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本次利用成像测井资料、岩层产状法、古地磁等3种方法相结合,确定了研究区构造裂缝的产状。首先是利用滨古26、滨古22两口井的声成像测井资料进行了统计,结果表明:构造裂缝的倾角在5°~81°,其中倾角0°~10°(低角度缝)的占总数量7.14%,倾角10°~40°(低角度缝)的占总数量11.8%,倾角40°~70°(高角度缝)的占总数量58.69%,倾角70°~90°(直立缝)的占总数量22.37%;走向主要为50°~80°、210°~240°(北东—南西走向),以及121°~153°、303°~330°(北西—南东),另外少量90°左右的(近东西向)。另外,通过对研究区滨古26、滨古11、滨古22、滨古斜15等6口探井的岩芯观察,利用沿层产状法对构造裂缝进行了定向,主要是将岩芯上层面产状与构造图上地层产状对比,可以实现岩芯定向,根据岩芯层面与裂缝关系,确定出裂缝走向、倾向、倾角等产状,并结合对5块岩芯样品进行了古地磁岩芯裂缝定向实验(表 1),对岩芯定向结果进行了校正。结果发现:平南潜山下古生界碳酸盐岩中主要发育北西—南东、北东—南西走向的2组构造裂缝,另外少量近东西走向的构造裂缝,其中前2种构造裂缝以高角度缝为主,直立缝次之,少量低角度和水平缝,近东西走向构造裂缝以低角度为主(图 3)。另外,对构造裂缝的线密度、宽度、充填物类型进行了岩芯观察统计,构造裂缝的线密度在3.2~20条/m之间,平均约10.2条/m;构造裂缝的宽度在0.2~12 mm之间,平均约2.3 mm;构造裂缝充填物以方解石为主,少量硬石膏、铁质、泥质、黄铁矿等其他充填物(图 3)。
表 1 平南潜山岩石样品古地磁分析结果(The experiment was completed in the Institute of Geophysics of the National Seismological Bureau)
Table 1. Paleomagnetic analysis of rock samples from the Pingnan buried hill
取样井 深度/m 退磁场H(Oe) 偏角/(°) 倾角/(°) 标志线方位/(°) 滨古26 2 514.6 25~50 231.4 49.6 128.6 滨古26 2 514.6 75~100 32.9 39.2 327.1 滨古9 2 231.7 0~25 310.7 -53.3 49.3 滨古11 2 429.6 25~50 179.9 -60.5 180.1 滨古斜15 2 304.7 75~100 115.0 -32.8 245.0 -
通过对平南潜山取不同类型碳酸盐岩岩石样品做静力学测试(表 2),不同的岩石其强度变化较大,其中白云岩抗压强度最低,灰岩的抗压强度最高,灰质白云岩位于中间,从抗张强度的测定值来看,三种岩类的抗张强度均比抗压强度小10倍以上,所以张应力环境易破裂,碳酸盐岩中裂缝发育由弱到强的岩性顺序依次为灰质白云岩(岩性不纯的白云岩或灰岩)、灰岩、白云岩。另外,本文通过岩芯观察研究区下古生界不同类型岩石中构造裂缝线密度,结果发现构造裂缝发育次序为:细—中晶白云岩(15.6条/m) > 泥—微晶白云岩(12.3条/m)、灰质白云岩(12.1条/m) > 豹皮灰岩(10.1条/m) > 块状灰岩(7.2条/m) > 泥灰岩(4.1条/m)。
表 2 平南潜山岩石样品静力学参数测定结果表
Table 2. The determination results of static parameters for rock samples from the Pingnan buried hill
岩石类型 风干密度/(g/cm3) 抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/103MPa 泊松比 抗张强度/MPa 灰岩 2.58 92.8 45.1 0.22 8.3 灰质白云岩 2.7 61.5 45.8 0.18 5.4 白云岩 2.67 48.9 16.2 0.12 5.1 注:表中数据同一岩性为多个数据点的平均值。 -
在工程实践中,人们发现工程岩体的失稳破坏有相当一部分是沿着松软结构面破坏的,因此,结构面的存在不仅影响岩体的变形与强度性质,而且还控制着岩体的变形与破坏机理,整体状岩体结构的强度最大,其次为层间结合较好的中厚层状结构,层间结合不良的薄层、中厚层互层结构强度最低[25-26]。本次研究通过对山东淄博博山下古生界碳酸盐岩中构造裂缝发育情况进行野外观察,结果发现构造裂缝切割深度、延伸长度与岩石层厚具有很大的关系,碳酸盐岩单层厚度越薄,构造裂缝越发育,薄层与厚层互层结构中,薄层碳酸盐岩中构造裂缝最为发育,整体观察发现,碳酸盐岩岩石中构造裂缝切割深度大部分在2~6 m,延伸长度小于20 m(图 7)。在野外观察的基础上,利用岩芯观察结果统计了岩石层厚与构造裂缝线密度之间的关系(图 8),两者呈明显的正相关,随着层厚增大,构造裂缝线密度逐渐减小。另外,通过对平南潜山20余口井进行储层测井解释结果统计发现,大部分I、II类层优质储层主要分布在厚层碳酸盐岩所夹的薄层碳酸盐岩中,且通过对研究区下古生界碳酸盐岩内幕油藏进行解剖发现,内幕油藏主要呈薄层状分布(图 9)。
图 7 博山野外构造裂缝切割深度(a)与延伸长度(b)百分比图
Figure 7. Percentage diagram of cutting depth and extension length for structural fractures in Boshan field
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断层与构造裂缝的发育具有密切的关系。前人研究济阳坳陷义和庄地区和埕岛地区下古生界断层影响构造裂缝的范围为300 m左右,博山露头区断层影响构造裂缝为200 m左右[1]。本次研究主要统计岩芯观察构造裂缝、以及滨古26和滨古斜15两口井的成像测井资料显示的构造裂缝数量,分析了距断层距离与构造裂缝发育程度的关系,两者具有很好的相关性,离断层距离越近,构造裂缝越发育,离断层400 m范围内,构造裂缝的分布与断层关系密切,远离处主要与区域构造应力场有关(图 10)。另外对研究区碳酸盐岩日产液量与距断层距离进行统计发现,离断层越近,产液量越高,影响范围大约在500 m之内。以上分析充分说明了局部断层发育区是构造裂缝相对发育的区域。
Filling Characteristics and Main Controlling Factors for the Development of Multi-Phase Structural Fractures: A case of the Pingnan buried hill from Jiyang Depression
