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根据西大滩地区的钻孔岩芯资料,结合对岩芯岩石结构特征及其发育的沉积构造特征观察分析,研究区下—中侏罗统可识别出砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、黏土岩、可燃有机岩5种岩石类型,并可划分出16种岩相类型(表 1)。
表 1 西大滩地区下—中侏罗统主要岩相类型
Table 1. Main lithofacies types from the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Xidatan area
岩类 岩相 岩相描述 沉积环境解释 砾岩 ①块状层理砾岩
②板状交错层理砾岩受碎屑支撑的砾石,叠瓦状排列,有冲刷面,水平层状发育板状交错层理,可见冲刷面 辫状河道
横向坝砂岩 ③块状含砾砂岩 砾石定向性差,分选差,常含树干,具冲刷面 分流河道 ④块状层理砂岩 呈厚层状,内部层理不清晰 河口坝 ⑤平行层理砂岩 层理面可见剥离线理 河道、河道间 ⑥楔状层理砂岩 可见冲刷面 分流河道 粉砂岩 ⑦块状层理粉砂岩 具块状层理 泛滥平原或远砂坝 ⑧沙纹层理粉砂岩 有时为上攀波状层理或发育波痕 各种环境 ⑨水平层理粉砂岩 多为泥质粉砂岩 各种环境 ⑩波状层理粉砂岩 多为灰白色 滨浅湖、水下分流河道等 泥岩 ⑪紫红色、杂色泥岩 具水平层理或块状层理 泛滥平原或湖泊 ⑫灰色、灰绿色泥岩 具水平层理 三角洲、滨浅湖 ⑬炭质泥岩 水平层理或块状层理 沼泽 ⑭菱铁质泥岩 可见菱铁质结核、菱铁质泥岩 分流间湾、湖湾 可燃有
机岩⑮油页岩 黄褐色、纸片状 深湖-半深湖、湖湾 ⑯煤层 呈块状,多为半亮型煤 泥炭沼泽 砾岩中可见块状层理、板状交错层理等。砂岩中发育块状层理、平行层理、楔状层理等。粉砂岩中经常见到块状层理、沙纹层理、水平层理、波状层理等。黏土岩包括紫红色、杂色泥岩、灰色、灰绿色泥岩、炭质泥岩、菱铁质泥岩,具水平层理、块状层理。可燃有机岩包括油页岩、煤层。
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通过上述岩性岩相分析,并结合紧靠研究区东部侏罗系出露完整的大煤沟剖面进行分析,确定研究区下—中侏罗统沉积相为冲积扇相、辫状河三角洲相、湖泊相,可识别出扇缘、扇中、辫状河三角洲平原、辫状河三角洲前缘、滨浅湖、半深湖亚相(表 2)。
表 2 西大滩地区下—中侏罗统沉积相类型
Table 2. Sedimentary facies from the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Xidatan area
沉积相 沉积亚相 沉积类型 岩相类型 冲积扇 扇中 辫状河道、片氾沉积 ①② 扇端 片氾沉积 ①③ 辫状河三角洲 辫状河三角洲平原 辫状分流河道 ①④⑦ 分流间湾 ⑨⑫⑮ 辫状河三角洲前缘 河口坝 ⑤ 远砂坝 ⑧ 湖泊 滨浅湖 滨浅湖砂坝、滨浅湖泥 ⑧⑪⑬ 半深湖 半深湖泥 ⑫⑯ 研究区未见侏罗系揭露完整的钻孔,为便于研究,综合多个钻孔绘制研究区综合柱状图(图 2)。区内发育湖泊相,主要包括滨浅湖亚相和半深湖亚相。滨浅湖亚相主要包括滨浅湖砂坝、滨浅湖泥,滨浅湖砂坝岩性以粉砂岩及细砂岩为主,见波痕(图 3a)。滨浅湖泥沉积岩性以泥岩为主,底部可见薄层泥岩粉砂岩互层,含黄铁矿。半深湖位于水体较深部位,水动力条件较弱,岩性主要为厚层深灰色泥岩,研究区部分区域可见油页岩,发育水平层理。
图 2 西大滩地区下—中侏罗统沉积相及层序地层分析综合柱状图
Figure 2. Columnar section showing sedimentary facies and sequence stratigraphy of the Early and Middle Jurassic strata in the Xidatan area
图 3 柴北缘大煤沟地区下—中侏罗统主要岩相特征
Figure 3. Field photographs showing main lithofacies characteristics from the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Dameigou area of the northern Qaidam Basin
冲积扇相中可识别出扇中、扇端亚相。扇中亚相可识别出辫状河道、片氾沉积两种沉积类型。辨状河道岩性以粗粒沉积物为主,多为含砾粗砂岩、中砂岩,发育块状层理;片氾沉积沉积物粒度较细,可见中砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩。扇端亚相可识别出片氾沉积,岩性以细粒沉积物为主,主要有细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩。
辫状河三角洲平原中又可划分出分流河道及分流间湾,分流河道主要为细砾岩、含砾砂岩、粗砂岩及细砂岩,细砂岩可见楔状层理(图 3b),薄层为粗砂岩与细砾岩互层,块状层理发育,其中可见树干化石(图 3c)。分流间湾岩性以泥岩、炭质泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩为主,块状层理发育(图 3d),见叶片化石(图 3e)泥岩、炭质泥岩层可见平行层理。
辫状河三角洲前缘主要由河口坝、远砂坝等组成。河口坝岩性以泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩为主,为向上逐渐变粗的逆粒序。远砂坝岩性以粉砂岩为主,见砂纹层理(图 3f)。
