The Discrepancy in Carbon, Oxygen and Strontium Isotope between Brachiopod Fossil Shells and the whole Carbonate Rocks

CHENG HongGuang; LI XinQing; HUANG SiJing; WANG Bing; CHENG JianZhong

doi:10.14027/j.cnki.cjxb.2015.01.006

Volume 33 Issue 1

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CHENG HongGuang, LI XinQing, HUANG SiJing, WANG Bing, CHENG JianZhong. The Discrepancy in Carbon, Oxygen and Strontium Isotope between Brachiopod Fossil Shells and the whole Carbonate Rocks[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2015, 33(1): 60-66. doi: 10.14027/j.cnki.cjxb.2015.01.006

Citation:

CHENG HongGuang, LI XinQing, HUANG SiJing, WANG Bing, CHENG JianZhong. The Discrepancy in Carbon, Oxygen and Strontium Isotope between Brachiopod Fossil Shells and the whole Carbonate Rocks[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2015, 33(1): 60-66. doi: 10.14027/j.cnki.cjxb.2015.01.006

The Discrepancy in Carbon, Oxygen and Strontium Isotope between Brachiopod Fossil Shells and the whole Carbonate Rocks

doi: 10.14027/j.cnki.cjxb.2015.01.006

1.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002;
2.
State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu 610059

Received Date: 2014-01-14
Rev Recd Date: 2014-03-04
Publish Date: 2015-02-10

Abstract

It is common method to utilize the geochemical information in carbonate rocks to study the ancient environment and climate changes in the geological history. As in early 1980s, the whole-rock carbonate was studied as main samples. Recently, more attentions has been attracted by brachiopod fossil shells because of their composition which was the low magnesium calcite with high capacity to resist the diagenetic alteration. In this study, the comparison of δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr respectively from brachiopod fossil shells and whole carbonate rocks in Longmen mountian in Sichuan province showed: there was higher δ¹⁸O values in brachiopod shells, and similar trend in the evolution of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ¹³C between brachiopod fossil shells and the whole rocks carbonate. These results indicated that the geochemical information in the whole rocks carbonate still could be used to as an indicator for reconstructing the evolution of paleoclimate although there were some differences in the geochemical information between the whole rocks carbonate and brachiopod fossil shells, especially in the period within lack of brachiopod fossil shells.
- brachiopod,
- isotope,
- whole-rock carbonate,
- paleoenvironment

