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TAO JinYu, ZHANG ChangMin, GUO XuGuang, ZHU Rui, PAN Jin, TANG Yong. Application of Quantitative Roundness Characterization to Identify Sedimentary Microfacies in Fan Delta Deposits: A case study of conglomerates in the Baikouquan Formation, Mahu Sag[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2020, 38(5): 956-965. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.111
Citation: TAO JinYu, ZHANG ChangMin, GUO XuGuang, ZHU Rui, PAN Jin, TANG Yong. Application of Quantitative Roundness Characterization to Identify Sedimentary Microfacies in Fan Delta Deposits: A case study of conglomerates in the Baikouquan Formation, Mahu Sag[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2020, 38(5): 956-965. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.111

Application of Quantitative Roundness Characterization to Identify Sedimentary Microfacies in Fan Delta Deposits: A case study of conglomerates in the Baikouquan Formation, Mahu Sag

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.111
Funds:

National Science and Technology Major Project 2017ZX05036⁃002⁃003, 2016ZX05027⁃002⁃007

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41772094

  • Received Date: 2019-07-18
  • Rev Recd Date: 2020-01-16
  • Publish Date: 2020-10-28
  • The roundness of gravel particles is of great significance to the sedimentary facies of clastic particles. Through examining the underground drilling cores of the Lower Triassic Baikouquan Formation in Mahu Sag, using the de⁃flat roundness measurement, the quantitative relationship between gravel roundness and sedimentary microfacies in the fan delta deposition was obtained. In Huangyangquan fan, the distribution characteristics of roundness and their corresponding variance were analyzed, and the rationality of quantitative roundness characterization was discussed. The results show that the roundness of the gravel deposition in the fan delta is generally poor, mostly sub⁃angular & rounded and sub⁃angular. Gravel roundness by traction flow deposits is generally better than that by gravity flow deposits. Moreover, the roundness variance by traction flow is significantly lower than that by gravity flow deposits, indicating that the roundness distribution in the channel deposits is more concentrated. In Huangyangquan fan, the roundness is mainly angular to sub⁃angular. According to the trend of roundness and variance of conglomerate gravel particles in Huangyangquan, roundness can be an indicator of sedimentary facies. From the above, the quantitative characterization of gravel roundness could be a new quantitative sedimentology method for the analysis of coarse⁃grained clastic sedimentary facies.
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  • Received:  2019-07-18
  • Revised:  2020-01-16
  • Published:  2020-10-28

Application of Quantitative Roundness Characterization to Identify Sedimentary Microfacies in Fan Delta Deposits: A case study of conglomerates in the Baikouquan Formation, Mahu Sag

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.111
Funds:

National Science and Technology Major Project 2017ZX05036⁃002⁃003, 2016ZX05027⁃002⁃007

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41772094

Abstract: The roundness of gravel particles is of great significance to the sedimentary facies of clastic particles. Through examining the underground drilling cores of the Lower Triassic Baikouquan Formation in Mahu Sag, using the de⁃flat roundness measurement, the quantitative relationship between gravel roundness and sedimentary microfacies in the fan delta deposition was obtained. In Huangyangquan fan, the distribution characteristics of roundness and their corresponding variance were analyzed, and the rationality of quantitative roundness characterization was discussed. The results show that the roundness of the gravel deposition in the fan delta is generally poor, mostly sub⁃angular & rounded and sub⁃angular. Gravel roundness by traction flow deposits is generally better than that by gravity flow deposits. Moreover, the roundness variance by traction flow is significantly lower than that by gravity flow deposits, indicating that the roundness distribution in the channel deposits is more concentrated. In Huangyangquan fan, the roundness is mainly angular to sub⁃angular. According to the trend of roundness and variance of conglomerate gravel particles in Huangyangquan, roundness can be an indicator of sedimentary facies. From the above, the quantitative characterization of gravel roundness could be a new quantitative sedimentology method for the analysis of coarse⁃grained clastic sedimentary facies.

