Identifying Single Sand Bodies in Meandering River Deposits Based on Subdivision of Main Architecture Elements
-
摘要: 单砂体的识别始终是曲流河储层描述中重点与难点。构型理论极大地丰富了单砂体描述的方法与内容,然而主要构型要素内部多样的测井相类型与组合特征严重干扰了油藏精细描述的结果。在前人研究的基础上,将Bridge的基础理论简化到油藏描述范畴,简述同一点坝(以及与之相伴生的河道)不同位置下的流体特征与沉积序列,并探讨如何利用测井相组合来识别砂体叠置的6种类型,并应用于油田实践。研究结果表明:1)小层范围内主力砂体内部测井相类型的复杂多变反应了沉积过程中复杂的水动力特征,由于环绕单一点坝砂体的最大流速靠近坝头一侧而远离坝尾一侧,使得坝头以箱型韵律为主,坝尾以钟形韵律为主,并以此作为油藏描述中刻画点坝展布的理论基础;2)在研究砂体叠置类型的过程中,可以根据剖面上测井曲线的变化情况来识别砂体的不同部位和不同拼接方式,从而建立更为精确的砂体叠置样式类型;3)该理论与露头调研的吻合度较高,在储层应用过程中,在曲流段保存相对完整的层段有着良好的应用效果。Abstract: The identification of single sand bodies in meandering river deposits is significant and challenging. For decades, Miall's theory of architecture elements has greatly enhanced the description of single sand bodies, but the variety of facies types and the characteristics of facies combinations in the main architecture elements interfere with reservoir description and sand thickness when using well logs. Based on previous studies, this paper simplifies Bridge's sedimentation theory for describing reservoirs, and briefly examines the fluid flow properties and sedimentary sequences at different locations in a selected point bar and its associated river channel. It outlines how to use well-log combinations to identify six types of sand body superposition and apply them in oilfield practice. The study found that: (1) Different well logs in plan view of a single layer reflect the complex hydrodynamics of the sedimentation process. Bridge's theory states that the maximum flow velocity occurs near the bar head and the minimum occurs away from the bar tail, so the sediment sequences in well logs are generally box-like at the bar head and bell-like at the bar tail. This describes in plan view the stretches of river in fluvial reservoirs. (2) To obtain an accurate description of superimposed types of sand bodies, different parts of the point bar and different splicing modes may be identified from changes in well-log sections. (3) The simplified Bridge theory agrees closely with outcrop surveys, and completely preserves the strata in meandering river reservoirs.
-
图 1 曲流河主要构型要素的控制因素及粒度分布特征(据Bridge[19, 30], Willis et al.[33], Bridge et al.[27], 薛培华[34],有修改)
(a)环绕同一点坝的河道不同部位的流速特征,其中弓形符号及矢量化箭头代表河道不同位置下流速的方向与大小,蓝线及箭头代表流速的最大分布与流向,红色的箭头代表河道转换的趋势(据Bridge[19, 30],有修改);(b)河道不同位置处床沙粒径分布的理论模型,流向由左向右(据Willis et al.[33],有修改);(c)河道不同位置处床沙粒径在野外露头的分布,英国格兰扁区东南部艾斯克河露头,流向由左向右(据Bridge et al.[27],有修改);(d)点坝砂体不同位置处沙粒径在野外露头的分布,河北拒马河点坝露头,流向由左向右(据薛培华[34],有修改)
Figure 1. Control factors and grain size distribution of main architecture elements in meandering rivers (modified from Bridge[19, 30], Willis et al. [33], Bridge et al. [27], Xue[34])
图 2 同一点坝(以及与之相伴生的河道)不同位置下的沉积特征与沉积序列(据Bluck[32], Bridge[19, 30],有修改)
(a)单一点坝范围内粒度分布特征,流向由右向左;(b)~(h)对应图(a)中的(b)~(h),其中:(b)点坝上游河道充填,(c)堤岸垮塌的河道充填,(d)点坝下游河道充填,(e)点坝内侧及坝头序列,(f)坝头及串沟序列,(g)点坝外侧及坝尾序列,(h)坝尾及串沟坝序列
Figure 2. Hydrodynamic characteristics and sedimentary sequences of each point bar and its associated river(modified from Bluck[32], Bridge[19, 30])
图 3 曲流河三维模型及剖面组合形态(据吕晓光等[25],王凤兰等[11],Smith[38],Bridge et al.[18],Bridge[19, 30],有修改)
(a)曲流河三维模型及不同剖面所对应的河道展布形式,流向由左向右;(b)~(g)对应(a)中的相同编号的剖面线,其中:(b)单点坝模式:坝头(上游)—坝尾(下游),(c)单点坝模式:坝外—坝内,(d)对坝模式:坝尾(上游)—坝头(下游),(e)点坝—溢岸沉积模式,(f)同向坝模式,(g)背向坝模式模式
Figure 3. Three-dimensional model and profile patterns of meandering river (modified from Lü et al. [25], Wang et al. [11], Smith[38], Bridge et al. [18], Bridge[19, 30])
-