References

[1]	Veizer J, Bruckschen P, Pawellek F, et al. Oxygen isotope evolution of Phanerozoic seawater[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1997, 132(1/2/3/4): 159-172.
[2]	Veizer J, Buhl D, Diener A, et al. Strontium isotope stratigraphy: potential resolution and event correlation[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1997, 132(1/2/3/4): 65-77.
[3]	Brand U. Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes in Paleozoic carbonate components: an evaluation of original seawater-chemistry proxies[J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 204(1/2): 23-44.
[4]	Buggisch W, Joachimski M M. Carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Devonian of Central and Southern Europe[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2006, 240(1/2): 68-88.
[5]	陈代钊,王卓卓,汪建国. 晚泥盆世地球各圈层相互作用与海洋生态危机:来自高分辨率的沉积和同位素地球化学证据[J]. 自然科学进展,2006,16(4):439-448.[Chen Daizhao, Wang Zhuozhuo, Wang Jianguo. The interactions of each layer in Earth and the crisis of marine ecological in Late Devonian:the evidence from the high resolution sedimentary and isotope values[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 2006, 16(4): 439-448.]
[6]	Veizer J, Hoefs J. The nature of O¹⁸/O¹⁶ and C¹³/C¹² secular trends in sedimentary carbonate rocks[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1976, 40(11): 1387-1395.
[7]	Killingley J S. Effects of diagenetic recrystallization on¹⁸O/¹⁶O values of deep-sea sediments[J]. Nature, 1983, 301(5901): 594-597.
[8]	Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, et al.⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater[J]. Chemical Geology, 1999, 161(1/2/3): 59-88.
[9]	Popp B N, Anderson T F, Sandberg P A. Brachiopods as indicators of original isotopic compositions in some Paleozoic limestones[J]. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 1986, 97(10): 1262-1269.
[10]	van Geldern R, Joachimski M M, Day J, et al. Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope records of Devonian brachiopod shell calcite[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2006, 240(1/2): 47-67.
[11]	Lowenstam H A. Mineralogy, O¹⁸/O¹⁶ ratios, and strontium and magnesium contents of recent and fossil Brachiopods and their bearing on the history of the oceans[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1961, 69(3): 241-260.
[12]	Veizer J, Fritz P, Jones B. Geochemistry of brachiopods: Oxygen and carbon isotopic records of Paleozoic oceans[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1986, 50(8): 1679-1696.
[13]	Wadleigh M A, Veizer J.¹⁸O/¹⁶O and ¹³C/¹²C in lower Paleozoic articulate brachiopods: Implications for the isotopic composition of seawater[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1992, 56(1): 431-443.
[14]	Mii H S, Grossman E L. Late Pennsylvanian seasonality reflected in the ¹⁸O and elemental composition of a brachiopod shell[J]. Geology, 1994, 22(7): 661-664.
[15]	Qing Hairuo, Veizer J. Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Ordovician brachiopods: Implications for coeval seawater[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1994, 58(20): 4429-4442.
[16]	Carpenter S J, Lohmann K C. δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of modern brachiopod shells[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1995, 59(18): 3749-3764.
[17]	李心清,万国江,周会. 腕足化石壳体氧,碳同位素生命效应问题研究[J]. 自然科学进展,2000,10(5):435-442.[Li Xinqing, Wan Guojiang, Zhou Hui. The study of vital effect of oxygen, carbon isotope on brachiopod fossil shells[J]. Progress of Natural Science, 2000, 10(5): 435-442.]
[18]	Lee Xinqing, Wan Guojiang. No vital effect on δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of fossil brachiopod shells, Middle Devonian of China[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2000, 64(15): 2649-2664.
[19]	Parkinson D, Curry G B, Cusack M, et al. Shell structure, patterns and trends of oxygen and carbon stable isotopes in modern brachiopod shells[J]. Chemical Geology, 2005, 219(1/4):193-235.
[20]	程红光,李心清,袁洪林,等. 泥盆纪海水的碳,氧同位素变化——来自腕足化石的同位素记录[J]. 地球学报,2009,30(1):79-88.[Cheng Hongguang, Li Xinqing, Yuan Honglin, et al. Carbon and oxygen isotope variations of Devonian seawater: isotopic records from brachiopod fossil shell[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2009, 30(1): 79-88.]
[21]	Brand U, Veizer J. Chemical diagenesis of a multicomponent carbonate system; 2, Stable isotopes[J]. Journalof Sedimentary Research, 1981, 51(3): 987-997.
