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YiXuan RAN, Xiang ZHOU. Sedimentary Characteristics and Petroleum Geological Significance of the Chang6 Gravity Flow in the Southwest Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2020, 38(3): 571-579. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.056
Citation: YiXuan RAN, Xiang ZHOU. Sedimentary Characteristics and Petroleum Geological Significance of the Chang6 Gravity Flow in the Southwest Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2020, 38(3): 571-579. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.056

Sedimentary Characteristics and Petroleum Geological Significance of the Chang6 Gravity Flow in the Southwest Ordos Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.056
Funds:

National Science and Technology Major Project 2011ZX05005-001

  • Received Date: 2019-03-14
  • Rev Recd Date: 2019-05-17
  • Publish Date: 2020-06-10
  • There are a large number of massive sandstones in the Chang6 oil reservoir, Southwest Ordos Basin, which are gravity flows from sediments slumping along the slope in a delta front. We determined that there are different kinds of gravity flows, such as slumps, liquefied sediment flows, sandy debris flows, and turbidites, in the Yanchang Formation based on cores, outcrops, logging, and testing data. The slope, sediment supply, and trigger mechanism are the basic formation in the Chang6 gravity flow. Concentration and flow state change due to water maxing and sediment unloading during the flow process and form different kinds of combinations, such as slumps-sandy debris flow, sandy debris flow-turbidite, and turbidite. The gravity flow sandstone extends in the semi-deep lake and deep lake mudstone lateral connection with source rock in the Chang7 oil reservoir and develops favorable reservoir forming assemblages, which are the most important target zone of the Yanchang Formation in the study area.
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  • Received:  2019-03-14
  • Revised:  2019-05-17
  • Published:  2020-06-10

Sedimentary Characteristics and Petroleum Geological Significance of the Chang6 Gravity Flow in the Southwest Ordos Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.056
Funds:

National Science and Technology Major Project 2011ZX05005-001

Abstract: There are a large number of massive sandstones in the Chang6 oil reservoir, Southwest Ordos Basin, which are gravity flows from sediments slumping along the slope in a delta front. We determined that there are different kinds of gravity flows, such as slumps, liquefied sediment flows, sandy debris flows, and turbidites, in the Yanchang Formation based on cores, outcrops, logging, and testing data. The slope, sediment supply, and trigger mechanism are the basic formation in the Chang6 gravity flow. Concentration and flow state change due to water maxing and sediment unloading during the flow process and form different kinds of combinations, such as slumps-sandy debris flow, sandy debris flow-turbidite, and turbidite. The gravity flow sandstone extends in the semi-deep lake and deep lake mudstone lateral connection with source rock in the Chang7 oil reservoir and develops favorable reservoir forming assemblages, which are the most important target zone of the Yanchang Formation in the study area.

YiXuan RAN, Xiang ZHOU. Sedimentary Characteristics and Petroleum Geological Significance of the Chang6 Gravity Flow in the Southwest Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2020, 38(3): 571-579. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.056
Citation: YiXuan RAN, Xiang ZHOU. Sedimentary Characteristics and Petroleum Geological Significance of the Chang6 Gravity Flow in the Southwest Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2020, 38(3): 571-579. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2019.056
  • 重力流理论和实验研究是当今沉积学研究的热点[1],深海和湖盆深水区重力流成因储层更是现今油气勘探的重点和难点[2-3]。随着深水沉积研究的深入,人们逐渐认识到深水沉积远比我们想象的要复杂,深水沉积模式的多解性也显得越来越突出,尤其是湖盆面积相对局限、物源供给多变、湖平面升降频繁的陆相湖盆,深水重力流发育规律的复杂性显得尤为突出,严重制约了陆相湖盆油气勘探的进展。鄂尔多斯盆地是国内较早开展重力流成因储层油气勘探的盆地之一,早在20世纪70年代,西峰、姬嫄地区发现以深水浊积岩为主要储层的大规模岩性油藏即揭开了盆地浊流沉积研究的序幕[4-5]。近年来白豹、华庆地区长6油层组中又发现大面积深水含油砂体,进一步证实了盆地重力流成因油气藏广阔的勘探前景[6-7]。目前延长组沉积物重力流研究主要集中于湖盆中心区域[8],对于盆边缘陡坡带是否存在重力流沉积及重力流沉积物类型、沉积特征研究较少。本文以盆地西南部代家坪地区为例,通过18口井163 m岩芯观察、56口井测录井数据和碎屑岩粒度等分析化验资料,对盆地西南缘陡坡带长6油层组重力流沉积物类型、沉积特征深入研究,认为长6油层组内具有较高物性条件的重力流砂体延伸入湖与长7段烃源岩侧向连通,构成优质的岩性圈闭,具有良好的勘探开发潜力。