[1] 刘超, 赵春明, 廖新武, 等.海上油田大井距条件下曲流河储层内部构型精细解剖及应用分析[J].中国海上油气, 2014, 26(1):58-64. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zghsyq-gc201401010 Liu Chao, Zhao Chunming, Liao Xinwu, et al. A refined anatomy of the internal structure of meandering river reservoirs under large well spacing in offshore oilfields and its application[J]. China Offshore Oil and Gas, 2014, 26(1):58-64. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zghsyq-gc201401010 [2] 裘亦楠, 张志松, 唐美芳, 等.河流砂体储层的小层对比问题[J].石油勘探与开发, 1987, 14(2):46-52, 9. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SKYK198702006.htm Qiu Yinan, Zhang Zhisong, Tang Meifang, et al. The detailed correlation of fluvial sandbody reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 1987, 14(2):46-52, 9. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SKYK198702006.htm [3] 赵翰卿.大庆油田河流-三角洲沉积的油层对比方法[J].大庆石油地质与开发, 1988, 7(4):25-31. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DQSK198804004.htm Zhao Hanqing. Formation correlation of fluvial-deltaic deposition in Daqing oil field[J]. Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 1988, 7(4):25-31. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DQSK198804004.htm [4] 邓宏文, 王红亮, 阎伟鹏, 等.河流相层序地层构成模式探讨[J].沉积学报, 2004, 22(3):373-379. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.2004.03.001 Deng Hongwen, Wang Hongliang, Yan Weipeng, et al. Architecture model of sequence stratigraphy in fluvial facies[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2004, 22(3):373-379. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.2004.03.001 [5] 邓宏文, 吴海波, 王宁, 等.河流相层序地层划分方法:以松辽盆地下白垩统扶余油层为例[J].石油与天然气地质, 2007, 28(5):621-627. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9985.2007.05.013 Deng Hongwen, Wu Haibo, Wang Ning, et al. Division of fluvial sequence stratigraphy:An example from the Lower Cretaceous Fuyu oil-bearing layer, the Songliao Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2007, 28(5):621-627. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9985.2007.05.013 [6] 邓宏文.高分辨率层序地层学应用中的问题探析[J].古地理学报, 2009, 11(5):471-480. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/gdlxb200905001 Deng Hongwen. Discussion on problems of applying high resolution sequence stratigraphy[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2009, 11(5):471-480. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/gdlxb200905001 [7] 渠芳, 陈清华, 连承波.河流相储层细分对比方法探讨[J].西安石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 23(1):17-21. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-064X.2008.01.004 Qu Fang, Chen Qinghua, Lian Chengbo. Discussion on the method for the subdivision and comparison of fluvial reservoir[J]. Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University (Natural Science Edition), 2008, 23(1):17-21. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-064X.2008.01.004 [8] 赵翰卿, 付志国, 刘波.应用精细地质研究准确鉴别古代河流砂体[J].石油勘探与开发, 1995, 22(2):68-70, 101. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK199500451161 Zhao Hanqing, Fu Zhiguo, Liu Bo. Identification of the paleochannel sandbodies based on detailed geological study[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 1995, 22(2):68-70, 101. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK199500451161 [9] 张昌民, 尹太举, 喻辰, 等.基于过程的分流平原高弯河道砂体储层内部建筑结构分析:以大庆油田萨北地区为例[J].沉积学报, 2013, 31(4):653-662. http://www.cjxb.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract970.shtml Zhang Changmin, Yin Taiju, Yu Chen, et al. Reservoir architectural analysis of meandering channel sandstone in the delta plain based on the depositional process[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2013, 31(4):653-662. http://www.cjxb.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract970.shtml [10] 李军, 宋新民, 薛培华, 等.扶余油田杨大城子组曲流河相油藏单砂体层次细分及成因[J].石油与天然气地质, 2010, 31(1):119-125. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/syytrqdz201001019 Li Jun, Song Xinmin, Xue Peihua, et al. Hierarchical subdivision and origin of single sandbody in the reservoirs of meandering river facies in the Yangdachengzi Formation of Fuyu oilfield[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2010, 31(1):119-125. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/syytrqdz201001019 [11] 王凤兰, 白振强, 朱伟.曲流河砂体内部构型及不同开发阶段剩余油分布研究[J].沉积学报, 2011, 29(3):512-519. http://www.cjxb.