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厚煤层的发育受可容空间的增长速率以及泥炭堆积速率共同控制,可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率保持相对平衡时,最有利于泥炭的堆积,此时往往能够形成厚煤层[28]。对研究区可容空间与泥炭堆积速率相对关系的分析,需要从古气候、构造以及沉积物供给几个方面综合考虑[29-30]。研究区煤层发育情况见表 3。
表 3 西大滩地区下—中侏罗统各层序煤层发育情况
Table 3. Development of coals in the Early and Middle Jurassic sequences in the Xidatan area
层序 煤层号 厚度 横向连续性 分布特征 煤质特征 古气候环境 聚煤环境 SIII1 B、C 不稳定 一般 煤层厚度不稳定,横向连续性一般,煤质较好,为区内可采煤层 低灰分、低硫分、高挥发分长焰煤 温暖潮湿 辫状河三角洲平原间湾沼泽、滨浅湖 SIII2 D 变化大 较差 厚度变化大,横向连续性较差,夹矸层数多,为区内不可采煤层 前期温暖潮湿,后期干旱、半干旱 辫状河三角洲平原分流间湾 SIII3 F 厚 较好 煤层厚,横向连续性较好,煤质较好,为区内主要可采煤层 低灰分、特低硫分、中高挥发分不粘煤 温暖潮湿 辫状河三角洲平原泥炭沼泽 SIII4 G 薄 差 仅局部发育,厚度薄,连续性差,为区内不可采煤层 潮湿、半干旱 辫状河三角洲与
滨浅湖过渡带SIII5 潮湿、半干旱 水体深,物源供给少,不利于煤层发育 柴北缘含煤盆地的雏形在早侏罗世已经形成,早期仅在有限的几个断陷盆地发生沉积,西大滩地区位于其中。层序SIII1及层序SIII2沉积期为断陷盆地充填早期,具有地形坡度陡、盆地沉积范围小、沉积相变化快的特征,该期发育冲积扇、辫状河三角洲及湖泊沉积。早侏罗世早期及中期均为温暖潮湿的古气候环境,适合植物生长,有益于泥炭的形成,但由于粗碎屑物的快速充填,不利于厚煤层形成,因此层序SIII1及层序SIII2早期虽然有煤层发育,但煤层厚度及横向连续性一般,均主要发育于辫状河三角洲平原。层序SIII1聚煤中心位于研究区中部和东部,厚煤层主要分布在钻孔10-8及8-21附近,可达9 m,向四周减薄直至尖灭(图 7c)。该层序发育的B、C两组煤层均以亮煤、镜煤为主,煤岩显微组分特征表现为高镜质组(平均80%)、低惰质组(平均6.2%)。B煤组灰分在7.30%~11.89%之间,平均为8.43%,属于低灰煤;硫分在0.22%~1.15%之间,平均为0.6%,属低硫煤;挥发分在32.69~45.42%之间,平均为40.57%,为高挥发分的长焰煤。C煤组灰分在5.65%~15.24%之间,平均为11.05%,属于低灰煤;硫分在0.37%~1.19%之间,平均为0.82%,属于低硫煤;挥发分在31.97%~44.64%之间,平均为39.93%,为高挥发分的长焰煤。层序SIII2早期煤层主要分布于钻孔X13附近发育(图 8c),聚煤区较为分散,横向上厚度变化大,且夹矸层数多。层序SIII2晚期处于干旱、半干旱的古气候环境,没有煤层发育。
受西北地区中—晚侏罗世“干热化事件”的影响,中侏罗世柴北缘古气候由温暖、潮湿向炎热、干旱转变[31],层序SIII3时期研究区处于温暖、潮湿的古气候环境,适合植物生长,有利于泥炭形成,加上该期研究区沉积范围持续扩大,覆盖整个研究区,且地形坡度较早侏罗世减缓,陆源碎屑供给相对减少且趋于稳定,可容空间增长速率与泥炭堆积速率达到相对平衡,因此研究区层序SIII3沉积期具备了形成厚煤层的有利条件,在辫状河三角洲平原泥炭沼泽中发育区内主要可采(F煤组)煤层,聚煤中心分别位于西部钻孔12-18、X16附近,向四周逐渐减薄,以及东部钻孔34附近,并向北部逐渐减薄至尖灭。该煤组厚度较厚,平均厚度10 m,且平面展布较为连续(图 9c),以亮煤、镜煤为主,煤岩显微组分特征为镜质组(平均33.66%)低于惰质组(平均57.74%),灰分在6.35%~18.45%之间,平均为15.36%,属于低灰煤;硫分在0.13%~4.58%之间,平均为0.48%,属于特低硫煤;挥发分在33.69%~37.03%之间,平均为35.56%,为中高挥发分的不粘煤。
中侏罗世中晚期,柴北缘古气候环境开始向炎热、干旱转变[32],研究区层序SIII4及层序SIII5沉积期均处于潮湿、半干旱的古气候环境,不适合植物生长,且该期研究区由于沉降速率加快,使得可容空间的增长速率迅速增大,且物源供给量大大减少,不利于泥炭堆积,导致没有厚煤层发育。
Sequence-palaeogeography and Coal Accumulation from the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Xidatan Area of the Northern Qaidam Basin
