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将压实作用研究内容归纳为压实作用机制、压实作用影响因素、压实作用响应特征三方面。
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机械压实作用是指在上覆水体或沉积层的重荷作用下,沉积物中发生骨架颗粒重新排列、塑性颗粒变形、孔隙水排出和粒间体积减少的过程[39]。机械压实作用在砂岩埋藏成岩过程中是自始至终存在的;而化学压实作用是当上覆地层重力或构造应力大于静水压力时,在一定温度、压力和流体条件下矿物颗粒接触位置处发生的粒间压溶作用。机械压实作用随着埋藏深度增加不一定必然发展为化学压实作用[40];岩屑含量较高的砂岩在剧烈的机械压实作用下,孔隙体积迅速减小导致砂岩孔隙度和渗透率减小;强烈的机械压实作用阻止了孔隙水的循环,即使温度、压力、流体性质达到了压溶作用的条件,溶解作用也很难进行。
碎屑岩沉积物在沉积后,起初经历机械压实作用阶段(温度 < 70 ℃),转而进入机械压实作用和化学压实作用并存阶段(温度 > 70 ℃和温度 < 100 ℃),最后进入化学压实作用为主—机械压实作用为辅阶段(温度 > 100 ℃)[15, 21, 41-43](图 1)。在较高温度条件下,化学压实作用是时间和温度的函数[44]。
在沉积盆地中,上覆沉积物重力及所处的盆地动力环境制约着砂岩沉积物可压缩性及孔隙流体压力,进而控制着压实作用过程及相应砂岩孔隙空间的变化。碎屑沉积物在压实过程中地层水顺畅排出孔隙空间,为正常压力条件;如果在压实过程中地层水未能及时排出或排出受阻,使其中流体承受了上覆地层负荷时,为高压异常条件;如果在压实过程中地层水排出过量,骨架颗粒异常压实致密,为低压异常条件(图 1)。这样,压实作用在深层、超深层碎屑岩储层中也可能由于欠压实作用而具有建设性作用,在超深层碎屑岩储层可能存在相对孔隙发育带。
砂岩压实作用强度可从颗粒接触关系进行评价,学者们[45-47]根据压实减孔率对压实作用强度进行定量评价。压实减孔率是指砂岩由于压实作用引起孔隙度减少量占其初始孔隙度的百分比值。计算公式如下:
(1) 式中:P为压实减孔率(%);ϕ0为初始粒间体积定量;ϕ次生孔隙为溶蚀作用增加的次生孔隙空间定量;ϕ胶结为胶结作用减少的孔隙空间定量;ϕ残余粒间为残余的原生粒间体积定量;ϕ次生孔隙、ϕ胶结和ϕ残余粒间都可在铸体薄片上统计得到。
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压实作用贯穿沉积盆地内砂岩成岩作用的整个过程,其影响因素也是在这个过程中体现出来的。砂岩沉积物从沉积(包括物源区构造背景、风化剥蚀、搬运和沉积过程)到浅埋藏成岩阶段(砂岩形态、沉积结构、颗粒尺寸和矿物组分)、深埋藏成岩阶段(储层温度、地层压力和地质流体),在升高的温度和压力条件下变成热力学和动力学上更稳定的矿物组分,进而形成最终的砂岩储层物性状况。本文阐述了沉积盆地内砂岩埋藏方式、岩性信息、储层温度和地层压力等压实作用影响因素。
埋藏方式是控制砂岩储层物性的重要因素,这包括埋藏深度和埋藏时间双因素。大多数地质年代组的碎屑岩平均孔隙度随着埋藏深度增加而减少[48],埋藏时间对碎屑岩孔隙度具有重要的影响。正如Ehrenberg et al.[48-49]研究所展示的,不同地质年代组的碎屑岩孔隙度—深度趋势线和相同深度区间段内碎屑岩孔隙度—地质年代趋势线均呈现出规律性变化;同一地质年代组碎屑岩P50孔隙度值一般会随着埋藏深度每增加1 km而孔隙度减少1%~3%(图 2a);相同深度区间段内碎屑岩P50孔隙度值一般会随着地质年代每增加1 Ma而孔隙度减少1%~2%[48-49](图 2b)。在压实作用过程中碎屑岩孔隙度减小是受埋藏深度和埋藏时间双因素影响的。从时间—深度函数对比分析了加速型埋藏盆地、减速型埋藏盆地和恒速型埋藏盆地在埋藏过程中孔隙度的保存情况[50]。
砂岩组分包括矿物颗粒、胶结物和杂基等。砂岩组分不同导致砂岩压实作用程度不同。砂岩中石英和长石等刚性颗粒含量越高,其抗压实能力越强,保留的原生孔隙越多;砂岩中塑性岩屑含量越高,其抗压实能力越弱。正如图 3a、图 3b和图 3c所展示的,对比分析风化玄武岩岩屑/石英颗粒的不同百分比例砂岩(图 3a)和页岩岩屑/石英颗粒的不同百分比例砂岩的压实作用曲线(图 3b);石英颗粒含量越高的砂岩孔隙度降低速度越慢,利于原生孔隙度的保存;而塑性岩屑含量越高的砂岩孔隙度降低速度越快。相比于富含板岩岩屑的砂岩,富含风化玄武岩岩屑和页岩岩屑的砂岩孔隙度降低速率更快(图 3c);这说明岩屑类型也影响着砂岩孔隙度减少程度[51]。分选性与砂岩孔隙度和渗透率呈现较好的正相关性(图 3d,e);分选性好的砂岩初始孔隙度是42.4%,而分选性差的砂岩初始孔隙度是27.9%(图 3d);砂岩渗透率取决于分选性和颗粒尺寸,渗透率伴随孔隙度和颗粒尺寸增加而增加(图 3e)[52]。在已有的研究准噶尔盆地三叠系砂岩储层物性时发现,粗砂岩、中砂岩孔隙度和渗透率均较高,粗粒沉积物的渗透率明显高于细粒沉积物,一般是细砂岩的2~15倍,是粉砂岩的3~33倍[53]。