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract663.shtml Wang Fenglan, Bai Zhenqiang, Zhu Wei. Study on geological 3D reservoir architecture modeling and distribution of remaining oil of different development stage in meandering reservoir[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2011, 29(3):512-519. http://www.cjxb.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract663.shtml [12] 马世忠, 杨清彦.曲流点坝沉积模式、三维构形及其非均质模型[J].沉积学报, 2000, 18(2):241-247. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.2000.02.012 Ma Shizhong, Yang Qingyan. The depositional model, 3-D architecture and heterogeneous model of point bar in meandering channels[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2000, 18(2):241-247. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.2000.02.012 [13] 马世忠, 孙雨, 范广娟, 等.地下曲流河道单砂体内部薄夹层建筑结构研究方法[J].沉积学报, 2008, 26(4):632-639. http://www.cjxb.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract213.shtml Ma Shizhong, Sun Yu, Fan Guangjuan, et al. The method for studying thin interbed architecture of burial meandering channel sandbody[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2008, 26(4):632-639. http://www.cjxb.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract213.shtml [14] 岳大力, 吴胜和, 刘建民.曲流河点坝地下储层构型精细解剖方法[J].石油学报, 2007, 28(4):99-103. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-2697.2007.04.020 Yue Dali, Wu Shenghe, Liu Jianmin. An accurate method for anatomizing architecture of subsurface reservoir in point bar of meandering river[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2007, 28(4):99-103. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-2697.2007.04.020 [15] 岳大力, 吴胜和, 谭河清, 等.曲流河古河道储层构型精细解剖:以孤东油田七区西馆陶组为例[J].地学前缘, 2008, 15(1):101-109. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2008.01.012 Yue Dali, Wu Shenghe, Tan Heqing, et al. An anatomy of paleochannel reservoir architecture of meandering river reservoir:A case study of Guantao Formation, the west 7th block of Gudong oilfield[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2008, 15(1):101-109. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2008.01.012 [16] 白振强, 王清华, 杜庆龙, 等.曲流河砂体三维构型地质建模及数值模拟研究[J].石油学报, 2009, 30(6):898-902, 907. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-2697.2009.06.017 Bai Zhenqiang, Wang Qinghua, Du Qinglong, et al. Study on 3D architecture geology modeling and digital simulation in meandering reservoir[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2009, 30(6):898-902, 907. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-2697.2009.06.017 [17] 周银邦, 吴胜和, 计秉玉, 等.曲流河储层构型表征研究进展[J].地球科学进展, 2011, 26(7):695-702. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hgbzjlzl201703038 Zhou Yinbang, Wu Shenghe, Ji Bingyu, et al. Research progress on the characterization of fluvial reservoir architecture[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2011, 26(7):695-702. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hgbzjlzl201703038 [18] Bridge J S, Tye R S. Interpreting the dimensions of ancient fluvial channel bars, channels, and channel belts from wirelinelogs and cores[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2000, 84(8):1205-1228. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=2b8783d5e49ff0ff964dd8821059d31a&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn [19] Bridge J S. Fluvial facies models: recent developments[M]//Posamentier H W, Walker R G. Facies models revisited. Tulsa: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geologists), Special Publication, 2006, 84: 85-170. [20] Allen J R L. A review of the origin and characteristics of recent alluvial sediments[J]. Sedimentology, 1965, 5(2):89-191. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1965.tb01561.x [21] Tye R S. Quantitatively modeling alluvial strata for reservoir development with examples from Krasnoleninskoye field, Russia[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2013, 69(S1):129-152. