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准同生期成岩作用主要为白云石化和泥晶化作用,潟湖中普遍发育生物扰动构造,生物潜穴与围岩具有不同的结构组分和化学环境,在埋藏期潜穴发生物理化学反应。白云石化作用是RT3型储层的主要成因,强烈的白云石化作用导致原岩结构被破坏,仅残留少量的双壳类生屑,显示其形成于中高能环境,推断局限环境中RT3型储层可能形成于台内滩。上白垩统塞诺曼阶—早土伦阶,阿拉伯板块东北缘处于北半球靠近赤道的位置,属于热带—亚热带温暖湿润的气候环境,且研究区位于浅水缓坡台地,主要受波浪作用影响,蒸发作用较弱[20]。残留生屑和自形晶体指示白云石来源于交代作用。综合分析认为,在Mishrif组上部,海平面下降,环潟湖的构造隆起暴露,发育大气淡水透镜体,潮道连通了广海和潟湖,使局限环境水体半咸化,当水体离子浓度对白云石饱和但对方解石不饱和时,方解石被交代,形成厚层白云岩储层。
准同生期泥晶化作用造成生屑颗粒逐步“土壤化”[23],形成泥晶。泥晶化作用最为强烈是底栖有孔虫类,尤其是马刀虫属、圆笠虫属和栗孔虫最为普遍(图10a~c)。泥晶化的壳体遭受淋滤溶蚀,微孔的规模会不断扩大。准同生环境下,若大气淡水冲刷强烈,泥晶化的壳壁会被打碎,散落的泥晶分布于粒间孔隙中(图5e,f),这也是高能RT1型储层颗粒间泥晶的主要来源。基质微孔形成后,由于微观结构的非均质性,流体会优先沿着渗流阻力小的方向运移,形成优势渗流通道,随着流体的不断运移,优势渗流通道的溶蚀程度较强,生屑和泥晶均会遭受强烈溶蚀,形成大量孔隙,而围岩区域则溶蚀程度较弱(图10d)。
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大气淡水环境下发生溶蚀作用和胶结作用。潮道和台内滩中的生屑被溶蚀形成粒间孔,溶蚀作用是造成RTI型储层高孔、高渗的重要成因。RT2型储层中发生选择性溶蚀作用形成铸模孔和生物体腔孔。文石质或高镁方解石质的灰泥发生新生变形,转化为低镁方解石的泥晶,化学性质变得稳定。生屑多为文石质和高镁方解石质,少量为低镁方解石质。生屑呈离散状分布于泥晶中,大气淡水环境下,溶蚀性流体沿着基质微孔运移,流体对泥晶饱和但对生屑不饱和,发生选择性溶蚀。值得注意的是,溶蚀作用和胶结作用常相互伴生,胶结作用形成化学性质稳定的低镁方解石,且流体中的Ca2+含量越高,胶结作用越强烈。RT1储层中可见等轴粒状的胶结物环生屑边缘分布,虽然占据一定孔隙体积,但对孔隙的连通性影响较小(图5)。生物体腔孔或铸模孔形成后,内部也可见少量的方解石(图6e,f)。若胶结作用比较强烈,铸模孔和生物体腔孔会被方解石致密充填(图10e,f)。
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埋藏环境下主要发生压实作用和埋藏白云石化。RTI型储层生屑颗粒含量高,RT3型储层白云石抗压实能力强,压实作用对此两种储层的物性影响较小。RT2型储层泥晶含量高,岩石抗压强度低,压实作用导致孔隙体积减小、喉道缩小,大幅降低了储层物性。研究区埋藏白云石化作用主要发生在RT2型储集层,泥晶中发生埋藏白云石化作用,若白云石晶体呈零星状分布于基质中,则对岩石物性的影响较小。若埋藏白云石比较充分,泥晶或生屑颗粒发生交代,白云石晶体增加,残留泥晶中可见大量微孔。随着白云化作用持续进行,灰质组分最终被白云石完全交代,发育晶间孔。
生物潜穴中也发生埋藏白云石化作用。沉积期潜穴中若充填了生物新陈代谢产生的有机质,有机质被快速埋藏保存下来,埋藏环境下,生物潜穴中还原环境和碱性条件有利于发生白云化作用[24⁃25]。埋藏阶段白云石化通常形成于封闭的成岩环境,由于Mg2+半径较小,白云石的摩尔体积比方解石或文石都要小[26],发生等摩尔交代后,白云石颗粒之间形成大量的晶间孔。潜穴中以自形程度较好的细晶白云石为主,偶见交代后的残余生屑(图11a),潜穴晕中含有少量的白云石晶体,晶体粒径较小,白云化作用不充分(图11b),基底保留了原始结构,未发生白云石化(图11c)。
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沉积作用控制了储层的结构组分和原始物性,导致RTI型储层和RT2型储层具有不同的颗粒含量、生物碎屑类型和孔隙类型。高能沉积环境是RT1型储层发育的主控因素,沉积水动力强,颗粒组分含量高,岩石结构成熟度高,储层多呈颗粒支撑结构或泥粒结构,泥质含量低,发育粒间孔,孔隙的连通性较好,岩石的原始物性较好,成岩流体更容易渗入岩石内部,发生成岩作用。RT2型储层沉积水动力弱,结构成熟度低,泥晶含量高,原生孔隙主要为微孔,微孔在埋藏压实过程中保存程度较低,导致RT2储层最终的储集空间以次生孔隙为主。
