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全球硫生物地球化学循环过程伴随着多种微生物新陈代谢过程(例如,硫酸盐还原、歧化反应和硫化物氧化等),影响全球长时间尺度的碳循环、气候演化以及氧气含量[25-27]。海洋作为全球最大的硫储库,其海水硫酸盐硫同位素值约为21‰[28],其同位素组成主要受到通过河流输入的来自大陆风化产物的控制;另外火山喷发和洋中脊的玄武岩脱气过程也有所贡献,但是通量较小(图 2)[25]。风化产物中的硫酸盐包括蒸发岩的溶解,碳酸盐岩的风化以及硫化物的氧化等,由于地壳中硫化物的同位素值比较低,并且丰度大于蒸发岩,因此河流输入硫酸盐的同位素值比海水要低很多,大约在5‰左右[29]。硫酸盐埋藏进入海洋沉积物的形式包括蒸发岩、碳酸盐岩和黄铁矿,其中进入碳酸盐矿物晶格的硫比较少(图 2)。蒸发岩在地质历史中曾经是重要的汇[30],但现代海洋中黄铁矿是最重要的汇[25]。根据物质守恒原理,海水硫酸盐的硫同位素主要与河流输入硫酸盐硫同位素(δ 34S输入),黄铁矿埋藏(f黄铁矿)和MSR导致的硫同位素分馏有关(εMSR),因此搞清楚黄铁矿形成过程中的硫同位素分馏对理解全球硫循环及其在地质历史中的演化至关重要[31-34]。
Figure 2. Global sulfur cycle and its isotopic composition (modified from reference [25])
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