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=2f594bbd57a50f432689e3964d60b194&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn [22] Labrecque P A, Jensen J L, Hubbard S M, et al. Sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture of a point bar deposit, Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation, Alberta, Canada[J]. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 2011, 59(2):147-171. doi: 10.2113/gscpgbull.59.2.147 [23] Davies D K, Williams B P J, Vessell R K. Dimensions and quality of reservoirs originating in low and high sinuosity channel systems, Lower Cretaceous Travis peak formation, East Texas, USA[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1993, 73:95-121. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.073.01.07 [24] 陈清华, 曾明, 章凤奇, 等.河流相储层单一河道的识别及其对油田开发的意义[J].油气地质与采收率, 2004, 11(3):13-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-9603.2004.03.005 Chen Qinghua, Zeng Ming, Zhang Fengqi, et al. Identification of single channel in fluvial reservoir and its significance to the oilfield development[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2004, 11(3):13-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-9603.2004.03.005 [25] 吕晓光, 赵翰卿, 付志国, 等.河流相储层平面连续性精细描述[J].石油学报, 1997, 18(2):66-71. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK199700845092 Lü Xiaoguang, Zhao Hanqing, Fu Zhiguo, et al. A detailed description of area continuity of fluvial reservoir[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 1997, 18(2):66-71. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK199700845092 [26] 刘波, 赵翰卿, 王良书, 等.古河流废弃河道微相的精细描述[J].沉积学报, 2001, 19(3):394-398. http://www.cjxb.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract3001.shtml Liu Bo, Zhao Han-qing, Wang Liangshu, et al. The detailed description of ancient fluvial abandoned channel micro-facies[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2001, 19(3):394-398. http://www.cjxb.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract3001.shtml [27] Bridge J S, Jarvis J. Flow and sedimentary processes in the meandering river South Esk, Glen Clova, Scotland[J]. Earth Surface Processes, 1976, 1(4):303-336. doi: 10.1002/esp.3290010402 [28] Bridge J S. Flow, bed topography, grain size and sedimentary structure in open channel bends:A three-dimensional model[J]. Earth Surface Processes, 1977, 2(4):401-416. doi: 10.1002/esp.3290020410 [29] Bridge J S, Jarvis J. The dynamics of a river bend:A study in flow and sedimentary processes[J]. Sedimentology, 1982, 29(4):499-541. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1982.tb01732.x [30] Bridge J S. Paleochannel patterns inferred from alluvial deposits:A critical evaluation[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 1985, 55(4):579-589. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=6402be891c836840c1d49adfbeb59885&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn [31] Bridge J S. The interaction between channel geometry, water flow, sediment transport and deposition in braided rivers[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1993, 75(1):13-71. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1993.075.01.02 [32] Bluck B J. Sedimentation in the meandering River Endrick[J]. Scottish Journal of Geology, 1971, 7(2):93-138. doi: 10.1144/sjg07020093 [33] Willis B J, Tang H. Three-dimensional connectivity of point-bar deposits[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2010, 80(5):440-454. doi: 10.2110/jsr.2010.046 [34] 薛培华.河流点坝相储层模式概论[M].北京:石油工业出版社, 1991:23-35. Xue Peihua. An introduction to reservoir models of point bar facies[M]. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press, 1991:23-35. [35] Allen J R L. A quantitative model of grain size and sedimentary structures in lateral deposits[J]. Geological Journal, 1970, 7(1):129-146. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1002/gj.3350070108 [36] Allen J R L. Studies in fluviatile sedimentation:A comparison of fining-upwards cyclothems, with special reference to coarsemember composition and interpretation[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 1970, 40(1):298-323. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=f85de9f85768be0e4241f00ee3d8442b&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn [37] Blum M, Martin J, Milliken K, et al. Paleovalley systems:Insights from quaternary analogs and experiments[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2013, 116:128-169. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.09.003 [38] Smith R M H. Alluvial paleosols and pedofacies sequences in the Permian lower Beaufort of the southwestern Karoo basin, South-Africa[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 1990, 60(2):258-276. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=7836e0bbcde4db5dfaabb272ed47e376&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn [39] 梁宏伟, 吴胜和, 穆龙新, 等.应用相控正演模拟方法精细描述河流相储层:秦皇岛32-6油田北区实例[J].石油地球物理勘探, 2013, 48(6):978-984, 1015. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/sydqwlkt201306019 Liang Hongwei, Wu Shenghe, Mu Longxin, et al. Fluvial reservoir characterization with phase-controlled forward modeling in the north block of the Qinhuangdao 32-6 oilfield, a case study[J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2013, 48(6):978-984, 1015. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/sydqwlkt201306019 [40] 赵春明, 胡景双, 霍春亮, 等.曲流河与辫状河沉积砂体连通模式及开发特征:以渤海地区秦皇岛32-6油田为例[J].油气地质与采收率, 2009, 16(6):88-91. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-9603.2009.06.024 Zhao Chunming, Hu Jingshuang, Huo Chunliang, et al. Sandbody interconnectivity architecture and development characteristics of meandering river and braided river deposits:A case study of Qinhuangdao 32-6 oilfield, Bohai area[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2009, 16(6):88-91. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-9603.2009.06.024 [41] 赵翰卿, 付志国, 吕晓光.储层层次分析和模式预测描述法[J].大庆石油地质与开发, 2004, 23(5):74-77. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3754.2004.05.019 Zhao Han-qing, Fu Zhiguo, Lü Xiaoguang, et al. Reservoir type analysis and model prediction description method[J]. Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2004, 23(5):74-77. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3754.2004.05.019 [42] 赵翰卿, 付志国, 吕晓光, 等.大型河流-三角洲沉积储层精细描述方法[J].石油学报, 2000, 21(4):109-113. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-2697.2000.04.021 Zhao Han-qing, Fu Zhiguo, Lü Xiaoguang, et al. Methods for detailed description of large fluvial-delta depositional reservoir[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2000, 21(4):109-113. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-2697.2000.04.021 [43] Hooke J M. The distribution and nature of changes in river channel patterns: The example of Devon[M]//Gregory K J. River channel changes. Chichester: John Wiley, 1977: 265-280. [44] Lorenz J C, Warpinski, N R, Branagan, P T. Subsurface characterization of mesaverde reservoirs in Colorado: Geophysical and reservoir-engineering checks on predictive sedimentology[M]//Miall A D, Tyler N. The three-dimensional facies architecture of terrigenous clastic sediments, and its implications for hydrocarbon discovery and recovery. Tulsa: SEPM, 1992. [45] 于兴河.油田开发中后期储层面临的问题与基于沉积成因的地质表征方法[J].地学前缘, 2012, 19(2):1-14. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dxqy201202002 Yu Xinghe. Existing problems and sedimentogenesis-based methods of reservoir characterization during the middle and later periods of oilfield development[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012, 19(2):1-14. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dxqy201202002 [46] Miall A D. The valuation of unconformities[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2016, 163:22-71. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.09.011