储层温度是控制成岩作用的关键因素之一[54],古地温对成岩作用的影响主要包括:1)升高的温度导致矿物的溶解度升高;2)地温梯度的不同导致矿物转化深度的不同;3)通过控制动力学上矿物反应速率而决定化学反应变化;4)热力学上温度升高导致矿物向更稳定方向转化。对比分析了国内外沉积盆地内不同地温梯度对砂岩孔隙度的影响[55]。在加拿大西部近海Queen Charlotte盆地内地温梯度2.6 ℃/100m和3.5 ℃/100m的两个地区砂岩孔隙度损失速率是显著不同的(图 4a);在2 440 m深度位置处,地温梯度高的地区比地温梯度低的地区砂岩孔隙度损失量大了10%。同样,在中国沉积盆地内地层梯度高的地区砂岩压实速率更快,东部沉积盆地地温梯度一般为3.5~4.5 ℃/100m,而西部沉积盆地地温梯度一般为2.0~2.5 ℃/100m;地温梯度高的地区砂岩压实速率要高于地温梯度低的地区砂岩压实速率[56](图 4b)。
地层压力是在一定空间维度上通过压力场和流体场对砂岩成岩作用产生影响的,其形成机制包括岩石孔隙体积变化、孔隙流体体积变化、流体压力(水动力压头)和流体流动三种类型[57]。Colombo et al.[58]采用正演压实作用模拟和流体流动耦合效果来表征超压的分布,研究表明:采用孔隙度和孔隙度+压力两种数据形式校正获得的孔隙度趋势差异不大(图 5a,d);采用压力+孔隙度数据校正的压力结果,很好地解释了页岩层中观察到的超压趋势(图 5b,e);采用孔隙度数据校正的超压分布范围为10~35 MPa(图 5c),而采用压力+孔隙度数据校正的超压分布范围为24~35 MPa(图 5f)。静水压力是孔隙流体压力等于上覆水柱的重量时的孔隙流体压力;孔隙流体压力高于静水压力的称为高压异常或异常高压,如渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷车镇凹陷沙三中、下亚段[59];而孔隙流体压力低于静水压力的称为低压异常或异常低压,如二连盆地阿南凹陷和乌里雅斯太凹陷[60]、渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷西部凹陷南段沙河街组[61]。
此外,地质流体是砂岩压实作用过程中的重要影响因素,主要包括大气淡水、地层水、烃类流体和深部热液等;地质流体很大程度上取决一个成岩系统的开放程度;其中,大气淡水淋滤可以形成淋滤带,一定程度上改善砂岩储层;地层水在整个压实作用过程中通过地层水化学性质和循环热对流运动方式影响砂岩储层的成岩演化、控制砂岩储层溶解位置、传输路径和沉淀位置;烃类流体的充注改变了砂岩储层颗粒表面润湿性,对成岩作用具有重要影响。
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砂岩压实作用的响应特征主要表现为砂岩储层在上覆沉积物重力(或有效应力)作用下早期由于骨架颗粒重新排列而发生粒间体积减少、晚期由于与压溶作用相关的溶解、胶结作用而导致孔隙空间减少的过程。对富含刚性颗粒的石英砂岩的机械压实作用而言,初始孔隙度值为42%;随着埋藏深度增加到1 500 m时,粒间体积下降到约28%~30%;随着埋藏深度增加到2 500 m时,粒间体积减少到26%;随着埋藏深度增大至到达到机械压实作用下限[62](图 6a)。机械—化学压实作用控制的砂岩孔隙度—深度趋势线在机械压实和化学压实作用下最终砂岩孔隙度处于10%~20%之间[63](图 6b)。
从图 6a中可以看出机械压实作用控制的石英砂岩的粒间体积—深度关系曲线在2 500 m左右达到机械压实作用下限;从图 6b中可以看出机械压实和化学压实作用控制的石英砂岩孔隙度—深度曲线在达到2 500 m深度时砂岩孔隙度仍然在减少,说明这个深度范围内砂岩孔隙度减少主要是受化学压实作用控制的。所以机械—化学压实作用控制的砂岩孔隙度—深度趋势线能较好地反映由物理和化学作用过程驱动的压实作用下孔隙度演化过程[63-65]。