[22]	白志强. 泥盆纪华南板块古地理的位置及其漂移[J]. 北京大学学报:自然科学版,1998,34(6):807-812.[Bai Zhiqiang. The paleogeographical position and drift of the southern China Plate in Devonian[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 1998, 34(6): 807-812.]
[23]	中国地质科学院成都地质矿产研究所,中国地质科学院地质研究所. 四川龙门山地区泥盆纪地层古生物及沉积相[M]. 北京:地质出版社,1988:1-158. [Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. Devonian Stratigraphy, Paleontology and Sedimentary Facies of Longmenshan, Sichuan[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1988: 1-158.]
[24]	黄思静. 川西北甘溪中、上泥盆统海相碳酸盐岩的碳、锶同位素组成及其地质意义[J]. 岩石学报,1993,9(增刊):214-221.[Huang Sijing. Carbon, strontium isotopes of marine carbonate rocks of Middle-Upper Devonian in Ganxi, northwestern Sichuan province and their geological significance[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 1993, 9(Suppl.): 214-221.]
[25]	黄思静,石和,张萌,等. 龙门山泥盆纪锶同位素演化曲线的全球对比及海相地层的定年[J]. 自然科学进展,2002,12 (9):945-952.[Huang Sijing, Shi He, Zhang Meng, et al. Global correlation of strontium isotopic evolutionary curve and marine facies stratigraphic dating of the Devonian in the Longmen mountains areas[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 2002, 12(9): 945-952.]
[26]	卢武长,崔秉荃,杨绍全,等. 甘溪剖面泥盆纪海相碳酸盐岩的同位素地层曲线[J]. 沉积学报,1994,12(3):12-20.[Lu Wuchang, Cui Bingquan, Yang Shaoqnan, et al. Isotope stratigraphic curves of Devonian marine carbonates in Ganqi profile[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1994, 12(3): 12-20.]
[27]	Korte C, Jasper T, Kozur H W, et al. δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of Permian brachiopods: A record of seawater evolution and continental glaciation[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2005, 224(4): 333-351.
[28]	Korte C, Kozur H W, Veizer J. δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of Triassic brachiopods and carbonate rocks as proxies for coeval seawater and palaeotemperature[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2005, 226(3/4): 287-306.
[29]	Morrison J O, Brand U. Geochemistry of recent marine invertebrates[J]. Geoscience Canada, 1986, 13(4): 237-254.
[30]	Brand U. Global climatic changes during the Devonian-Mississippian: Stable isotope biogeochemistry of brachiopods[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1989, 75(4): 311-329.
[31]	Denison R E, Koepnick R B, Fletcher A, et al. Criteria for the retention of original seawater⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in ancient shelf limestones[J]. Chemical Geology, 1994, 112(1/2): 131-143.
[32]	桑树勋,郑永飞,张华,等. 徐州地区下古生界碳酸盐岩的碳、氧同位素研究[J]. 岩石学报,2004,20(3):707-716.[Sang Shuxun. Zheng Yongfei, Zhang Hua, et al. Researches on carbon and oxygen stable isotopes of Lower Paleozoic carbonates in Xuzhou area[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2004, 20(3): 707-716.]
[33]	Samtleben C, Munnecke A, Bickert T, et al. Shell succession, assemblage and species dependent effects on the C/O-isotopic composition of brachiopods -- examples from the Silurian of Gotland[J].Chemical Geology, 2001, 175(1/2):61-107.
[34]	Brand U, Brenckle P. Chemostratigraphy of the Mid-Carboniferous boundary global stratotype section and point(GSSP), Bird Spring Formation,Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2001, 165(3/4): 321-347.
[35]	Wenzel B. Differential preservation of primary isotopic signatures in Silurian brachiopods from northern Europe[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2000, 70(1): 194-209.
[36]	Anderson T F, Arthur M A. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems[M]// Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology: SEPM, Short Course No.10. Soc Econ Paleontolgists & Mineralogists, 1983: 1-151.
[37]	Lea D W. Elemental and isotopic proxies of past ocean temperatures[M]// Elderfield H. The Oceans and Marine Geochemistry. New York: Elsevier, 2003: 365-390.
[38]	Brock T D. Life at high temperatures[J]. Science, 1985, 230(4722): 132-138.
[39]	Marshall J D. Climatic and oceanographic isotopic signals from the carbonate rock record and their preservation[J]. Geological Magazine, 1992, 129(2): 143-160.
[40]	McArthur J M, Howarth R J, Bailey T R. Strontium isotope stratigraphy: LOWESS version 3: Best fit to the marine Sr-isotope curve for 0-509 Ma and accompanying look-up table for deriving numerical age[J]. The Journal of Geology, 2001, 109(2): 155-170.

