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以研究区野外露头以及钻井取心资料为基础,在川西南栖霞阶内识别出多种岩石类型,其中梁山组多发育泥页岩,偶见粉砂岩,栖霞组主要发育灰岩类、云岩类两大类岩石。下面对栖霞组主要岩石学特征进行描述,并对其可能的沉积环境进行分析。
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该类岩石宏观上多为灰色—浅灰色,呈中层—块状,整体较致密,镜下可见成分主要为碳酸盐岩颗粒以及颗粒之间的亮晶胶结物,颗粒含量大于50%,颗粒类型基本为生物碎屑,包含棘皮类、底栖有孔虫等,生屑内部结构多被破坏,粒径多为0.1~2 mm,分选较差,磨圆变化较大,偶见微生物黏结特征(图2a,b)。此类岩石主要出现在栖霞组顶部,反映较高水动力条件下的沉积环境,而较差的分选和磨圆说明其并非一个稳定环境的产物,其形成环境可能为台内相对高地附近的高能丘滩体。
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该类岩石宏观上颜色多为灰色—深灰色,呈中—厚层状,镜下可见成分主要为碳酸盐岩颗粒及颗粒之间的灰泥基质,颗粒含量大于50%,颗粒类型基本为生物碎屑,包含底栖有孔虫、藻类等,粒径范围多为0.1~2 mm,分选较差,磨圆变化大,灰泥的富集程度存在差异,亦常可见灰泥裹覆、黏结生屑或颗粒(图2c,d)。该岩类多见于栖二段及栖一段上部,该类岩石生物碎屑含量高,分选较差,且生屑颗粒具有磨蚀特征,反映了一种中—低能环境,其形成环境可能为浪基面附近的相对低能的丘滩体。
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该类岩石宏观上颜色较浅,为灰色—浅灰色,呈厚层—块状,镜下可见成分主要为灰泥基质,其含量大于50%,其次为碳酸盐岩颗粒,颗粒含量多为25%~50%,颗粒类型基本为生物碎屑,主要为底栖有孔虫、藻类、棘皮类等,粒径多为0.1~1 mm(图2e)。该岩类在整个栖霞组均可见,发育频率高。该类岩石生物碎屑含量较少,生物碎屑见沉积大量的灰泥,总体反映了一种中—低能的沉积环境,其形成环境可能为开阔—半局限海或者丘滩体之间的低能滩间海环境。
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该类岩石较为致密,多呈薄层状产出,碳酸盐岩颗粒极少,总体由灰泥组成,粒级小于0.01 mm,含量超过了90%,生屑极为少见,其含量低于10%(图2f)。该岩类在整个栖霞组沉积时期均有发育,但栖一段发育频率远高于栖二段沉积时期。总体反映一种较低能的深水环境,结合前人对川西南栖霞组的研究成果,栖霞组应为碳酸盐岩台地沉积,因此排除盆地环境的可能性,其形成环境可能为开阔—半局限海或台内洼地深水沉积。
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该类岩石宏观上多为灰色,均质,镜下可见白云石主要呈他形—半自形,粒径一般为50~150 μm,晶粒多具溶蚀边,可见鸟眼构造(图2g)。该类白云岩可能的沉积环境为潮坪或台地蒸发坪环境,与潮坪—潟湖体系中局限环境导致的蒸发浓缩—回流渗透白云石化作用有关[5,35]。
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该类岩石宏观呈灰白色—浅灰色,针状孔发育,镜下可见白云石主要呈他形—半自形,常见原始颗粒轮廓或颗粒幻影(图2h)。该类白云岩晶间孔隙发育,是川西南地区栖霞组主要的储集岩类型[36],通过丰富的残余颗粒组构推测,其原岩为亮晶生屑灰岩及泥晶生屑灰岩。关于白云岩的成因已有大量学者做过研究,虽然目前尚存在一些争议,但总体认为层状细—中、粗晶白云岩的形成往往受高能滩相控制,其形成环境可能为台缘或台内丘滩体[10,31,37]。
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根据识别出的岩石类型及其可能对应的沉积环境,并结合前人研究成果,认为研究区栖霞阶沉积格局整体为无镶边的碳酸盐台地相,发育潮坪、开阔—半局限台地、潟湖、台内洼地、台内丘滩体等亚相,具体细分如表1所示。
表 1 川西南地区下二叠统栖霞阶沉积相类型划分简表
Table 1. Classification of sedimentary facies of Lower Permian Qixia Stage in southwestern Sichuan Basin
沉积相 亚相 微相 主要岩石类型 碳酸盐台地 潮坪 云坪,藻坪,潮缘滩 粉晶白云岩,细晶白云岩,泥晶生屑灰岩 开阔—半局限海 灰质开阔—半局限海,滩间海 泥晶灰岩,生屑泥晶灰岩 台内洼地 灰质台内洼地,泥灰质台内洼地 泥晶灰岩,含泥灰岩 台内丘滩体 生屑滩,灰泥丘 亮晶生屑灰岩,泥晶生屑灰岩,细—中晶白云岩 潟湖 灰质潟湖 粉晶白云岩,泥晶灰岩,生屑泥晶灰岩 -
