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辽东半岛拥有丰富的泥炭资源,泥炭在全新世的早期、中期及晚期都有发育(表1),但其发育并不连续,且发育种类、位置及背景各异,以沿海潟湖型泥炭最为丰富。本区全新世泥炭研究的重要性表现为其发育的开始与结束,均与气候变化紧密联系,且泥炭自身富含了大量有机质来源信息,对揭示该区全新世气候变化细节,具有一定意义。
表 1 辽东半岛主要泥炭沉积信息
形成时期 剖面名称 泥炭位置/m 测年位置/m 测年物质 测定年代/a B.P. 日历年/cal.a B.P. 发表时间 晚全新世 西团瓢 约0.5 m 不详 泥炭 1 880±106 1 537~2 008 1986[12] 大莲泡 0.65~1.3 顶部 泥炭 663±65 536~690 1992[11] 大南岛 1.4~2.9 顶部 泥炭 2 050±95 1 745~2 183 1977[13] 大南岛 1.4~2.10 不详 木头 2 435±100 2 310~2 751 1977[13] 栗子房李家沟 1.0~1.5 顶部 泥炭 2 750±100 2 715~3 166 1977[13] 中全新世 八岔沟 0.9~1.2 顶部 泥炭 2 530±100 2 349~2 781 1977[13] 星海公园 0.3~0.3 顶部 泥炭 3 974±160 4 062~4 843 1985[19] 朱家屯 中部 顶部 泥炭 4 705±200 4 864~5 761 1985[19] 朱家屯 中部 顶部 泥炭 4 949±73 5 583~5 893 1992[11] 朱家屯 中部 底部 泥炭 5 689±75 6 383~6 648 1992[11] 前盐村 表层 不详 泥炭 5 495±100 6 107~6 489 1986[12] 早全新世 莲花山苇甸子 3.0~4.5 底部 泥炭 11 000 — 1992[11] 普兰店泡子 1.6~2.2 顶部 泥炭 8 070±190 8 535~9 463 1977[13] 普兰店泡子 1.6~2.2 底部 泥炭 9 950±300 10 651~12 487 1977[13] 辽东半岛南部的辽南地区,泥炭剖面研究较多。辽南地区泥炭依据成因分为3种类型:潟湖型、河漫滩型和沟谷型。在泥炭层的分布上,绝大部分位于沿海冲积、三角洲平原的河漫滩洼地、沿海低山、丘陵台地(或阶地)上的沟谷洼地。本区泥炭厚度不超过100 cm,分布较为零散,且研究剖面较少,主要研究剖面分布见图4。早全新世泥炭基本沉积于剖面的底部,而中—晚全新世泥炭基本位于剖面表层(表1)。本区发育于沿海的泥炭层均与海平面变化紧密相关,随着海平面的进退变化,主要有3个有利于泥炭发育的时期:首先为全新世早期,由于海侵造成地下水位抬升,河流排水不畅,如泡子泥炭及莲花山苇甸子泥炭[20,29];其次为海侵最大时期,海平面停滞期形成,如八岔沟泥炭[13-15,30]、朱家屯泥炭及长海县大盐场泥炭[31];最后为全新世中期后,海退过程中的几次停滞,表现为庄河大南岛泥炭[13]等。西团瓢泥炭[12]及大莲泡泥炭[11]均形成于近1 500年前后,与以上经典成因有所差异,两处泥炭年代较晚且位于山间盆地,其主要为水热变化导致的湖泊消亡,利于泥炭发育。总体而言,本区泥炭层成因是气候与不同的小区域地貌共同作用的产物。
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孢粉方面,将前人主要研究剖面的孢粉信息[9,11,29]列下表2。可见,辽东半岛全新世早期乔木较少,以桦、榆、桤木及少量松为主,陆生草本以蒿、芦苇,水生草本以狐尾藻等为主。中期乔木比重增加,阔叶树种以栎、榆为主,晚期则体现了环境恶化,耐旱耐贫瘠的种类,如藜科、卷柏等增加。相对应的气候信息,前人归纳为早全新世——干冷,中全新世——湿热,晚全新世——干冷。
表 2 辽东半岛地区几个剖面孢粉资料对比
剖面 位置 晚全新世 中全新世 早全新世 大沟北剖面 庄河 草本减少,木本恺木增多外,其他阔叶树种及松属花粉减少 旱生草本植物黎科和篙属。 木本植物以松属、栋属占优势 含莎草科的苔草属和禾本科的芦苇属, 木本植物花恺木属、栋属为主 朱家屯剖面 金州 草本植物篙属居优势,禾本科、莎草科、狐尾藻及香蒲等减少 栎、桦、榛优势,禾本科、香蒲、莎草及狐尾藻等明显增加,水龙骨和环纹藻等及藻类居多 以篙属、禾本科、狐尾藻等为主; 木本花粉次之,以栋属和松属居多 大莲泡剖面 金州 草本及水生植物减少至消失,中华卷柏增加至全部 水生植物含量较高,香蒲狐尾藻及莲花粉 木本增加松、栎平分秋色 孢粉贫乏,仅见几科松花粉,草本植物为号属, 水生植物香蒲、狐尾藻及双星藻科 普兰店泥炭 普兰店 — — 桦属占优势,榆属多于栎属,外侧滨海地带, 发育以篙属和黎科为主的旱生、盐生草本群落。 相比较而言,同样处于北方季风区的巴丹吉林沙漠地区在11 ka以前为干燥的风沙环境,在早全新世(11~7.2 ka)时期,旱生孢粉含量开始减少,并出现了较多的挺水植物,表明了水位的升高,环境湿润[32]。石羊河流域的红水河剖面孢粉在12.2~11.6 cal.ka B.P.期间,以云杉为代表的乔木孢粉含量下降,表明了干燥气候,可能对应YD事件,而全新世开始后的11.6~9.7 cal.ka B.P.期间,云杉属和松属划分增加显著,表明了气候的湿润,可能与亚洲季风增强有关[33]。