层序旋回控制了沉积演化,还对准同生成岩环境具有重要影响,层序旋回是影响储层空间分布的主要因素。Mishrif组中发育3个三级层序(层序Ⅰ~层序Ⅲ)[27]和6个四级层序(SQ1~SQ6)[6],局限环境主要发育于SQ3~SQ6。整体来看,局限环境中以RT1型储层和RT2型储层为主,两者交替式发育,且随着海平面的下降,RT2型储层厚度降低,RT1型储层厚度增大。RT3型储层仅在SQ5层序顶部发育。海平面上升半旋回,沉积环境以低能沉积环境为主,海平面下降半旋回,沉积水动力不断增强,岩石颗粒组分增高,沉积相带发生迁移演化,低能沉积演变为高能沉积,且海平面的持续下降导致地层从海水成岩环境演化为大气淡水环境,高能沉积发生溶蚀作用和胶结作用形成RT1型储层,低能沉积发生泥晶化作用、选择性溶蚀及胶结作用等形成RT2型储层。在多期四级层序控制下,不同类型的储层频繁变化,垂向上相互叠置。不同层段的局限环境存在显著差异,MB2.1段对应于SQ3层序,发育潟湖和台内滩,受海平面变化控制,以两期RT1型和RT2型储层互层为主,且自下而上RT1型储层厚度增大。MB1段对应SQ4层序和SQ5层序中下部,发育潟湖、台内滩和潮道,局部发育小规模的开阔环境,受海平面升降旋回控制,以大范围的RT2型储层为主,MB1顶部为厚层的RT1型储层。MA对应SQ5层序顶界面和SQ6层序,发育潮上坪,潟湖和台内滩,受海平面升降旋回和层序界面影响严重,SQ5层序界面处发育RT3型储层,SQ6层序顶界面也是二级层序不整合面,地层剥蚀厚度较大,界面处为RT2型储层,层序内部为RT1型和RT2型储层互层。
综上,将不同类型储层的储层特征和主控因素汇总如表1所示。
表 1 M油田Mishrif组局限环境储层特征
Table 1. Reservoir characteristics in restricted environments of Mishrif Formation, M oilfield
储层类型 沉积环境 岩石类型 物性 孔隙类型 孔喉特征 成岩作用 分布层段 RT1型 潮道、台内滩 颗粒灰岩泥粒灰岩 孔隙度跨度大,平均19.4%,渗透率介于(0.1~2 297)×10-3 μm2,平均为85.6×10-3 μm2 粒间孔、 粒间溶孔为主 颗粒灰岩以中喉和大喉为主,呈双模态,泥粒灰岩主体介于0.1~1 μm,以中喉偏粗型为主,呈单模态宽峰型 溶蚀作用和胶结作用为主 MB2.1段上部MB1段局部发育、MA段下部和上部 RT2型 潟湖 粒泥灰岩泥粒灰岩 孔隙度区间跨度较大,平均14.5%,渗透率介于(0.1~62)×10-3 μm2,平均3.0×10-3 μm2,以低渗和特低渗为主 微孔、铸模孔、 生物体腔孔, 少量晶间孔 孔喉主体介于0.1~1 μm,以中喉偏细型为主,喉道分布曲线呈单模态宽峰型 泥晶化作用、选择性溶蚀、埋藏白云石化 MB2.1段上部、MB1段 MA段中部 RT3型 潮上坪 白云岩类云质灰岩 主要为中孔低渗,孔隙度介于11.3%~23.3%,平均16.6%,渗透率介于(0.4~15)×10-3 μm2,平均3.8×10-3 μm2 晶间孔为主, 局部发育微孔 喉道半径介于0.1~1 μm,以中喉偏粗型为主,分选较好,喉道分布曲线呈单模态窄峰型 准同生白云石化 MA段中下部 -
RT1型储层形成于中高能沉积环境,颗粒以双壳类、底栖有孔虫和少量的棘皮类为主,原始粒间孔发育(图12a)。准同生环境/海水成岩环境下,壳体边缘发生泥晶化作用形成泥晶套,少量双壳泥晶化严重,整个壳体均被泥晶化。底栖有孔虫内部软体组织发生腐烂降解,形成大量的生物体腔孔。海水胶结作用形成大量的文石质针状方解石,方解石环颗粒边缘或在有孔虫体腔孔中分布(图12b)。大气淡水环境下,岩石发生暴露淋滤,准同生期形成的针状方解石胶结物化学性质不稳定,在该时期全部溶蚀。流体的溶蚀性较强,双壳类也遭受溶蚀,壳体边缘形成锯齿状或港湾状。底栖有孔虫泥晶套在大气淡水环境下也遭到一定程度的破坏,形成散落在粒间孔中的泥晶,完全泥晶化的双壳遭受溶蚀后发育少量的微孔。强烈的溶蚀造成流体中的Ca2+浓度升高,并伴生胶结作用,形成等轴粒状的低镁方解石,方解石首先沿生屑环边胶结,并逐渐向孔隙中扩展(图12c)。埋藏环境下,方解石和生屑抗压实作用较强,孔隙降低幅度较小,少量生屑轻度压实变形。深埋藏期,粒间孔中沉淀少量的粗晶方解石,对孔隙具有一定的充填(图12d),最终形成铸体薄片中的结构组分(图12e~g)。整体来看,成岩过程中,溶蚀作用和胶结作用相互伴生,成岩过程中孔隙的增加有限,RT1型储层的储集空间主要来源于沉积期的粒间孔。