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摘要: 柴达木盆地北缘西大滩地区是近年来新发现的煤炭资源有利勘探区,含煤岩系以早侏罗世小煤沟组和中侏罗世早期的大煤沟组及石门沟组为代表。根据露头剖面、钻孔岩芯及测井曲线对该含煤岩系的沉积相、层序地层格架、聚煤模式及岩相古地理进行研究,并对该区聚煤规律进行了分析。研究结果表明:区内含煤岩系由砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩、油页岩及煤组成,可识别出16种岩相类型以及冲积扇、辫状河三角洲与湖泊等3种沉积相类型。以区域不整合面、沉积相转换面、下切谷砂体底部冲刷面、岩性及颜色突变面等为层序界面,共识别出6个层序界面,划分出5个三级层序和相应的低位、湖侵及高位体系域。恢复出各个层序的岩相古地理,主要古地理单元为冲积扇、辫状河三角洲、滨浅湖及半深湖。研究区厚煤层主要发育于湖侵体系域上部靠近最大湖泛面处的下三角洲平原环境,这里作为低可容空间背景,较高的可容空间增加速率与较高的泥炭聚集速率相平衡,有利于泥炭/煤的聚集。煤层主要在层序SIII1、层序SIII2及层序SIII3中发育,由于古气候逐渐变得干燥,层序SIII4和SIII5聚煤作用变弱直至终止。Abstract: The Xidatan area has become a new area of exploration for coal resources in recent years, and the coal measures are represented by the Early Jurassic Xiaomeigou Formation and the Middle Jurassic Dameigou and Shimenggou Formations. In order to unveil the coal distribution in this area, we studied the sedimentary facies, sequence stratigraphy, coal accumulation, and lithofacies palaeogeography and analyzed the regional coal accumulation by using data from outcrop sections, borehole cores, and logging curves. The coal measures are composed of conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, oil shales, and coals. A total of 16 lithofacies types were identified, and three types of sedimentary facies were recognized, including alluvial fan, braided fluvial delta, and lacustrine, which constitute an overall fluvio-lacustrine setting. According to recognition of the regional unconformities, sedimentary facies reversal surface, base of incised valley fill sandstones, and abrupt changes in color and lithology, we have identified 6 sequence boundaries and have subdivided the coal-bearing strata into 6 third-order sequences and related low-stand, transgressive, high-stand systems tracts.The lithological data of each third-order sequence were statistically counted, and the stratal thickness contours and the sandstone/mudstone ratios were drawn. Based on these contours, lithofacies paleogeography maps of each sequence were reconstructed. The major paleogeographic units include an alluvial fan, braided river delta, littoral-sublittoral lake, and profundal lake. The thick coals were formed in the lower delta plain environment, which is typical for a low accommodation setting, around the maximum flooding surfaces where the higher rates of peat accumulation were balanced by the higher rates of accommodation creation. The coal accumulation mainly took place in sequence III1, sequence III2, and sequence III3, and due to the occurrence of relatively arid palaeoclimates, the coal accumulation weakened and even ceased during sequence III4 and sequence III5.