鉴于SQ0层序分布局限,且SQ0与SQ1层序皆具有超覆和继承沉积的特征,可以将SQ0+SQ1层序(主要为栖一段)作为一个整体进行岩相古地理分析。SQ0+SQ1层序的古地理格局总体上表现为邻接康滇古陆的连陆碳酸盐岩台地(图11a),西侧康滇古陆东缘发育近南北向展布的潮坪,向东相变为海相碳酸盐岩台地。在这个辽阔的台地上,层序厚度一般为20~80 m(图10a),反映古地貌虽然总体比较平坦,但明显存在局部分异,既有发育于水下高地上的、星罗棋布的台内丘滩体,也有表现为古地貌低地的潟湖。
图 11 川西南栖霞阶岩相古地理图
Figure 11. Paleogeographic lithofacies map of Qixia Stage in southwestern Sichuan Basin
台内丘滩体亚相主要由灰色—深灰色中—厚层状泥晶生屑灰岩夹生屑泥晶灰岩组成,常具有微生物黏结组构,受白云化影响,有的可转变为具有残余结构的白云岩,属于中低能丘滩体环境的沉积产物。单个丘滩体的厚度通常为0.5~3 m,伴随丘滩体的侧向迁移叠置,累计厚度1~18 m,颗地比值一般大于0.22(图12a)。该层序的台内丘滩体常呈星散状孤立分布,也有集中连片成断续条带状分布的丘滩体相带,例如在西部的大飞水—林盘—LS1井一带,南部的资阳—乐山一带,丘滩体累计厚度可达18 m。
图 12 川西南栖霞阶层序颗地比与地层厚度散点图
Figure 12. Scatter plot of sequence grain⁃ground ratio and sequence stratigraphic thickness of Qixia Stage, southwestern Sichuan Basin
开阔—半局限海亚相或滩间海亚相为该层序分布范围最广的古地理单元,主要由灰色—浅灰色厚层—块状生屑泥晶灰岩、含生屑泥晶灰岩和泥晶灰岩组成,罕见白云岩,生屑颗粒包括有孔虫、藻类、棘皮类、腹足类、双壳类、介形类等,反映比较安静的低能正常海环境,厚度一般为40~70 m,颗地比值小于0.22(图12a)。它们通常分布于台内丘滩体亚相之间(滩间海),或者连片分布,尤其是在研究区东部。
潟湖亚相主要由暗色薄层状泥晶灰岩、含泥灰岩、泥质灰岩、泥灰岩等组成,几乎不含生屑颗粒,偶夹薄层状含生屑泥晶灰岩,不发育白云岩,表明环境安静、低能、水较深,厚度往往大于80 m,最厚可达110 m,颗地比值很小,接近于零。台内洼地亚相主要分布于研究区北中部的什邡—都江堰—双流地区,以及西南部的荥经—张村—峨边地区。
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SQ2层序(相当于栖二段)的古地理格局,基本上继承了SQ0+SQ1层序连陆碳酸盐岩台地的格局,但相带东西向分异更加显著,自西向东依次为:近南北向展布的康滇古陆及其东缘的潮坪、台内洼地、台内丘滩体,以及开阔—半局限海台地(图11b)。层序厚度一般为55~90 m,总体上呈现出西薄东厚的变化趋势(图10b)。这个海相碳酸盐岩台地上的古地貌虽然总体比较平坦,但依然存在古地貌分异现象。发育于水下高地上的、成排成带的台内丘滩体成为这个台地上最醒目的景观,表现为古地貌低地的台内洼地则纵贯南北展布。
台内丘滩体亚相主要由灰色—浅灰色中层状—块状亮晶生屑灰岩和泥晶生屑灰岩组成,有的具有微生物黏结组构,属于中高能丘滩体环境的沉积产物,受白云化影响,时常转化为具有残余结构的白云岩。单个丘滩体的厚度通常为0.5~6 m,伴随丘滩体的侧向迁移叠置,累计厚度为1~30 m,颗地比值一般大于0.41(图12b)。白云岩分布较广,多出现在层序中上部,累计厚度通常为2~45 m。该层序的台内丘滩体最突出的特征之一是常集中连片分布,尤其是在成都—雅安—乐山一带,该相带大致呈向西凸出的弓形宽带状连绵数百千米,并且具有环凹规模分布的趋势,厚度普遍超过70 m。东部台地上也有规模较大的台内丘滩体发育,例如资探1、永探1、资6井区附近。
开阔—半局限海亚相或滩间海亚相主要分布于研究区东部,岩相特征与SQ0+SQ1层序相似,主要由灰色—浅灰色厚层—块状生屑泥晶灰岩、含生屑泥晶灰岩和泥晶灰岩组成,白云岩少见,厚度一般小于75 m,颗地比值小于0.41(图12b)。它们通常分布于台内丘滩体之间(滩间海),或者连片分布,尤其是在研究区东部。
台内洼地亚相的岩石类型主要为暗色薄层状泥晶灰岩、含泥灰岩、泥质灰岩、泥灰岩等,生屑颗粒很少,偶夹薄层状含生屑泥晶灰岩,白云岩不发育,表明环境安静、低能、水较深,厚度一般小于60 m,颗地比值很低,接近于零。台内洼地亚相主要分布于研究区西部的都江堰—大石包—荥经—峨边一带,西邻康滇古陆东缘的潮坪相带,东接成都—雅安—乐山一带的台内丘滩体相带,成为一个纵贯南北的、地势低洼的古地理单元。
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综合上述两节有关岩相古地理的论述,建立了如图13所示的川西南下二叠统栖霞阶沉积模式。
图 13 川西南下二叠统栖霞阶层序沉积充填模式图
Figure 13. Sequence sedimentary filling pattern of Lower Permian Qixia Stage, southwestern Sichuan Basin