然而,全新世早期季风的增强,是否在辽东半岛古植被类型变化上产生较大的影响并无定论。早期研究工作得到的全新世早期乔木树种稀少及“荒芜”的植被,是否是全新世早期的景观,也有待于进一步补充年代数据进行验证。关于本区全新世的植被景观以及古气候变化,需在今后结合高分辨率的年代数据并采用新的全新世分期进行细致辨别。
Research Progress on Paleoclimate Change from Holocene Sediment Records in Liaodong Peninsula
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摘要: 全新世气候变化与人类发展关系密切,古气候重建工作对现代气候环境的研究与保护具有很大的借鉴意义,是当今全球变化研究的重点热点之一。从辽东半岛全新世沉积物入手,详细汇总了其分布、类型与岩性情况,并收集主要孢粉及贝壳堤信息对全新世气候及海平面重建成果进行总结与分析。结果表明:1)本区全新世沉积物分布较为分散、层序多样且存在缺失,剖面/钻孔大多集中于辽南地区的金州区、普兰店市、瓦房店市、庄河市及丹东东港市,且多集中于黄海海岸;2)沉积物类型主要为潟湖/湖沼沉积物、海积物、坡积/洪冲积物3种;3)该区全新世气候演变过程为干冷—湿热—干冷的模式,其中8.0~3.0 ka B.P.是气候最适宜期,沉积记录显示在5.6 ka B.P.前后,出现一次降温(变干)事件;4)该区最大的海侵发生在6.5~5.0 ka B.P.,在9.3~8.0 cal. ka B.P.经历了一次海退事件。后期需在技术应用、学科交叉等方面加强研究。Abstract: Research on climate change in the Holocene has been fruitful in recent years. However, research in the Liaodong Peninsula has rarely been reported. The studies were mostly concentrated in the 1980s to 1990s, and few reports have appeared since. In order to better carry out research on Holocene climate change in this area, important research results are summarized here. This study begins with Holocene sediments (including peat) reported for the Liaodong Peninsula, and summarizes their distribution, types and lithology, and collects the research results of Holocene climate and sea-level reconstruction based on the properties of pollen and shell deposits. Finally it summarizes the deficiencies of previous work and proposes future research directions. The results show that the distribution of Holocene sediments in this area is relatively scattered, the sequence is diverse, and there are deficiencies. Most of the studied sections/cores were concentrated in Jinzhou District, Pulandian city, Wafangdian city and Zhuanghe city in southern Liaoning and Donggang city in Dandong, concentrated along the Yellow Sea coast. Sediment types are mainly lagoon/lake sediments, marine sediments, and sloping flood sediments. In terms of climate change, the Holocene climate in this area evolved from dry and cold to humid and warm to dry and cold. The Holocene Optimal Period in this area was 8.0⁃3.0 ka B.P. including a cooling (drying) event occurred at 5.6 ka B.P.. The maximum transgression occurred in 6.5⁃5.0 ka B.P. and experienced a regressive event during 9.3⁃8.0 ka.cal B.P.. In future it will be necessary to strengthen technical application and interdisciplinary research.