TAO JinYu, ZHANG ChangMin, GUO XuGuang, ZHU Rui, PAN Jin, TANG Yong. Application of Quantitative Roundness Characterization to Identify Sedimentary Microfacies in Fan Delta Deposits: A case study of conglomerates in the Baikouquan Formation, Mahu Sag[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2020, 38(5): 956-965. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.111
Citation: TAO JinYu, ZHANG ChangMin, GUO XuGuang, ZHU Rui, PAN Jin, TANG Yong. Application of Quantitative Roundness Characterization to Identify Sedimentary Microfacies in Fan Delta Deposits: A case study of conglomerates in the Baikouquan Formation, Mahu Sag[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2020, 38(5): 956-965. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.111
  • 砾石的磨圆度(Roundness)是指砾石颗粒的原始棱角被磨圆的程度[12],属于颗粒的形貌参数。砾石(Gravel)是指粒径大于2 mm的碎屑颗粒,含有大量砾石级颗粒的粗碎屑岩称为砾岩(Conglomerate)。砾岩的特点是颗粒的粒度很大,骨架颗粒的形态和结构特征易于通过肉眼观察。砾岩中的砾石磨圆度对砾岩沉积的研究具有重要意义,记录着碎屑颗粒的磨蚀和再次搬运的过程。

    玛湖凹陷是准噶尔盆地重要的生烃凹陷之一,发育有砾岩油气藏,截至2017年,已发现的油气储量达到十亿吨级[35]。多口井在三叠系百口泉组获得高产工业油流,成为当前勘探开发的研究热点层位[4]。百口泉组发育一套砾岩和含砾砂泥岩为主的砂砾岩沉积,不少学者对这套砂砾岩沉积体系进行了研究,但是对其沉积相带划分仍然存在一些争议[67]。主要的争议点在于不同岩石相的水流是牵引流还是重力流,沉积相是泥石流沉积还是河道沉积,因此需要利用新的手段进行沉积相解释。砾石的磨圆度与沉积水动力条件、沉积物搬运距离等有重要关系,对碎屑颗粒的沉积环境具有指示意义[89]。在更加精细的沉积微相的尺度上,磨圆度也能体现出明显的差异性[8]

    本文运用一种新的磨圆度定量测量方法,基于砾石磨圆度对扇三角洲沉积中牵引流和重力流的指示关系[8],定量分析黄羊泉扇的磨圆度及其分布特征,有效判别黄羊泉扇扇三角洲沉积的微相类型,为粗粒沉积物沉积相定量识别提供一种新的参考思路和办法。

  • 玛湖凹陷位于准噶尔盆地西北缘(图1),北靠乌夏断裂带,西临克百断裂带,南部为中拐凸起和达巴松凸起,东部为夏盐凸起,北东为英西凹陷[1012]。构造背景具有南东倾的平缓单斜特征,局部发育低幅度的背斜或鼻状构造[1314]

    Figure 1.  Location of Huangyangquan Fan in Mahu Sag

    玛湖凹陷以石炭系火山岩为基底[15],自下而上发育有二叠系佳木河组、风城组、夏子街组、乌尔禾组,三叠系百口泉组、克拉玛依组、白碱滩组,侏罗系及白垩系地层[13],各层系之间均为区域性不整合。本文的目标层位是三叠系百口泉组(T1 b),主要发育砾岩,砾石的粒径多大于4 mm。百口泉组地层平均厚度约130 m,整体上为一套湖进退积的沉积过程,表现为正旋回的沉积结构[1617]

    前人的研究认为,玛湖凹陷百口泉组具有“小盆多物源”的物源特征[18],在环玛湖凹陷中存在六个分支物源[19](如图1中的箭头),形成了六大扇状沉积体系,分别是夏子街扇体、黄羊泉扇体、夏盐扇体、玛东扇体、克拉玛依扇体和中拐扇体。本文的研究区是环玛湖凹陷西斜坡的黄羊泉扇,物源方向由西向东南,地形坡度较陡,古扇体规模超过两万公里。沉积物主要为中砾和粗砾,发育巨砾,泥质含量高,岩芯呈红褐色、灰色、杂色等氧化色。主要的沉积营力为泥石流和辫状河,存在风成作用。黄羊泉扇发育的沉积相类型有冲积扇和扇三角洲,主要的沉积微相如泥石流,碎屑流,辫状河道,河道间沉积,水下分流河道沉积和支流间湾。

  • 针对百口泉组钻井岩芯中的砾石颗粒,首先利用Canon EOS 7D相机采集岩芯图像,对砾石颗粒的轮廓进行边缘提取,再利用去扁化圆度计算软件进行磨圆度数据采集,然后根据磨圆度的定性定量分级区间进行统计分析。

    在岩芯描述的过程中,砾石磨圆度的定量测量以砾岩岩石相作为测量单元。因为岩石相是具有相同沉积构造和岩性的基本成因单元,反映了特定的沉积水动力条件,有利于从粗碎屑沉积动力机制的角度分析磨圆度的变化特征。