SQ0+SQ1层序沉积环境主要受控于云南运动所形成的侵蚀古地貌和早二叠世海平面相对升降变化。随着早二叠世早期海侵,SQ0+SQ1层序具有向古地貌高地逐层超覆的特征,并据此形成了梁山组与栖霞组下部地层“同期异相”的现象。整个SQ0+SQ1沉积期水体较为局限,能量较低,不发育亮晶颗粒岩类。SQ0+SQ1沉积历程整体属于一个“填平补齐”过程,最终形成“古地貌高地及坡折带附近发育中低能丘滩体,古地貌低地多为台内洼地”的古地理格局。SQ2沉积期环境能量较高,以发育亮晶颗粒岩类为特征,丘滩体规模进一步扩大,同时在古地貌高部位可见丘滩体叠置迁移的特征,形成环洼规模分布的古地理格局(图13)。
如图13所示,在SQ0沉积初期,在如田坪—新开寺一带的相对古地貌低地最先开始接受沉积,并且具有向两侧相对古地貌高地超覆沉积的现象,主要沉积较为低能的泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩及少量的生屑泥晶灰岩,同时SQ0层序的发育具有一定的局限性,仅见于什邡—都江堰—双流地区和荥经—峨边一带。SQ1层序具有和SQ0类似的沉积特征,由地貌低地向两侧高地超覆沉积,主要沉积泥晶灰岩、生屑泥晶灰岩及少量的泥晶生屑灰岩和白云岩。SQ0+SQ1丘滩体发育较少,主要分布于古地貌低地两侧的坡折带。这是由于坡折带处于高能浪基面附近,且可容空间充足。SQ2沉积期,水体较开阔,主要沉积亮晶生屑灰岩、泥晶生屑灰岩、生屑泥晶灰岩及少量泥晶灰岩和白云岩,此时是整个栖霞阶丘滩体发育的主要时期,它们多发育在微地貌高地,当丘滩体沉积至平均海平面附近时,由于可容空间有限,丘滩体多发生侧向叠置迁移,导致丘滩体规模扩大。
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对比研究区栖霞组储集岩类物性数据发现(表2),云岩类储层的物性明显优于灰岩类储层,而在云岩类储层中,细—中晶白云岩具有更好的物性特征,是研究区最主要的储集岩。据前人研究,二叠系优质白云岩储层的发育和分布受丘滩体相带控制[10⁃11,31,37]。因此,厘清台内丘滩体形成的古地理环境及其展布规律,是寻找相控白云岩储层的前提。
表 2 川西南栖霞阶不同岩性孔渗统计表
Table 2. Porosity and permeability of different lithologies in Qixia Stage, southwestern Sichuan Basin
储集岩类 孔隙度/% 样品数 渗透率/×10-3 μm2 样品数 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 云岩类 细—中晶白云岩 3.01 10.66 1.25 62 0.9 8.46 0.01 29 粉晶白云岩 1.45 5.97 0.68 62 0.65 6.23 0.002 7 23 灰岩类 0.86 2.65 0.36 30 0.28 0.53 0.07 7 研究区层序格架内地层厚薄相间的分布趋势,是古地貌低地两侧坡折带形成的关键。同时栖霞阶成排成带分布于坡折带附近的台内丘滩体亚相,是储层发育的有利相带,其中坡折带对碳酸盐岩储层形成起着关键作用,主要体现在以下三个方面。首先,就碳酸盐岩沉积规律而言,在总体平坦的克拉通盆地内,坡折带多处于古地貌相对洼地与高地的衔接处,也是水体能量的转换带,不仅控制着栖霞阶沉积相带的发育与分布,而且有利于发育台内丘滩体亚相,为储层发育奠定物质基础[5,10,31];其次,就坡折带对云化作用的控制而言,坡折带附近在高位晚期由于可容空间有限,丘滩体常常发生侧向迁移叠置,导致环境受限,水体咸化,有助于台内丘滩体发生云化作用,所形成的白云岩具有成为良好储集层的潜力[11,35,46⁃47];最后,坡折带附近的丘滩体在高位晚期和层序顶部界面形成期,更容易遭受准同生期岩溶作用的叠加改造,形成有利于油气储集的孔洞体系。
基于前述层序地层及其岩相古地理格局的分析,认为SQ2层序(栖二段)是研究区栖霞阶最有利于台内丘滩体这一潜力储集相带发育的层位,SQ2和SQ0+SQ1高位晚期的荥经—乐山凹陷北缘、都江堰—成都凹陷东南缘附近台内坡折带附近发育的台内丘滩体亚相,在可能接受后期建设性成岩作用改造的基础上,形成优质白云岩储层或岩溶型灰岩储层。因此,认为环台洼坡折带发育的台内丘滩体相带附近是有利的勘探区。
Sequence Stratigraphy and Lithofacies Paleogeography of the Lower Permian Qixia Stage in Southwestern Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 目的 西接康滇古陆的四川盆地西南部下二叠统栖霞阶近年来展示出良好的勘探潜力,然而针对该地区地层充填规律及古地理格局的观点还并不统一,严重制约了下一步盆内精细的油气勘探和井位部署。 方法 以四川盆地西南部下二叠统栖霞阶梁山组和栖霞组为研究对象,综合利用野外剖面、钻井岩心和测录井等资料,在岩石类型与沉积相分析的基础上,运用海相碳酸盐岩层序地层学原理与方法,对栖霞阶层序界面进行识别。