次圆状约25.9%,破裂改造圆状占21.3%,棱角状颗粒只有3.0%(图8e)。磷灰石以次圆状为主,棱角状偶见,其颗粒大小主要在40~100 μm,少数为110~250 μm。

    田垭剖面重矿物特征:锆石透明,其中浅粉色约占锆石总量的65%左右,主要为圆状—次圆状,少量为半自形柱状,晶体表面可见凹坑;玫瑰色锆石约占35%左右,次圆状为主,晶体表面粗糙,凹坑较多。锆石的阴极发光图像灰度特征为灰色—灰白,与大河坝和唐家河剖面类似,也存在指示岩浆成因的振荡环带结构(图7c)。锆石粒径范围为30~100 μm,延长系数(长宽比)为1.0~2.6。碎屑锆石的小延长组最多,约占45.2%(图8c),其次为中延长组(1.5~2.0)和大延长组(>2.0),分别占38.7%和16.1%。田垭样品中锆石的磨圆情况比唐家河剖面更好,次圆状、圆状和破裂改造圆状晶体的平均比例分别为30.8%、42.7%、24.9%,棱角状仅占1.62%(图8f)。磷灰石粒径主要为30~100 μm,次圆状为主,棱角状偶见。

  • 受风化、搬运、沉积和成岩等过程的影响,重矿物表面形貌特征不断受到改造,其中越不稳定重矿物的溶解改造速率越快,最后甚至会出现随着埋藏深度的增加而逐渐消失的现象[44,71]。Andò et al.[42]将重矿物的风化程度分为未风化(Unweathered)、侵蚀(Corroded)、蚀刻(Etched)、深蚀(Deeply Etched)、骨架(Skeletal)五个阶段。矿物侵蚀形貌的变化主要由晶体结构和保存特征决定,大多数常见的重矿物可以识别出连续的风化阶段和侵蚀程度,例如角闪石、阳起石和普通辉石[72-73]。也有一些重矿物表面结构的差异不易识别,只能区分渐进的侵蚀程度。各向同性的石榴石没有明显的优先结晶方向,因而很少呈棱柱状,难以识别出连续的风化过程[42]。此外,锆石、电气石和金红石这类稳定的重矿物,很少出现侵蚀特征[42]

    根据Andò et al.[42]提出的矿物表面结构可视化分类方案,以重矿物类型较多的大河坝剖面为例,相对易风化的石榴石在搬运沉积过程中,容易改变自身的形貌结构,多呈不规则状。近80%的石榴石颗粒表现为高度侵蚀阶段,透、反射图中可见清晰的凹角和蚀刻痕迹;少量石榴石显示出轻度侵蚀的表面结构,未见有明显骨架特征的颗粒,整体反映出石榴石受到较强烈化学风化或成岩蚀变作用的改造(图9a,b)。大河坝剖面的磷灰石粒径主要在50~150 μm,多数磨圆较好,表面有撞击痕迹和小的凹坑,少数较为平整光滑,偶见棱角状颗粒。磷灰石多表现为轻微的侵蚀(约90%),颗粒边缘侵蚀现象明显;少数未风化(约5%),也未见高级侵蚀或带骨架特征的颗粒(图9c,d)。电气石中棱角状—次圆状颗粒比圆状颗粒多,在透、反射图片中很少见深度蚀刻坑。电气石侵蚀特征以未风化—初期侵蚀阶段为主,颗粒表面较为光滑,凹坑小、撞击特征较磷灰石少;个别棱角状颗粒的表面具凹坑,边缘有机械断裂痕迹(图9e,f)。

    Figure 9.  Corrosion features of detrital garnet, apatite, and tourmaline minerals at Daheba section

  • 陆源碎屑组分中重矿物的组成受源区性质、沉积过程以及成岩作用等多方面因素的共同影响[45],而水动力条件是影响滨海环境颗粒分选的重要因素之一。受水动力条件的影响,重矿物粒度、形状和密度的差别,会显著影响其沉积环境。在沉积物的搬运过程中,矿物的密度差别越大,分选效果越好[74]表2);化学风化和埋藏成岩时间越久,不稳定—亚稳定重矿物表面结构受侵蚀越严重,并且重矿物的多样性会随埋藏深度的增加而减少,很多不稳定重矿物会在埋藏成岩过程中消失[44,71](图1)。锆石、电气石、磷灰石、石榴石以及铁质矿物(褐铁矿、钛铁矿等)的化学性质稳定,抗磨蚀、成岩改造能力强;不稳定的闪石类、辉石类和片状云母类矿物,受风化蚀变和成岩作用的影响较大[44]。研究区混积滨岸—台缘背景下的重矿物组合以稳定—极稳定的锆石、磷灰石、电气石和金红石等为主,大部分石榴石显示出较强的风化侵蚀结构,磷灰石和电气石的侵蚀相对较弱,未见不稳定的闪石类、帘石类以及片状矿物,且重矿物种类明显偏少。这指示了后期成岩作用对不稳定重矿物的改造较为强烈。