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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The Discrepancy in Carbon, Oxygen and Strontium Isotope between Brachiopod Fossil Shells and the whole Carbonate Rocks

1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002;

2. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu 610059

Received Date: 2014-01-14

Rev Recd Date: 2014-03-04

Publish Date: 2015-02-10

Key words:

Abstract: It is common method to utilize the geochemical information in carbonate rocks to study the ancient environment and climate changes in the geological history. As in early 1980s, the whole-rock carbonate was studied as main samples. Recently, more attentions has been attracted by brachiopod fossil shells because of their composition which was the low magnesium calcite with high capacity to resist the diagenetic alteration. In this study, the comparison of δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr respectively from brachiopod fossil shells and whole carbonate rocks in Longmen mountian in Sichuan province showed: there was higher δ¹⁸O values in brachiopod shells, and similar trend in the evolution of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ¹³C between brachiopod fossil shells and the whole rocks carbonate. These results indicated that the geochemical information in the whole rocks carbonate still could be used to as an indicator for reconstructing the evolution of paleoclimate although there were some differences in the geochemical information between the whole rocks carbonate and brachiopod fossil shells, especially in the period within lack of brachiopod fossil shells.

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Reference (40)

[1]	Veizer J, Bruckschen P, Pawellek F, et al. Oxygen isotope evolution of Phanerozoic seawater[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1997, 132(1/2/3/4): 159-172.
[2]	Veizer J, Buhl D, Diener A, et al. Strontium isotope stratigraphy: potential resolution and event correlation[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1997, 132(1/2/3/4): 65-77.
[3]	Brand U. Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes in Paleozoic carbonate components: an evaluation of original seawater-chemistry proxies[J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 204(1/2): 23-44.
[4]	Buggisch W, Joachimski M M. Carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Devonian of Central and Southern Europe[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2006, 240(1/2): 68-88.
[5]	陈代钊,王卓卓,汪建国. 晚泥盆世地球各圈层相互作用与海洋生态危机:来自高分辨率的沉积和同位素地球化学证据[J]. 自然科学进展,2006,16(4):439-448.[Chen Daizhao, Wang Zhuozhuo, Wang Jianguo. The interactions of each layer in Earth and the crisis of marine ecological in Late Devonian:the evidence from the high resolution sedimentary and isotope values[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 2006, 16(4): 439-448.]
[6]	Veizer J, Hoefs J. The nature of O¹⁸/O¹⁶ and C¹³/C¹² secular trends in sedimentary carbonate rocks[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1976, 40(11): 1387-1395.
[7]	Killingley J S. Effects of diagenetic recrystallization on¹⁸O/¹⁶O values of deep-sea sediments[J]. Nature, 1983, 301(5901): 594-597.
[8]	Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, et al.⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater[J]. Chemical Geology, 1999, 161(1/2/3): 59-88.
[9]	Popp B N, Anderson T F, Sandberg P A. Brachiopods as indicators of original isotopic compositions in some Paleozoic limestones[J]. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 1986, 97(10): 1262-1269.
[10]	van Geldern R, Joachimski M M, Day J, et al. Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope records of Devonian brachiopod shell calcite[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2006, 240(1/2): 47-67.
[11]	Lowenstam H A. Mineralogy, O¹⁸/O¹⁶ ratios, and strontium and magnesium contents of recent and fossil Brachiopods and their bearing on the history of the oceans[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1961, 69(3): 241-260.
[12]	Veizer J, Fritz P, Jones B. Geochemistry of brachiopods: Oxygen and carbon isotopic records of Paleozoic oceans[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1986, 50(8): 1679-1696.
[13]	Wadleigh M A, Veizer J.¹⁸O/¹⁶O and ¹³C/¹²C in lower Paleozoic articulate brachiopods: Implications for the isotopic composition of seawater[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1992, 56(1): 431-443.
[14]	Mii H S, Grossman E L. Late Pennsylvanian seasonality reflected in the ¹⁸O and elemental composition of a brachiopod shell[J]. Geology, 1994, 22(7): 661-664.
[15]	Qing Hairuo, Veizer J. Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Ordovician brachiopods: Implications for coeval seawater[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1994, 58(20): 4429-4442.
[16]	Carpenter S J, Lohmann K C. δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of modern brachiopod shells[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1995, 59(18): 3749-3764.
[17]	李心清,万国江,周会. 腕足化石壳体氧,碳同位素生命效应问题研究[J]. 自然科学进展,2000,10(5):435-442.[Li Xinqing, Wan Guojiang, Zhou Hui. The study of vital effect of oxygen, carbon isotope on brachiopod fossil shells[J]. Progress of Natural Science, 2000, 10(5): 435-442.]