  • 砾岩砾石磨圆度测量具有一定特殊性。与疏松砾石不同,岩芯观察描述只能看到岩芯柱体的侧面,即只能观察到砾石的剖面。因此,针对岩芯侧壁的砾石颗粒图像,可以利用一些专业图像处理软件如Image Pro Plus6.0、ImageJ、SAGA等,根据颗粒轮廓界线的色彩边界差异,实现颗粒的自动提取[2022]。但是当岩芯侧壁表面污浊、擦痕明显、杂基含量高或者颗粒与杂基的色差很小时,会导致颗粒轮廓的界线模糊,难以自动提取颗粒轮廓。这时,则需要利用CorelDraw、Photoshop等绘图软件进行辅助圈取。

    本文采用Adobe Photoshop CC2018软件,对砾石颗粒的轮廓进行提取。利用软件中的“磁性套索”工具,对岩石相粒级范围内的砾石轮廓进行提取。最终,将提取图像导出成bmp格式,便于导入下一步的磨圆度计算软件中。提取结果如图2

    Figure 2.  Extraction results of gravel images in drilling cores with good and poor roundness

  • 去扁化圆度方法(De⁃flat roundness method)首次在文献[23]中提出。去扁化方法仅需颗粒的面积和周长两个参数,即可实现磨圆度的计算,是一种简单便捷的磨圆度计算方法[23]。本文首次运用该方法开展磨圆度定量分析的研究。下面简要介绍去扁化圆度计算方法的基本原理和运行思路。

    去扁化圆度方法实际上是一种基于百分圆度法改进的磨圆度计算方法。百分圆度(Percentage⁃roundness system)的概念最先由Cox在1927提出[24],他认为“Roundness”是指待测颗粒的面积占其同直径的正圆面积的比值。颗粒图形的面积与其周长的平方之比为一个常数值。当待测图形为正圆时,其面积(Ar 2)与周长平方(P  2=4π2 r 2)之比为1/4π,显然,该常数值的大小取决于待测图形的形状。Cox[24]在等式两边同时乘以1/4π,那么当常数为1时表示正圆的磨圆度,R<1时表示其他形状颗粒的磨圆度。经过推导,其计算公式(1) [2324]为:

    R p = 4 π A P 2 (1)

    式中:A表示颗粒面积(Area),P表示颗粒周长(Perimeter),Rp 表示百分圆度(Percentage roundness)。Rp 的范围0~1,越接近1表示颗粒圆度越好。

    然而,利用百分圆度公式求得的磨圆度值具有局限性。百分圆度实质上是颗粒偏离正圆的程度,即“圆度”(Circularity)。圆度与磨圆度所表达的涵义不同,圆度与颗粒形状有关,通常用滚球状、椭球状、扁球状来形容;但是磨圆度是指颗粒边角的圆滑程度,比如尖棱角、次圆状,与颗粒的形状无关[1]。因此,Cox利用百分圆度来衡量磨圆度是有前提条件的,只有在颗粒形状相似的情况下,百分圆度值才能代表颗粒的磨圆度。

    去扁化圆度方法可以有效地改进百分圆度公式对磨圆度的影响。去扁化的基本原理如图3,通过计算待测颗粒轮廓的最小外接矩形,对矩形的四参数进行校正,使矩形图形变换为正方形,最后计算变形后颗粒的百分圆度值。其实质是将颗粒进行变形矫正,使所有颗粒的形状都标准化。

    Figure 3.  Basic concept of De⁃flat roundness (modified from Reference [23])

    去扁化圆度的计算过程依托于“去扁化圆度计算软件v1.0”。去扁化算法的流程及基本思路如下:

    (1) 将颗粒的灰度图像变换为二值图像,提取二值砾石图像的砾石轮廓。利用灰度平均值法,将整幅图像的灰度平均值作为二值化的阈值,其计算公式(2)为:

    T h r e s h o l d = g = 0 255 g × h ( g ) g = 0 255 h ( g ) (2)

    式中:h(g)是颗粒灰度图像的灰度值g的统计直方图,Threshold是灰度图像的二值化阈值。

    (2) 利用Graham算法计算颗粒轮廓的凸包。按照二值点的顺序,将新节点依次插入到新边。如果新边和上一条边成左转关系,则压栈继续插入新点;反之右转,则弹出栈,直到和栈顶两点的边成左转关系。