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Key words:
- Liaodong Peninsula /
- Holocene /
- paleoclimate /
- progress
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表 1 辽东半岛主要泥炭沉积信息
形成时期 剖面名称 泥炭位置/m 测年位置/m 测年物质 测定年代/a B.P. 日历年/cal.a B.P. 发表时间 晚全新世 西团瓢 约0.5 m 不详 泥炭 1 880±106 1 537~2 008 1986[12] 大莲泡 0.65~1.3 顶部 泥炭 663±65 536~690 1992[11] 大南岛 1.4~2.9 顶部 泥炭 2 050±95 1 745~2 183 1977[13] 大南岛 1.4~2.10 不详 木头 2 435±100 2 310~2 751 1977[13] 栗子房李家沟 1.0~1.5 顶部 泥炭 2 750±100 2 715~3 166 1977[13] 中全新世 八岔沟 0.9~1.2 顶部 泥炭 2 530±100 2 349~2 781 1977[13] 星海公园 0.3~0.3 顶部 泥炭 3 974±160 4 062~4 843 1985[19] 朱家屯 中部 顶部 泥炭 4 705±200 4 864~5 761 1985[19] 朱家屯 中部 顶部 泥炭 4 949±73 5 583~5 893 1992[11] 朱家屯 中部 底部 泥炭 5 689±75 6 383~6 648 1992[11] 前盐村 表层 不详 泥炭 5 495±100 6 107~6 489 1986[12] 早全新世 莲花山苇甸子 3.0~4.5 底部 泥炭 11 000 — 1992[11] 普兰店泡子 1.6~2.2 顶部 泥炭 8 070±190 8 535~9 463 1977[13] 普兰店泡子 1.6~2.2 底部 泥炭 9 950±300 10 651~12 487 1977[13] 表 2 辽东半岛地区几个剖面孢粉资料对比
剖面 位置 晚全新世 中全新世 早全新世 大沟北剖面 庄河 草本减少,木本恺木增多外,其他阔叶树种及松属花粉减少 旱生草本植物黎科和篙属。 木本植物以松属、栋属占优势 含莎草科的苔草属和禾本科的芦苇属, 木本植物花恺木属、栋属为主 朱家屯剖面 金州 草本植物篙属居优势,禾本科、莎草科、狐尾藻及香蒲等减少 栎、桦、榛优势,禾本科、香蒲、莎草及狐尾藻等明显增加,水龙骨和环纹藻等及藻类居多 以篙属、禾本科、狐尾藻等为主; 木本花粉次之,以栋属和松属居多 大莲泡剖面 金州 草本及水生植物减少至消失,中华卷柏增加至全部 水生植物含量较高,香蒲狐尾藻及莲花粉 木本增加松、栎平分秋色 孢粉贫乏,仅见几科松花粉,草本植物为号属, 水生植物香蒲、狐尾藻及双星藻科 普兰店泥炭 普兰店 — — 桦属占优势,榆属多于栎属,外侧滨海地带, 发育以篙属和黎科为主的旱生、盐生草本群落。 -
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