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RT2型储层发育于低能沉积环境,泥晶含量高,原生孔隙以微孔为主,生屑主要为双壳类、底栖有孔虫和藻类,通常发育生物潜穴,潜穴中充填了生物新陈代谢产生的有机质(图13a)。准同生环境下,生屑边缘发生泥晶化作用形成薄层的泥晶套,底栖有孔虫软体组织腐烂降解形成生物体腔孔,海水胶结形成少量的文石质针状方解石充填于生物体腔孔中(图13b)。大气淡水环境下,早期形成的针状方解石被溶蚀,双壳类和藻类发生溶蚀形成铸模孔,藻屑铸模孔中残留抗溶蚀能力较强的孢粒,溶蚀形成的饱和流体发生胶结作用,形成低镁方解石,底栖有孔虫生物体腔孔被严重充填,仅残留少量的体腔孔,方解石还充填新形成的铸模孔,沿铸模孔内边缘发育少量的等轴粒状方解石(图13c)。埋藏环境下,泥晶抗压实强度降低,压实作用下岩石体积大幅缩小,各种生屑发生变形,随着埋藏深度的增加,泥晶和生物潜穴中发生埋藏白云石化,泥晶中白云石化程度较低,形成的白云石离散分布于泥晶中。潜穴中富含有机质,营造了有利于白云石化的碱性环境和化学条件,白云石化程度较高,发育晶间孔(图13d), 最终形成铸体薄片中的结构组分特征(图13e~g)。整体来看,RT2型储层原生孔隙主要为基质微孔,但在埋藏压实作用后,微孔体积大幅减小,连通性降低,铸模孔、残留的生物体腔孔和潜穴中的晶间孔是RT2型主要的储集空间。
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RT3型储层形成于中高能环境,生屑颗粒以双壳类为主,发育粒间孔隙,局部含有泥晶(图14a)。准同生环境下,发生强烈的白云石化作用,白云石交代生屑和泥晶,双壳结构被破坏,残留少量的碎屑,粒间孔转变为晶间孔,泥晶中也分布大量的白云石(图14b)。大气淡水环境下发生淋滤溶蚀,残留的生物碎屑和泥晶发生溶蚀,形成少量的晶间溶孔(图14c)。埋藏过程中,白云石的抗压实能力较强,压实作用对晶间孔的影响较小,岩石基本保留了早成岩期的结构组分和孔隙(图14d)。整体来看,RT3型储层原生粒间孔保留程度较低,晶间孔主要发育于准同生成岩环境,大气淡水环境下进一步提高了孔隙体积。
Reservoir Types, Characteristics and Genesis in Restricted Environment in Mishrif Formation, M Oilfield in Middle East
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摘要: 目的 中东M油田白垩系Mishrif组局限环境储层复杂且对储层非均质性认识不足,制约了该类油藏的有效开发,亟需明确局限环境中储层特征、展布规律及非均质性主控因素。 方法 综合岩心、铸体薄片、物性及压汞实验等数据,根据储层结构组分和地质成因划分储层类型,通过数理统计和连井对比,明确不同储层岩石物理特征,刻画储层空间展布规律,基于层序地层学和沉积学理论,阐明局限环境储层特征主控因素,建立不同储层的发育模式。 结果 Mishrif组局限环境中发育三种类型储层(RT1类、RT2类和RT3类):RT1类储层为高能沉积和准同生溶蚀作用叠加而形成,发育于潮道和台内滩,岩性主要为颗粒灰岩,物性以中高孔、中高渗为主,储集空间以粒间孔和粒间溶孔为主,储层发育规模较大且分布较稳定,是油藏开发首选的目标储层;RT2类储层为低能沉积和准同生溶蚀作用叠加而形成,发育于潟湖环境,岩性包括含粒泥灰岩、粒泥灰岩和泥粒灰岩,物性以中高孔、中低渗为主,原生粒间孔不发育,储集空间以基质微孔、铸模孔和晶间孔为主,储层发育规模最大,但单层厚度薄,夹层发育频率高,开发难度大;RT3类储层为高能沉积和准同生白云石化作用叠加而形成,发育于台内滩,岩性多为白云岩类,物性以中高孔、中低渗为主,储集空间主要为晶间孔,仅在Mishrif组上部局部发育。 结论 RT1类储层主要受沉积作用控制,沉积作用控制了储层的原始结构组分,准同生溶蚀进一步改善了储层物性;RT2类储层沉积水动力较弱,原始物性较差,成岩作用是储层发育的主控因素,孔隙主要形成于大气淡水环境下的选择性溶蚀作用;RT3类储层原始结构组分破坏严重,局部残留的生物碎屑指示其形成于中高能沉积环境,储层形成于准同生白云石化作用。不同类型储层空间上相互叠置,导致局限环境储层具有较强的非均质性。