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地是在古生代华北稳定克拉通基础上发育起来的稳定沉降、坳陷迁移的大型叠合盆地,晚三叠世长6沉积期湖盆回返抬升,在盆地边缘发育大规模进积型三角洲,巨厚的三角洲前缘沉积物在构造、火山和自身重力作用下沿斜坡滑塌形成重力流沉积,是延长组重力流发育的主要阶段[9]。研究区位于盆地西南部,构造上位于天环坳陷南部(图 1)。延长组岩芯中发育大量厚层块状砂岩,见大量漂浮状泥砾、泥岩撕裂屑及包卷层理、滑塌变形、槽模、铸模等典型滑塌成因沉积构造和不完整的鲍马序列,表明本区重力流沉积发育。

    Figure 1.  Tectonic division of Ordos Basin and tectonic location of the study area

  • 重力流是由含大量悬浮物质的高密度流体在重力驱动下,沿斜坡向下呈整体块状移动的阵发性、短暂性的快速沉积。岩芯观察和薄片、粒度等测试资料分析表明研究区发育滑塌岩、液化沉积物流、砂质碎屑流、浊流等多种成因的重力流,不同成因重力流沉积特征差异明显。

  • 滑塌岩是盆地边缘斜坡处堆积的前缘沉积物,在一定触发机制下,由自身重力驱动沿斜坡向下滑动形成的滑塌变形体,是水下滑坡事件的产物[10]。研究区长6段滑塌岩沉积物粒度较细,沉积特征主要为:1)发育变形层理粉砂岩相(Ff)、脉状层理粉砂岩相(Fc)、透镜状层理粉砂岩相(Fl)等多种岩相类型(图 2a~c);2)砂泥高度混杂,整体呈块状(图 2d),岩芯中发育滑动成因的包卷层理(图 2e)、小型搅浑、褶皱、滑塌构造(图 2f)及扭曲层理等多种变形构造和小型阶梯状同沉积微断层(图 2g);3)滑塌体中见大小不一的灰黑色、深灰色泥岩撕裂屑(图 2h),与下伏半深湖—深湖相泥岩特征类似,呈板状分布,定向排列;4)沉积物厚度变化较大,一般从十几厘米到几十厘米,最厚可达1 m,横向连续性差;5)滑塌体与上下岩层均呈突变接触,在底部发育滑动面,向上突变为半深湖—深湖相泥岩。

    Figure 2.  Sedimentary characteristics of fluidized sediment and turbidite flows

  • 液化沉积物流是重力流在滑动过程中沉积物与水不断发生混合,沉积物浓度降低形成的塑性流体[11],长6段液化沉积物中泥质组分含量高,黏结性强,整体呈块状构造,沉积特征主要为:1)发育浅色泥岩相(M2)、透镜层理粉砂岩相(Fl)、波状层理粉砂岩相(Fr)等多种岩相类型;2)沉积物含少量不规则砂质团块(图 2i),以细砂岩为主,由于砂质团块中泥质含量较高,在流体流动过程中具有一定塑性,呈长轴平行于流动方向的定向排列(图 2j);3)块状粉砂质泥岩中见泄水构造、包卷层理、搅混构造等变形构造(图 2k);4)泥岩中发育椭球状、不规则状粉砂质斑块,整体塑性较强(图 2l)。