综合国外沉积盆地的砂岩(图 7a)和页岩(图 7b)孔隙度与深度曲线[66]、中国沉积盆地的砂岩孔隙度与深度曲线(图 7c)[67]、室内物理模拟实验的砂泥岩孔隙度与深度曲线(图 7d),获得沉积盆地内砂岩压实作用的响应特征和孔隙度演化规律。其中,沉积盆地内泥岩孔隙度—深度曲线、砂岩孔隙度—深度曲线均呈现出三段式特征,即0~2 000 m深度范围内孔隙度快速减少、2 000~3 000 m深度范围内孔隙度缓慢减少、 > 3 000 m深度范围内孔隙度缓慢减少(图 7a,b,c);室内物理模拟实验的砂泥岩孔隙度—深度曲线表明:砂泥岩孔隙度—深度曲线呈现出三段式,即0 ~3 000 m深度范围内孔隙度快速减少、3 000 ~ 4 000 m深度范围内孔隙度缓慢减少、 > 4 000 m深度范围内孔隙度进一步缓慢减少(图 7d)。沉积盆地内大量砂岩、泥岩和砂泥岩的孔隙度—深度关系曲线表明,砂岩孔隙度处于20%~30%之间,泥岩孔隙度处于0~20%之间,砂泥岩孔隙度处于5%~15%。
Status Quo of Sandstone Compaction Research and Its Advancement
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摘要: 砂岩压实作用研究主要包括压实作用机制、影响因素和响应特征三方面内容,重点阐述了砂岩压实作用模型与数值模拟研究、压实作用物理模拟与数值模拟融合研究两方面的新进展,结果表明:1)压实作用模型包括机械压实作用和化学压实作用模型,机械压实作用模型重点介绍了石英砂岩的粒间体积-深度曲线;而化学压实作用模型是与压溶作用相关的溶解作用和胶结作用,着重介绍了压溶成因的石英胶结作用。2)压实作用物理模拟与数值模拟的融合研究,主要是在压实作用机理认识基础上,通过压实模拟实验,建立基于实验数据的压实作用模型,进而开展数值模拟研究。最后指出压实作用研究趋势将朝着砂岩组分更加复杂的压实作用模型、压实作用与流体流动耦合、垂向-侧向多动力学机制、砂岩-泥岩协同机制、构造-沉积-成岩"三相"耦合的压实作用数值模拟等方面发展。Abstract: This study of the sandstone compaction mainly included three aspects:the compaction mechanism, the controlling factors and the response characteristics. The focus is on two aspects of recent research progress:compaction modeling and numerical simulation, and the integration of experimental compaction models with numerical simulation. The results show that:(1)compaction models included mechanical and chemical compaction models. Mechanical compaction models focus on the intergranular volume-depth relationship curve for quartzose sandstone; chemical compaction models is the dissolution and precipitation related to pressure solution, and the quartz cementation causedby pressure solution is emphasized. (2)The coupling of experimental compaction modeling and numerical simulation is mainly based on current knowledge of compaction mechanisms. Numerical simulation models are based on experimental data. It is suggested that compaction research might be directed towards the development of a compaction model of sandstone of complex composition, the interaction of compaction and fluid flow, vertical/lateral multi -dynamic mechanisms, and sandstone-mudstone cooperative mechanisms, as well as numerical simulation studies of the compaction effect of tectonism-sedimentation-diagenesis interaction.