    (3) 利用旋转卡壳法,计算砾石轮廓凸包的最小外接矩形(Minboundrect)。

    (4) 将最小外接矩形的对角点映射到标准坐标系中。以最小外接矩形的对角点作为参考点,利用四参数矫正法,计算最小外接矩形在标准坐标系中的转换参数(包括旋转参数、缩放参数和平移参数),并以该转换参数将砾石轮廓的所有节点转到标准坐标系中。

    (5) 将颗粒的最小外接矩形拉伸至正方形,最终得到目标图形。图形被拉伸之后,每个节点相对整个轮廓的位置不会发生变化,由此即可计算出变形后颗粒的边界点。以Y轴为短边、X轴为长边为例,计算修正后的点坐标,推导公式(3)如下:

    y - y 0 y t - y 0 = y ' - y 0 y T - y 0 (3)

    得到目标图形新的坐标(公式4)

    x ' = x y ' = ( y T - y 0 ) y - y 0 y t - y 0 + y 0 (4)

    去扁化算法运行得到的磨圆度值记作Rd(De⁃flat roundness)。由于待测颗粒图形的形状发生了不同程度的拉伸,该算法的计算结果整体上会比待测颗粒原先的百分圆度值要大。通过大量的图像测试表明,Rd值的范围基本落在0.7~1之间。为了符合传统磨圆度的赋值范围(0~1之间),本文对Rd值进行数值标准化,标准化后的值记作Rd n(De⁃flat roundness normolization)。Rd n值越大,表示颗粒的磨圆度越好。

  • 利用上述去扁化圆度方法,即可测得单个砾石颗粒的磨圆度值。在岩芯尺度上,为了分析磨圆度在垂向上和平面上的变化规律,本文将砾岩的岩石相作为砾石磨圆度的测量单元,岩石相磨圆度值采用该岩石相内所有测量砾石颗粒的磨圆度平均值。

    在岩芯描述的过程中,百口泉组砾岩的磨圆度被定性地分为五级,分别是棱角状、次棱角状、次棱—次圆状、次圆状和圆状。

    为了进行磨圆度定量分析,本文对每个磨圆度的级别赋予数值区间。利用目估法识别各个磨圆度级别的岩石相,各级别采集100颗砾石颗粒作为测试图像,共计500颗。对测试图像运行去扁化圆度算法。收集500个颗粒的去扁化圆度数据,在分位数为20%、40%、60%、80%时,作为玛湖凹陷百口泉组砾岩砾石磨圆度的门限值(Class limits)(图4),分别代表五种定性磨圆度级别的定量标准区间。

    Figure 4.  Roundness quantitative criteria with the corresponding typical cores in T1 b, Mahu Sag

    在砾岩岩石相中,通常分布着磨圆度级别不同的砾石颗粒。为此本文引入一个新的参数——磨圆度方差(V ar),表示岩石相中砾石磨圆度的离散程度。方差越小,表示岩石相中砾石的磨圆度越集中;反之方差越大,砾石的磨圆度越分散。

  • 在玛湖凹陷西斜坡三叠系百口泉组扇三角洲沉积体系中,以砾岩为主的沉积微相有泥石流沉积、辫状河道沉积、水下分流河道沉积和碎屑流沉积四种,其中前两种沉积微相属于扇三角洲平原亚相,后两种沉积微相属于扇三角洲前缘亚相。按照沉积水动力条件,泥石流和碎屑流属于重力流沉积,辫状河道和水下分流河道属于牵引流沉积。

    本文针对55口探井的百口泉组取芯段砾岩,统计了18个泥石流沉积、143个辫状河道、112个水下河道沉积和22个碎屑流沉积微相的岩石相磨圆度特征,共计岩石相样品295个,提取砾石颗粒10 663颗。

    统计表明,在玛湖凹陷百口泉组扇三角洲沉积中,牵引流沉积的砾石磨圆度普遍好于重力流沉积的砾石磨圆度。重力流沉积中,泥石流和碎屑流的磨圆度中位数分别为0.230和0.390,推测泥石流距离物源更近,砾石磨圆程度更低。在牵引流沉积中,辫状河道的砾石磨圆程度差于水下分流河道沉积的砾石磨圆度,两者磨圆度中位数分别为0.501和0.551。

    通过对比砾石磨圆度的方差值发现,重力流沉积中砾石颗粒磨圆度方差值普遍比牵引流沉积大(表1),前者的方差值大多大于0.03。进一步地,泥石流沉积的磨圆度方差值大于碎屑流沉积,两者分别为0.092和0.033,表明重力流沉积的砾石磨圆度分布分散,好坏均有发育;辫状河道沉积的磨圆度方差小于水下分流河道沉积方差,两者方差的平均值分别为0.013和0.028,说明辫状河道中砾石磨圆度的分布更加集中。因此,磨圆度方差值可以作为判断沉积微相流体性质是重力流还是牵引流的参数。