[18]	Lee Xinqing, Wan Guojiang. No vital effect on δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of fossil brachiopod shells, Middle Devonian of China[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2000, 64(15): 2649-2664.
[19]	Parkinson D, Curry G B, Cusack M, et al. Shell structure, patterns and trends of oxygen and carbon stable isotopes in modern brachiopod shells[J]. Chemical Geology, 2005, 219(1/4):193-235.
[20]	程红光,李心清,袁洪林,等. 泥盆纪海水的碳,氧同位素变化——来自腕足化石的同位素记录[J]. 地球学报,2009,30(1):79-88.[Cheng Hongguang, Li Xinqing, Yuan Honglin, et al. Carbon and oxygen isotope variations of Devonian seawater: isotopic records from brachiopod fossil shell[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2009, 30(1): 79-88.]
[21]	Brand U, Veizer J. Chemical diagenesis of a multicomponent carbonate system; 2, Stable isotopes[J]. Journalof Sedimentary Research, 1981, 51(3): 987-997.
[22]	白志强. 泥盆纪华南板块古地理的位置及其漂移[J]. 北京大学学报:自然科学版,1998,34(6):807-812.[Bai Zhiqiang. The paleogeographical position and drift of the southern China Plate in Devonian[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 1998, 34(6): 807-812.]
[23]	中国地质科学院成都地质矿产研究所,中国地质科学院地质研究所. 四川龙门山地区泥盆纪地层古生物及沉积相[M]. 北京:地质出版社,1988:1-158. [Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. Devonian Stratigraphy, Paleontology and Sedimentary Facies of Longmenshan, Sichuan[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1988: 1-158.]
[24]	黄思静. 川西北甘溪中、上泥盆统海相碳酸盐岩的碳、锶同位素组成及其地质意义[J]. 岩石学报,1993,9(增刊):214-221.[Huang Sijing. Carbon, strontium isotopes of marine carbonate rocks of Middle-Upper Devonian in Ganxi, northwestern Sichuan province and their geological significance[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 1993, 9(Suppl.): 214-221.]
[25]	黄思静,石和,张萌,等. 龙门山泥盆纪锶同位素演化曲线的全球对比及海相地层的定年[J]. 自然科学进展,2002,12 (9):945-952.[Huang Sijing, Shi He, Zhang Meng, et al. Global correlation of strontium isotopic evolutionary curve and marine facies stratigraphic dating of the Devonian in the Longmen mountains areas[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 2002, 12(9): 945-952.]
[26]	卢武长,崔秉荃,杨绍全,等. 甘溪剖面泥盆纪海相碳酸盐岩的同位素地层曲线[J]. 沉积学报,1994,12(3):12-20.[Lu Wuchang, Cui Bingquan, Yang Shaoqnan, et al. Isotope stratigraphic curves of Devonian marine carbonates in Ganqi profile[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1994, 12(3): 12-20.]
[27]	Korte C, Jasper T, Kozur H W, et al. δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of Permian brachiopods: A record of seawater evolution and continental glaciation[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2005, 224(4): 333-351.
[28]	Korte C, Kozur H W, Veizer J. δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of Triassic brachiopods and carbonate rocks as proxies for coeval seawater and palaeotemperature[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2005, 226(3/4): 287-306.
[29]	Morrison J O, Brand U. Geochemistry of recent marine invertebrates[J]. Geoscience Canada, 1986, 13(4): 237-254.
[30]	Brand U. Global climatic changes during the Devonian-Mississippian: Stable isotope biogeochemistry of brachiopods[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1989, 75(4): 311-329.
[31]	Denison R E, Koepnick R B, Fletcher A, et al. Criteria for the retention of original seawater⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in ancient shelf limestones[J]. Chemical Geology, 1994, 112(1/2): 131-143.
[32]	桑树勋,郑永飞,张华,等. 徐州地区下古生界碳酸盐岩的碳、氧同位素研究[J]. 岩石学报,2004,20(3):707-716.[Sang Shuxun. Zheng Yongfei, Zhang Hua, et al. Researches on carbon and oxygen stable isotopes of Lower Paleozoic carbonates in Xuzhou area[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2004, 20(3): 707-716.]
[33]	Samtleben C, Munnecke A, Bickert T, et al. Shell succession, assemblage and species dependent effects on the C/O-isotopic composition of brachiopods -- examples from the Silurian of Gotland[J].Chemical Geology, 2001, 175(1/2):61-107.
[34]	Brand U, Brenckle P. Chemostratigraphy of the Mid-Carboniferous boundary global stratotype section and point(GSSP), Bird Spring Formation,Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2001, 165(3/4): 321-347.
[35]	Wenzel B. Differential preservation of primary isotopic signatures in Silurian brachiopods from northern Europe[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2000, 70(1): 194-209.
[36]	Anderson T F, Arthur M A. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems[M]// Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology: SEPM, Short Course No.10. Soc Econ Paleontolgists & Mineralogists, 1983: 1-151.
[37]	Lea D W. Elemental and isotopic proxies of past ocean temperatures[M]// Elderfield H. The Oceans and Marine Geochemistry. New York: Elsevier, 2003: 365-390.
[38]	Brock T D. Life at high temperatures[J]. Science, 1985, 230(4722): 132-138.
[39]	Marshall J D. Climatic and oceanographic isotopic signals from the carbonate rock record and their preservation[J]. Geological Magazine, 1992, 129(2): 143-160.
[40]	McArthur J M, Howarth R J, Bailey T R. Strontium isotope stratigraphy: LOWESS version 3: Best fit to the marine Sr-isotope curve for 0-509 Ma and accompanying look-up table for deriving numerical age[J]. The Journal of Geology, 2001, 109(2): 155-170.

The Discrepancy in Carbon, Oxygen and Strontium Isotope between Brachiopod Fossil Shells and the whole Carbonate Rocks

doi: 10.14027/j.cnki.cjxb.2015.01.006

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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