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图 3 柴北缘大煤沟地区下—中侏罗统主要岩相特征
(a)石门沟组滨浅湖砂坝细砂岩中不对称波痕;(b)大煤沟组辫状河三角洲平原分流河道细砂岩中楔状交错层理;(c)小煤沟组辫状河三角洲平原分流河道中细砂岩中树干化石;(d)小煤沟组辫状河三角洲平原分流河道块状含砾砂岩;(e)小煤沟组辫状河三角洲平原分流间湾粉砂岩中植物叶片化石;(f)小煤沟组辫状河三角洲前缘远砂坝粉砂岩中砂纹层理
Figure 3. Field photographs showing main lithofacies characteristics from the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Dameigou area of the northern Qaidam Basin
(a)ripple mark on the surface of sandstones in the Shimengou Formation, representing the littoral-sublittoral sand bar deposits; (b)wedge-shaped cross-bedding in the sandstones of theXiaomeigou Formation, representing the littoral-sublittoral sand bar deposits; (c)trunk fossil in the sandstones of the Xiaomeigou Formation, representing the deposits of the distributary channels of the braided river delta plain; (d)massive gravelly sandstones of the Xiaomeigou Formation, representing the deposits of the distributary channels of braided river delta plain; (e)eaf fossil in silty mudstones of the Xiaomeigou Formation, representing the deposits of the inter-distributary bay of the braided river delta plain; (f)ripple laminations in the siltstones of the Xiaomeigou Formation, representing the deposits of the distal bar of the braided river delta front
表 1 西大滩地区下—中侏罗统主要岩相类型
Table 1. Main lithofacies types from the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Xidatan area
岩类 岩相 岩相描述 沉积环境解释 砾岩 ①块状层理砾岩
②板状交错层理砾岩受碎屑支撑的砾石,叠瓦状排列,有冲刷面,水平层状发育板状交错层理,可见冲刷面 辫状河道
横向坝砂岩 ③块状含砾砂岩 砾石定向性差,分选差,常含树干,具冲刷面 分流河道 ④块状层理砂岩 呈厚层状,内部层理不清晰 河口坝 ⑤平行层理砂岩 层理面可见剥离线理 河道、河道间 ⑥楔状层理砂岩 可见冲刷面 分流河道 粉砂岩 ⑦块状层理粉砂岩 具块状层理 泛滥平原或远砂坝 ⑧沙纹层理粉砂岩 有时为上攀波状层理或发育波痕 各种环境 ⑨水平层理粉砂岩 多为泥质粉砂岩 各种环境 ⑩波状层理粉砂岩 多为灰白色 滨浅湖、水下分流河道等 泥岩 ⑪紫红色、杂色泥岩 具水平层理或块状层理 泛滥平原或湖泊 ⑫灰色、灰绿色泥岩 具水平层理 三角洲、滨浅湖 ⑬炭质泥岩 水平层理或块状层理 沼泽 ⑭菱铁质泥岩 可见菱铁质结核、菱铁质泥岩 分流间湾、湖湾 可燃有
机岩⑮油页岩 黄褐色、纸片状 深湖-半深湖、湖湾 ⑯煤层 呈块状,多为半亮型煤 泥炭沼泽 表 2 西大滩地区下—中侏罗统沉积相类型
Table 2. Sedimentary facies from the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Xidatan area
沉积相 沉积亚相 沉积类型 岩相类型 冲积扇 扇中 辫状河道、片氾沉积 ①② 扇端 片氾沉积 ①③ 辫状河三角洲 辫状河三角洲平原 辫状分流河道 ①④⑦ 分流间湾 ⑨⑫⑮ 辫状河三角洲前缘 河口坝 ⑤ 远砂坝 ⑧ 湖泊 滨浅湖 滨浅湖砂坝、滨浅湖泥 ⑧⑪⑬ 半深湖 半深湖泥 ⑫⑯ 表 3 西大滩地区下—中侏罗统各层序煤层发育情况
Table 3. Development of coals in the Early and Middle Jurassic sequences in the Xidatan area
层序 煤层号 厚度 横向连续性 分布特征 煤质特征 古气候环境 聚煤环境 SIII1 B、C 不稳定 一般 煤层厚度不稳定,横向连续性一般,煤质较好,为区内可采煤层 低灰分、低硫分、高挥发分长焰煤 温暖潮湿 辫状河三角洲平原间湾沼泽、滨浅湖 SIII2 D 变化大 较差 厚度变化大,横向连续性较差,夹矸层数多,为区内不可采煤层 前期温暖潮湿,后期干旱、半干旱 辫状河三角洲平原分流间湾 SIII3 F 厚 较好 煤层厚,横向连续性较好,煤质较好,为区内主要可采煤层 低灰分、特低硫分、中高挥发分不粘煤 温暖潮湿 辫状河三角洲平原泥炭沼泽 SIII4 G 薄 差 仅局部发育,厚度薄,连续性差,为区内不可采煤层 潮湿、半干旱 辫状河三角洲与
滨浅湖过渡带SIII5 潮湿、半干旱 水体深,物源供给少,不利于煤层发育 -
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