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图 3 砂岩组分与储层物性的交会图(据Pittman et al.[51],Beard et al.[52]修改)
(a)风化玄武岩/石英颗粒的不同百分比例砂岩的压实作用曲线;(b)页岩岩屑/石英颗粒的不同百分比例砂岩的压实作用曲线;(c)50%石英颗粒和50%岩屑(分别为风化玄武岩、页岩和板岩)砂岩的压实作用曲线;(d)分选性与孔隙度的交汇图;(e)不同分选性的砂岩孔隙度和渗透率交会图
Figure 3. Cross-plot of sandstone composition and reservoir properties (modified from Pittman et al.[51], Beard et al.[52] )
图 5 Navarin盆地的压实作用校正模型和超压发育不确定性分析(据Colombo et al.[58]修改)
(a)和(d)分别是孔隙度和孔隙度+压力两种数据校正的孔隙度垂直分布;(b)和(e)分别是孔隙度和孔隙度+压力两种数据校正的地层压力垂直分布;(c)和(f)分别是孔隙度和孔隙度+压力两种数据校正的超压垂直分布(黄色曲线);黑色实线代表 50%概率,蓝色虚线分别代表着5%和95%概率
Figure 5. Uncertainty analysis of overpressure development and calibrated compaction model for the Navarin Basin (modified from Colombo et al.[58] )
图 7 砂岩、泥岩和不同砂岩/泥岩比例岩性的孔隙度—深度关系曲线(据Chudi[66],庞雄奇等[67]修改)
(a)国外砂岩的孔隙度—深度关系曲线;(b)国外页岩的孔隙度—深度关系曲线;(c)中国沉积盆地内砂岩孔隙度—深度关系曲线;(d)不同砂岩/泥岩比例岩性孔隙度—深度关系曲线;图d的数据引用法国石油研究院开发的Temisflow软件操作指南
Figure 7. Relationship curves of porosity vs. depth of sandstone, mudstone and lithologies of different sandstone/mudstone proportions (modified from Chudi[66], Pang et al.[67] )
图 8 压实作用模型和压实作用模拟效果图
(a)石英岩的机械压实作用模型(据Lander et al.[20], Paxton et al.[62], Gluyas et al.[93], Rossi et al.[94], Marcussen et al.[95]修改);(b)Kapuni Deep-1井Farewell组砂岩的埋藏深度、有效应力、孔隙度和超压分布图(据O’Neilla et al. [96]修改)
Figure 8. (a) Compaction model, and (b) numerical simulation diagram of compaction effect
图 9 基于模拟实验的压实作用模型(据Lu et al.[111]修改)
(a)(b)压实模拟实验的孔隙度—压力剖面图;(c)低孔隙度压实作用趋势的静态杨氏模量—砂岩孔隙度剖面图;(d)低孔隙度压实作用趋势的相对黏度系数(EVC)—砂岩孔隙度剖面图;(e)砂岩压实作用趋势与从地表到最大埋藏深度的对应关系。注意:右侧孔隙度—深度剖面展示,在半对数坐标系统中三个片段或平行或亚平行,形成两个压实作用趋势:(1)在白垩系和二叠系低孔隙率压实趋势(LPCT)(橙色和绿色虚线);(2)侏罗系和三叠系(蓝色虚线)高孔隙率压实作用趋势(HPCT)
Figure 9. Compaction simulation experiment and compaction model (modified from Lu et al.[111])
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