并采用单因素分析多因素综合作图法,以三级层序为编图单位,结合优势相原则,分别绘制研究区栖霞阶SQ0+SQ1和SQ2层序岩相古地理图。 结果 在栖霞阶中识别出4个三级层序界面,从下到上分别为梁山组底界面(I型)、栖一段内部界面(II型)、栖一段\栖二段界面(II型)和栖霞组\茅口组界面(I型),并将其划分为3个三级层序,每个层序均由海侵域和高位域组成。通过层序地层格架的对比分析,认为栖霞阶下部的SQ0层序大致对应于传统划分的梁山组+栖一段下部地层,仅发育于研究区内的栖霞阶地层沉积前古地貌低地,并且具有向古地貌高地超覆的层序充填特征,中部的SQ1层序和上部的SQ2层序则遍布全区。川西南栖霞阶层序岩相古地理格局总体上表现为西接康滇古陆的海相碳酸盐岩台地,古地貌和沉积相带分异比较明显,自西向东依次为:康滇古陆及其东缘的潮坪、台内洼地、台内丘滩体,以及开阔—半局限海台地,而且沿台内坡折带发育的台内丘滩体往往具有环洼规模分布的趋势。 结论 通过剖析台内坡折带对碳酸盐岩成储的影响,指出SQ2层序(栖二段)是研究区栖霞阶最有利于台内丘滩体这一潜力储集相带发育的层位,环台洼坡折带发育的丘滩体相带附近是有利的勘探区。从层序地层学角度重新认识栖霞阶充填模式及岩相古地理特征,为川西南部下二叠统栖霞阶的下一步储层预测及勘探开发提供全新的理论支撑。Abstract: Objective The Lower Permian Qixia Stage in southwest Sichuan Basin has shown significant exploration potential in recent years, but the views on the sedimentary filling pattern and paleogeographic framework in this area are not unified, which seriously restricts the further oil and gas exploration and well location deployment in the basin. Methods This study of the Lower Permian Liangshan Formation and Qixia Formation in southwestern Sichuan Basin was based on the comprehensive use of field profiles, drilling cores and logging data, and analysis of rock types and sedimentary facies. The application of the principles and methods of marine carbonate stratigraphical sequencing led to the identification of third-order sequence interfaces in the Qixia Stage. Single-factor analysis and multi-factor comprehensive mapping were adopted, taking the three-level sequence as the mapping unit. Combining these with the dominant phase, maps of the SQ0 + SQ1 and SQ2 sequence paleogeographic lithofacies were drawn for the Qixia Stage in the study area. Results Four third-order sequence interfaces were identified in the Qixia Stage, from bottom to top: lower interface of Liangshan Formation (SB I), inner interface of Qixia Formation Group 1 section (SB II), interface of Qixia Formation Groups 1 and 2 (SB II) and interface of the Qixia Formation and Maokou Formation (SB I). These occurred in three tertiary sequences, each consisting of a transgressive domain and a high-order domain. Comparative analysis of the sequential stratigraphic framework suggested that the SQ0 sequence of the lower Qixia Stage corresponds roughly