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摘要: 构造裂缝是下古生界碳酸盐岩储层中最重要的储集空间类型之一。以济阳坳陷平南下古生界潜山为研究对象,利用岩芯观察统计、元素地球化学、矿物学、岩芯常规分析等多种技术方法,分析了构造裂缝发育特征,阐明了构造裂缝发育期次与充填特征以及构造裂缝发育主控因素。研究结果表明:受不同时期、不同性质、不同方向构造应力场控制,研究区下古生界碳酸盐岩中发育形成期次、走向、充填时期、充填程度等具有明显差异的3组构造裂缝,分别为印支期南北向挤压形成的近东西向早期全充填构造裂缝、燕山期北北东—南南西向拉张形成的北西—南东向晚期部分全充填构造裂缝、喜山期北西—南东向拉张形成的北东—南西向晚期部分全充填的构造裂缝。构造裂缝发育程度主要受控于碳酸盐岩岩性、层厚2个内因与距断层距离1个外因等3个因素。Abstract: Structural fracture is one of the most important reservoir space types in carbonate reservoirs of the lower Paleozoic. In this paper, the development characteristics of structural fractures are analyzed, the development period and filling characteristics of structural fractures are clarified, and the main controlling factors of the development of structural fractures are defined by taking the Lower Paleozoic buried hills in Pingnan of Jiyang Depression as the research object, by means of variety of technical methods such as core observation and statistics, element geochemistry, mineralogy, core routine analysis, etc. The results show that there are three groups of tectonic fractures in the Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks in the study area controlled by the tectonic stress field in different periods, and directions, properties, which have obvious differences in development and formation stages, fault strike, filling degree, and filling period. They are: early full-filling structural fractures in the east-west direction formed by compression in the nearly north-south direction of the Indosinian epoch, the northwest-southeast (NW-SE) direction late full filling structural fractures formed by north NNE-SSW direction tension in the Yanshanian period, and the NE-SW direction late partial full-filling structural fracture formed by NW-SE direction tension in the Himalayan period. The development degree of structural fracture is mainly controlled by three factors: 2 internal causes of lithology and thickness of carbonate rocks and 1 external cause: distance from fault.
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图 3 岩芯观察构造裂缝特征
(a)滨古26,2 515.4 m,马家沟组灰岩中被完全充填的低角度构造裂缝,充填物为方解石;(b)滨古26,2 514.6 m,马家沟组灰岩中被完全充填的高角度构造裂缝,充填物为方解石;(c)滨古9,2 231.7 m,马家沟组灰岩中半充填的构造裂缝,充填物为泥质和方解石;(d)滨古11,2 429.3 m,马家沟组灰岩中构造裂缝大部分被充填,两期充填现象明显,单偏光下;(e)滨古11,2 450.3 m,马家沟组灰岩构造裂缝充填,单偏光下;(f)滨古11,2 303.2 m,八陡组灰岩构造裂缝充填物为硬石膏、重晶石、黄铁矿等,正交光下
Figure 3. Structural fracture characteristics of core observations
表 1 平南潜山岩石样品古地磁分析结果(The experiment was completed in the Institute of Geophysics of the National Seismological Bureau)
Table 1. Paleomagnetic analysis of rock samples from the Pingnan buried hill
取样井 深度/m 退磁场H(Oe) 偏角/(°) 倾角/(°) 标志线方位/(°) 滨古26 2 514.6 25~50 231.4 49.6 128.6 滨古26 2 514.6 75~100 32.9 39.2 327.1 滨古9 2 231.7 0~25 310.7 -53.3 49.3 滨古11 2 429.6 25~50 179.9 -60.5 180.1 滨古斜15 2 304.7 75~100 115.0 -32.8 245.0 表 2 平南潜山岩石样品静力学参数测定结果表
Table 2. The determination results of static parameters for rock samples from the Pingnan buried hill
岩石类型 风干密度/(g/cm3) 抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/103MPa 泊松比 抗张强度/MPa 灰岩 2.58 92.8 45.1 0.22 8.3 灰质白云岩 2.7 61.5 45.8 0.18 5.4 白云岩 2.67 48.9 16.2 0.12 5.1 注:表中数据同一岩性为多个数据点的平均值。 -
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