  • 砂质碎屑流是混杂了砾石和泥质的以砂质为主的非黏结性碎屑流[12],通常处于重力流流体底部,平面上呈舌状、连续状分布。研究区砂质碎屑流沉积以中—细粒长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑砂岩为主,杂基含量较高,最高可达20%,反映砂质碎屑流的高浓度和重力流特征。主要沉积特征有:1)以块状层理砂岩相(Sm)、平行层理砂岩相(Sh)、平行层理粉砂岩相(Fh)为主,砂体整体呈均质块状,内部不具粒序层理和其他沉积构造,部分块状砂岩顶部发育薄层的平行层理(图 3a),可能是由于砂质碎屑流向牵引流转化而形成[9, 13]。2)块状层理砂岩内部发育漂浮状泥砾、泥岩撕裂屑,泥砾直径为2~6 cm,最大可达10 cm,呈漂浮状位于块状砂岩底部,具有压扁拉伸现象(图 3bc),表明搬运流体是具有较高的基质浓度和屈服强度的碎屑流,深灰色、灰色泥岩撕裂屑呈板条状定向排列,与下伏半深湖—深湖相泥岩特征类似(图 3d),显示出典型的层状流动特征,是流体搬运过程中对下伏深水泥岩侵蚀形成的。3)块状砂岩底面平坦,发育剪切带,与下伏地层呈突变接触;由于沉积物的整体冻结式沉积,深水泥岩直接覆盖其上,造成砂岩顶面与半深湖—深湖相泥岩突变接触,接触面极不规则(图 3e)。4)单层砂体厚度分布在0.2~1.2 m,多数超过0.5 m,横向变化快。5)同时具重力流和牵引流特征,沉积物粒度的M值随C值增加规律性增加,在C-M图中表现为平行于C=M基线的直线段(图 4a),反映出典型的重力流沉积特征;粒度概率曲线呈两段式和三段式分布,跳跃总体含量一般大于70%,分选好,斜率一般大于70°,悬移总体含量为15%~30%,缺乏滚动次总体,表明其具有牵引流特征(图 4b)。

    Figure 3.  Sedimentary characteristics of sandy and muddy debris flows in the Chang6 oil reservoir

    Figure 4.  Characteristics of gravity flow grain size in the Chang6 oil reservoir

  • 长6油层组浊流沉积物多夹于半深湖—深湖相泥岩中,具悬浮递变特征。沉积特征主要有:1)发育粒序层理砂岩相(Sg)、波状层理粉砂岩相(Fr)、水平层理粉砂岩相(Fh)、脉状层理粉砂岩相(Fc)、浅灰色泥岩相(M2)等不同岩相类型。2)沉积物粒度普遍较细,由下部细砂岩,向上渐变为粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、泥岩沉积,具典型正粒序层理(图 3f)。3)浊积岩以砂泥薄互层形式出现,构成多个韵律层(图 3g),侧向延伸稳定,厚度变化小,单期砂体厚度较小,一般为5~20 cm,但多期沉积的浊积岩可叠加形成厚层块状均质砂岩。4)在C-M图上表现为平行于C=M基线的直线段,随着水流强度的减弱,C、M值规律性减少,反映了递变悬浮的特点(图 4a);碎屑颗粒以跳跃、悬浮总体为主,缺乏滚动总体,累积概率曲线以“一段式”和“宽缓上拱形”为主(图 4c)。5)具粒序层理砂岩上部常发育具平行层理、小型交错层理、沙纹层理等典型牵引流构造的细砂岩、粉砂岩(图 3h),可能是浊流的体部和尾部中细小的颗粒被加入的水稀释,导致流体发生转变而变为牵引流[14],两者一起构成不完整的鲍马序列,常见的组合类型有ABE、AB、AC、AE、BCE、DE等(图 5)。6)由于浊流头部能量较大,在流动过程中对下伏地层产生强烈的侵蚀,在下伏泥质沉积物表明形成凹凸不平的冲刷面,以上覆砂岩层底面铸模的形式保存下来,常见重荷模、沟模、槽模等多种底层面构造(图 3i~k),砂岩底部发育火焰构造、砂球构造、重荷模等同生变形构造(图 3l),与下伏半深湖—深湖相泥岩突变接触。

    Figure 5.  Turbidity Bouma sequence and association of the Chang6 oil reservoir in the study area

  • 重力流在流动过程中,随沉积物与水的混合作用及沉积物的卸载,沉积物浓度减小并发生流态转变,不同重力流之间发生相互转化。平面上不同类型重力流沉积分布范围存在差异,通常滑塌岩分布于前缘坡折带和坡脚处(图 6);液化沉积物流含量较少,分布于三角洲前缘坡折带上;砂质碎屑流主要分布于坡折带下方和深湖平原地区;随搬运距离增加,水流强度减弱,沉积物中浊积岩含量增加,大量沉积于半深湖—深湖平原区。

    Figure 6.  Distribution of gravity flow in the Chang62 reservoir in the study area