Abstract: Objective The restricted environment reservoir of Cretaceous Mishrif Formation in M oilfield in the Middle East is complicated and the understanding of reservoir heterogeneity is insufficient, which restricts the effective development of this type of reservoir. Therefore, reservoir characteristics, distribution and main controlling factors of heterogeneity in restricted environment were studied. Methods Based on the data of core, cast thin section, physical properties and mercury intrusion experiment. Through mathematical statistics and well correlation, the petrophysical of different reservoirs are clarified and the spatial distribution is described. The main controlling factors of reservoir characteristics in restricted environment are explained, and the origin models of different reservoirs are established. Results Three types of reservoir were found in the restricted environment, designated as reservoir types 1, 2 and 3. Type 1 reservoirs were developed in high-energy depositional environments (tidal channels, intra-platform shoals etc.) and underwent quasi-contemporaneous dissolution. These reservoirs comprise mainly grainstone with medium-to-high porosity and medium-to-high permeability. The reserve space is mainly composed of intergranular pores and dissolution pores. It is the preferred target type for reservoir development, as it is present on a huge scale with stable distribution. Type 2 reservoirs were mainly developed in high-energy depositional environments such as lagoons, and experienced dissolution in the quasi-contemporaneous period. These reservoirs include grain-bearing limestone, wackestone and packstone with mainly medium-to-high porosity and medium-to-low permeability. No primary intergranular pores are developed, and the reserve space consists of matrix-host micropores, mddic pores and intercrystalline pores. This type of diagenetic reservoirs are present on the largest scale, but they are in the form of thin layers with highly frequent interlayers, and development would be difficult. Type 3 reservoirs were formed in intra-platform