    沉积相类型 重力流沉积 牵引流沉积
    泥石流 碎屑流 辫状河道 水下分流河道
    磨圆度 Rd n值范围 (分位数25%~75%) 0.183~0.690 0.080~0.637 0.387~0.687 0.323~0.690
    Rd n中位数 0.230 0.390 0.501 0.551
    磨圆度方差 V ar值范围 (分位数25%~75%) 0.005~0.092 0.009~0.052 0.009~0.024 0.007~0.040
    V ar均值 0.039 0.033 0.013 0.028

    Table 1.  Roundness data of different sedimentary microfacies in T1 b, Mahu Sag

  • 依照上述磨圆度与牵引流和重力流沉积的定性、定量指示关系,以玛湖凹陷黄羊泉扇百口泉组为例,解析利用磨圆度定量表征判别沉积微相的过程。通过黄羊泉扇区22口取芯井的岩芯观察与精细描述,对其进行精细的磨圆度定量表征,累积提取砾石颗粒1 903颗。据统计,黄羊泉扇区的砾石颗粒以棱角状为主,占33.52%,其次为次棱角状,占29.61%(图5),可见该扇体中砾石磨圆度普遍较差。

    Figure 5.  Proportion of roundness in T1 b, Huangyangquan Section

    黄羊泉扇百口泉组砾石磨圆度在剖面上的分布特征如图6,扇三角洲亚相边界参考于兴河等[10]。图中,剖面的纵坐标为磨圆度值,剖面中数据点从下到上各自代表的是分位数25%、50%和75%的磨圆度值,中间的圆点代表该样品磨圆度中位数。

    Figure 6.  Distribution of gravel roundness in T1 b, Huangyangquan Section

    在黄羊泉扇中,剖面H1—H1'代表黄羊泉扇顺物源方向(从艾湖11井到玛604井表示顺物源方向,如图6)。通过砾石颗粒磨圆度及其方差在剖面上的变化趋势,可识别出两个磨圆度变好、方差变小的旋回。第一个旋回:从艾湖11井(Rd n值0.27,V ar值0.068)到艾湖13井(Rd n值0.33,V ar值0.027)磨圆度变好、磨圆度方差变小,推测为扇三角洲平原的重力流沉积,入湖后沉积体向前延伸,体现出牵引流的特征。第二个旋回:从艾湖2井(Rd n值0.16,V ar值0.073)到玛606井(Rd n值0.22,V ar值0.036)到玛604井(Rd n值0.34,Var值0.019),沉积物的砾石磨圆度变好、磨圆度方差变小。由上述可以推测从艾湖13到艾湖2井之间发生了水下的碎屑流事件,导致艾湖2井磨圆度突然变差;再向前延伸汇入水下分流河道中,又表现出圆度变好、圆度分选也变好的趋势。

    剖面H2—H2'代表黄羊泉扇垂直物源方向(图6)。该剖面中各井砾石磨圆度中等偏差,玛101井表现出最好的磨圆度,Rd n值0.43,推测沉积砾石来自于水下分流河道前端的沉积产物。

  • 不同的沉积环境与沉积岩中发育的砾石磨圆度有所差异,例如滨岸砾石、河道砾石、冰川砾石和山麓塌积砾石等的磨圆度明显不同。滨岸沉积的砾石受到波浪的反复淘洗和冲刷,颗粒的磨圆度非常好,多呈圆状、次圆状[2527];冰碛物未经冰川融水的改造,颗粒形态多呈棱角状、次棱角状,反映了母岩本身的性质[2831];河流沉积中的碎屑颗粒经历持续的牵引流搬运作用,颗粒所遭受的冲刷磨蚀程度不同,导致河道上游和下游的碎屑颗粒可能表现出不同的磨圆特征[3234]。可见砾石的磨圆度对其沉积相带具有一定的指示意义。