to the Liangshan Formation. In the lower Qixia Formation Group 1 section, SQ0 is evident only in the paleogeomorphic lowland before the deposition of Qixia Stage in the study area, with a filling sequence overlapping a paleogeomorphic highland. Sequence SQ1 in the middle region and SQ2 sequence in the upper region are found throughout the area. The sequence in the southwestern Sichuan Basin consists of a marine carbonate platform bordering the Kang-Dian ancient land in the west, with obvious differentiation of paleogeomorphology and sedimentary facies. From west to east, the Kang-Dian land and its eastern margin consisted of a tidal flat, intraplatform depression, intraplatform mound-shoal, and an open semi-confined platform. In addition, an intraplatform mound-shoal beach developed along the intraplatform slope break zone, tending to surround the intraplatform depression. Conclusions Analysis of the influence of the slope break zone on carbonate reservoir formation highlighted that the SQ2 sequence is the most favorable reservoir facies belt in the study area, with favorable exploration areas around the intraplatform mound-shoal facies belt. A new understanding of the filling pattern and paleogeographic lithofacies characteristics of the Qixia Stage, as determined from the sequence stratigraphy, provides a new framework for future reservoir studies and the prediction of favorable exploration areas in the Qixia Formation.
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表 1 川西南地区下二叠统栖霞阶沉积相类型划分简表
Table 1. Classification of sedimentary facies of Lower Permian Qixia Stage in southwestern Sichuan Basin
沉积相 亚相 微相 主要岩石类型 碳酸盐台地 潮坪 云坪,藻坪,潮缘滩 粉晶白云岩,细晶白云岩,泥晶生屑灰岩 开阔—半局限海 灰质开阔—半局限海,滩间海 泥晶灰岩,生屑泥晶灰岩 台内洼地 灰质台内洼地,泥灰质台内洼地 泥晶灰岩,含泥灰岩 台内丘滩体 生屑滩,灰泥丘 亮晶生屑灰岩,泥晶生屑灰岩,细—中晶白云岩 潟湖 灰质潟湖 粉晶白云岩,泥晶灰岩,生屑泥晶灰岩 表 2 川西南栖霞阶不同岩性孔渗统计表
Table 2. Porosity and permeability of different lithologies in Qixia Stage, southwestern Sichuan Basin
储集岩类 孔隙度/% 样品数 渗透率/×10-3 μm2 样品数 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 云岩类 细—中晶白云岩 3.01 10.66 1.25 62 0.9 8.46 0.01 29 粉晶白云岩 1.45 5.97 0.68 62 0.65 6.23 0.002 7 23 灰岩类 0.86 2.65 0.36 30 0.28 0.53 0.07 7 -
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