shoals and experienced quasi-contemporaneous dolomitization. They are mostly dolomite with medium-to-high porosity and medium-to-low permeability. Reservoir type 3 are small in scale and are only locally developed in the upper part of the Mishrif Formation. Conclusions The study concluded that the genesis of reservoir type 1 was mainly controlled by sedimentation, which controlled the original structural components of the rock and in turn controlled the type and intensity of diagenesis in the quasi-contemporaneous period. Type 2 reservoirs exhibit weakly sedimentary hydrodynamic conditions and no primary intergranular pores are developed. Their reservoir spaces are mainly the result of constructive diagenesis such as selective dissolution. Type 3 reservoirs have undergone greater diagenetic re-formation and severe damage to the original structural components. The content of local residual biological debris indicates that type 3 reservoirs were formed in a medium-to-high energy sedimentary environment, with mixed dolomitization.
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Key words:
- restricted environment /
- Mishrif Formation /
- reservoir genesis /
- sedimentary /
- diagenesis
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表 1 M油田Mishrif组局限环境储层特征
Table 1. Reservoir characteristics in restricted environments of Mishrif Formation, M oilfield
储层类型 沉积环境 岩石类型 物性 孔隙类型 孔喉特征 成岩作用 分布层段 RT1型 潮道、台内滩 颗粒灰岩泥粒灰岩 孔隙度跨度大,平均19.4%,渗透率介于(0.1~2 297)×10-3 μm2,平均为85.6×10-3 μm2 粒间孔、 粒间溶孔为主 颗粒灰岩以中喉和大喉为主,呈双模态,泥粒灰岩主体介于0.1~1 μm,以中喉偏粗型为主,呈单模态宽峰型 溶蚀作用和胶结作用为主 MB2.1段上部MB1段局部发育、MA段下部和上部 RT2型 潟湖 粒泥灰岩泥粒灰岩 孔隙度区间跨度较大,平均14.5%,渗透率介于(0.1~62)×10-3 μm2,平均3.0×10-3 μm2,以低渗和特低渗为主 微孔、铸模孔、 生物体腔孔, 少量晶间孔 孔喉主体介于0.1~1 μm,以中喉偏细型为主,喉道分布曲线呈单模态宽峰型 泥晶化作用、选择性溶蚀、埋藏白云石化 MB2.1段上部、MB1段 MA段中部 RT3型 潮上坪 白云岩类云质灰岩 主要为中孔低渗,孔隙度介于11.3%~23.3%,平均16.6%,渗透率介于(0.4~15)×10-3 μm2,平均3.8×10-3 μm2 晶间孔为主, 局部发育微孔 喉道半径介于0.1~1 μm,以中喉偏粗型为主,分选较好,喉道分布曲线呈单模态窄峰型 准同生白云石化 MA段中下部 -
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