    当碎屑物质受同一物源和同一水动力系统控制时,对于在成因上有内在联系的沉积环境及沉积岩,砾石磨圆度也可以表现出不同的特征。在扇三角洲沉积体系中,泥石流沉积发育在扇三角洲平原地区,距离物源区较近,沉积物缺乏长距离的磨损就在山口或斜坡发生崩塌破碎,破碎后的角砾在泥石流环境中沉积下来时遭受磨损的程度较小,磨圆度差;水下分流河道发育在扇三角洲前缘地区,径流搬运能力强,沉积物颗粒在河道中可以持续发生磨蚀,发生沉积时的磨圆程度较高。因此,砾石颗粒的搬运沉积过程和沉积环境对磨圆度具有重要的影响,通过砾石磨圆度来判别沉积相带是可行的。

    在三叠系百口泉组沉积时期,玛湖凹陷处于干燥炎热的古气候环境[35],水体较浅,物源充沛。辫状河道构成了近源冲积扇和扇三角洲平原沉积的主体。辫状河道的持续时间长,流量大,水动力强,沉积物的搬运能力强[36],导致砾石接受冲刷和搬运的频率高,磨圆度表现出较好的特征。扇三角洲前缘的水下河道沉积是扇三角洲平原的辫状河道的延伸。前人的研究认为搬运距离短的砾石磨圆度差,随着远离物源的方向磨圆度变好[3738]。通过上述统计分析,两种河道沉积中的砾石磨圆度分布特征非常相似,并且水下河道的砾石磨圆度好于辫状河道的砾石磨圆度。

    在重力流沉积砾岩中,各种磨圆度类型的砾石均有发育,体现在磨圆度定量分析上的特征即为磨圆度方差大。砾石在牵引流中接受持续的冲刷和磨蚀作用,但是由于重力流为事件性沉积,使得砾石容易发生破碎,或者混入了新组分[3940]。泥石流在山口发生崩塌破碎之后沉积下来,搬运距离较短,破碎后的角砾在沉积时受磨损不充分,依然保留着原始棱角[41]。此外,重力流中也有一些碎屑颗粒表现出较好的磨圆度,这是由于泥砂砾混杂搬运堆积,分选极差,各种粒级的颗粒均有发育,大砾石作为流体的骨架带动周围的小砾石和粗砂一起搬运[42],而有的小粒级砾石受到大砾石的遮挡,搬运时没有发生破碎,所以在发生沉积时显示出较好的磨圆。碎屑流是沉积物在扇三角洲前缘的斜坡带上再次发生机械分异后的产物,沉积物入湖之后,易于混入其他组分砾石。因此即使沉积砾石在水上环境经过长距离搬运冲刷,磨圆度很好,入湖后砾石颗粒也不一定保持较好的磨圆[9]

    需要说明的是,磨圆度受很多因素的影响,并不是单因素控制,很难用一个磨圆度的值代表一种沉积微相。磨圆度可作为辅助判相的参数,而判定相的类型还需结合粗碎屑沉积的岩性、沉积构造、颜色、颗粒之间的支撑方式等沉积特征才能综合确定。并且磨圆度定量分析作为一种重要的沉积分析手段,是定量沉积学发展的必然趋势。

  • (1) 基于钻井岩性中的砂砾岩岩芯图像,颗粒轮廓自动提取和去扁化De⁃flat圆度计算方法是一种新的磨圆度测量思路与方法。去扁化方法改进了百分圆度法对表征磨圆度的局限性,其实质是将颗粒进行变形矫正,使所有颗粒的形状都标准化。该方法计算方便简捷,仅需颗粒的面积和周长两个参数即可实现。

    (2) 玛湖凹陷百口泉组砾岩中,扇三角洲沉积的砾石磨圆度普遍较差,为次棱—次圆状、次棱角状和棱角状。其中牵引流沉积的砾石磨圆度好于重力流沉积,牵引流中砾石磨圆度(Rd n值)普遍大于0.45,磨圆度相对重力流沉积砾石较好,且圆度集中,磨圆度方差(V ar值)小于0.03;重力流沉积中的砾石磨圆度多呈棱角状,且磨圆程度分散,磨圆度方差大于0.03。不同沉积微相砾石磨圆度由好变差的顺序如下:水下分流河道沉积(Rd n中位数0.551)>辫状河道沉积(0.501)>碎屑流沉积(0.390)>泥石流沉积(0.230)。

    (3) 黄羊泉扇砾岩砾石磨圆度整体较差,以次棱角状为主。通过黄羊泉扇砾岩砾石颗粒磨圆度及其方差在扇体上的变化趋势,表明磨圆度对沉积相带具有指示意义。砾石的磨圆度作为判别粗碎屑沉积微相的一种重要参数和指标,可以为玛湖凹陷粗碎屑沉积体系研究提供定量沉积学证据和理论支持。

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