    黏土类(1.8~3.1) 轻矿物(δ ≤2.9) 重矿物(δ >2.9)
    蒙脱石 2.5 石英 2.65 黑云母 3.0 电气石 3.1 角闪石 3.2 磷灰石 3.2
    高岭石 2.65 长石 2.5-2.8 绿帘石 3.4 石榴石 3.5-4.2 锐钛矿 3.9 褐铁矿 3.9
    伊利石 2.8 方解石 2.7 金红石 4.2 锆石 4.3 黄铁矿 5.0 独居石 5.2

    Table 2.  Densities of different minerals in siliciclastic components (modified from references[74⁃76])

    由于河流入海口离陆地更近,碎屑物质向盆内输送时受水动力分选和矿物密度差的影响,使得细粒物质和轻矿物更易被搬运带走,而相对较粗的颗粒和重矿物多沉积在近岸区域。因此,在滨岸环境中,近源重矿物的输送使得所含重矿物种类多,颗粒粒径也相对较大;而混积台地边缘离陆地较远,缺乏陆源碎屑物质的及时供应,因而重矿物粒径与滨岸环境相比要偏小。

  • 寒武纪初期四川盆地古地理格局具有“隆坳相间”的特点,其中康滇古陆与川中水下高地之间为绵阳—长宁裂陷槽,川中高地与川北米仓山地区之间亦为坳陷的陆棚环境[57]图3)。目前国内对上扬子地区沧浪铺期古地理展布的研究还不够深入,特别是对其北部米仓山地区的研究还相对匮乏。一般认为,米仓山地区继承了灯影组沉积期隆起的水下高地特征,沧浪铺早期海退之后汉南—米仓山地区古陆开始出露,古地理格局整体为北高南低,沉积相类型由北至南依次发育三角洲—混积滨岸、混积台地(陆架)和斜坡,与川中水下高地之间为水体较深的陆棚环境[77-78]图3)。而张英利等[5152]最新研究认为米仓山地区由南向北水体逐渐加深,在汉南—米仓山地区形成深水斜坡,认为沧浪铺期汉南古陆不发育,并提出当地主要物源供给方向为川西北碧口地体和川西南康滇古陆。

    研究区重矿物形貌学特征支持沧浪铺期汉南古陆已经开始发育的认识。作为性质非常稳定的重矿物,锆石颗粒受成岩改造和沉积搬运过程中磨蚀作用的影响非常小[11]。虽然三个剖面的锆石颗粒延长系数均主要在1.0~3.0,但是大河坝剖面的锆石粒径最大且延长系数在1.5~2.0区间的比例最高。与唐家河剖面相比,田垭剖面的碎屑锆石粒径和中—大延长组的比例最小,但两个剖面的锆石粒径均小于大河坝剖面,延长系数也主要为小延长组(<1.5)(图8a~c、图10)。不同锆石延长组内,大河坝、唐家河、田垭三个剖面的锆石粒径整体均呈逐渐减小的趋势(图11)。这表明台内—滨岸沉积环境下的颗粒粒径差异主要受水动力条件影响[79-80],与现代混合沉积发育的澳大利亚大堡礁地区具有可对比性[81]。同时,北部大河坝剖面混积岩中所含重矿物种类多、磨圆度整体较差(表1、图810),暗示了勉县大河坝当时更靠近古陆。

    Figure 10.  Crossplot of length vs. width for detrital zircons in the study area

    Figure 11.  Cathodoluminescence characteristics of zircons with different elongation in the study area

    通过对研究区仙女洞组的岩性调查发现,在混积台地上呈环带状发育鲕粒滩和微生物礁(丘)建造[24,61-62,82-84]。如果物源来自西部碧口地体,那么川北沧浪铺期浅水混积台地应该主要围绕碧口地体,而不是沿汉南—米仓山地区。其次,从重矿物种类、锆石粒径和磨圆度等特征来看,在地理位置上更靠近碧口地体的唐家河剖面未显示出近源沉积的特点。由于碧口地体和汉南—米仓山地区之间存在一个深水陆棚,西面碧口地体的物源可能主要填充该凹陷槽,难以向川北其他地区供给[65,78,85]图3)。此外,由于康滇古陆来源的碎屑物质在沧浪铺期主要填充临近的绵阳—长宁拉张槽,且川中水下高地存在明显遮挡[78],从四川盆地西南部向北部米仓山地区远距离输送物源较难实现。

    因此,本次研究认为米仓山地区仙女洞组混积岩中陆源碎屑物质主要来自于东北部古陆,这进一步确认了沧浪铺期汉南古陆的存在,表明重矿物的形貌学特征在滨海环境物源分析中具有一定参考价值。

  • 以碳酸盐为主的混积体系下,陆源碎屑组分含量低,成岩过程中不稳定重矿物的溶解又丢失了部分有价值的物源信息,给“源—汇”分析工作带来了一定难度。本次研究对川北米仓山地区寒武系仙女洞组三个剖面的混积岩物源情况进行了探索。从重矿物组合、化学风化侵蚀程度、延长系数等方面的特征来看,研究区碎屑物质主要来源于邻近汉南古陆。同时,沿米仓山周缘浅水高能(含砂)砂质鲕粒滩和(含砂)砂质古杯—凝块石丘(礁)的发育也暗示了陆源碎屑近源供给的特点。此外,通过本次研究我们认为混积体系下滨岸至台地环境的细粒重矿物形貌学特征在“深时”物源判别上具有一定价值,更系统的工作有待下一步深入探讨。

Reference (85)

Catalog

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return