    延长组重力流形成时,松散堆积于盆地边缘陡坡带的三角洲前缘砂体,在一定触发机制作用下,沿斜坡发生滑动、滑塌,沉积体中软沉积物发生变形并对下伏沉积物产生强烈的截切和冲刷,形成下切水道,造成沉积体物质成分的变化和流速降低;随沉积体向下滑动,沉积物不断卸载并与水混合,沉积体塑性增加,形成液化沉积物流;随沉积物浓度的进一步降低,沉积物塑性流变性增强,以块体流形式流动,早期颗粒碰撞的滑塌岩、液化沉积物流转变为由颗粒支撑的砂质碎屑流;随碎屑流继续流动,沉积体内流体组分增加,塑性碎屑流就有可能演变为流动性紊流流体,形成由湍流支撑的浊流,最终在较深水环境中形成一系列垂直于断层走向的条带状重力流水道沉积,在水道末端的湖盆中心部位发育多期叠置的朵叶体。岩芯和录井资料表明,垂向上不同类型重力流发生了相互转换,形成Ff+Fr+M1、Sh+Sm+Fh+M1、Sb+Fr+Ff+M1和Sm+Ff+M1等4种垂向组合类型,以滑塌岩+砂质碎屑流(Sb+Fr+Ff+M1)和砂质碎屑流+浊流(Sm+Ff+M1)两种组合最为常见(图 7)。

    Figure 7.  Sedimentary facies cross-section of wells HH76-HH5 from the Chang6 reservoir in the study area

  • 根据延长组长6段重力流沉积物特征及其空间发育的相对位置,建立研究区的重力流模式(图 8)。研究区长6段重力流沉积的成因为:1)受印支运动影响,鄂尔多斯盆地南部强烈隆升,形成陡坡地形为重力流的发育提供了地形条件[15];2)盆地南部湖区宽、水体浅、湖浪作用较弱,发育大规模进积型三角洲,在盆地边缘坡折带处堆积巨厚层状三角洲前缘砂体为重力流形成提供充足的物质基础;3)当三角洲前缘砂体沉积厚度和坡度增大到稳定休止角的极限值时,在沉积物内部形成超孔隙压力,同时在沉积物自身的重力的作用下沉积界面发生倾斜并超出稳定休止角,造成三角洲前缘沉积物失稳[16],并沿坡折带泥质沉积物表面顺坡发生滑移而发生重力滑塌和流动;4)重力流沉积物在流动过程中不断发生滑塌、破碎成多个块体,随沉积物卸载和水注入,岩层块体破碎搅混、软沉积物发生变形,发生流态转化。

    Figure 8.  Gravity flow sedimentary model of the Chang6 oil reservoir in the southern Ordos Basin (modified from reference [6])

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地南部上三叠统延长组长6油层组是典型的岩性油藏,发育下生上储、自生自储等多种成藏组合类型,具有良好的成藏条件[17]。前人研究表明,长6段中呈连续分布的砂质碎屑流沉积是主要的油气储集砂体,不仅直接控制油气藏的规模与分布,更决定了油井的产能差异,是决定致密油形成和富集的关键因素。长6油层组砂质碎屑流沉积体深入湖盆腹地,与湖盆中部长7烃源岩直接接触,形成连续分布的指状砂体(图 9),一方面充分吸收烃源岩层形成的油气,同时,烃源岩层又充当良好的盖层,形成具备良好成藏条件的地层—岩性油藏。

    Figure 9.  Reservoir profile of the Chang6 reservoir in the southern Ordos Basin

  • (1)鄂尔多斯盆地南部发育滑塌岩、液化沉积物流、砂质碎屑流和浊积岩等不同类型重力流,不同类型重力流沉积特征存在差异,其中砂质碎屑流沉积物发育块状层理砂岩相,是主要的重力流砂体;浊积岩主要发育粒序层理砂岩相、平行层理砂岩相等岩相类型,岩芯上可见不完整的鲍马序列;滑塌岩内部以包卷层理、小型褶皱构造等变形层理为特征,沉积物底部发育滑动面;液化沉积物流以泥质沉积为主,内部含刚性或不规则的砂质团块。

    (2)长6段重力流在流动过程中,随沉积物与水的混合作用及沉积物的卸载,不同重力流之间发生相互转化,造成重力流垂向组合和平面分布的差异,垂向上以滑塌岩+砂质碎屑流(Sb+Fr+Ff+M1)和砂质碎屑流+浊流(Sm+Ff+M1)两种组合最为常见,平面上又以砂质碎屑流和浊流分布范围最广。

    (3)长6油层组重力流沉积延伸入湖盆中心,与长7油层组烃源岩直接接触,形成上倾尖灭岩性圈闭,具有优越的成藏条件。

Reference (17)

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