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玛湖凹陷玛北地区共34口井钻遇了下乌尔禾组,井深从3 008~5 600.86 m,观察岩芯共计516.2 m,采集岩芯样品230块,观察鉴定薄片214块。24块样品的显微结构观察通过中国石油大学(北京)能源材料微结构实验室Quanta200F场发射环境扫描电镜完成;11块样品电子探针测试分析由核工业北京地质研究院分析测试研究中心实验室IMS1280HR完成,共计41个样品点;9块样品X荧光光谱分析由山东省油藏地质重点实验室布鲁克M4 Tornado型X射线荧光光谱仪(以下简称XRF)完成,共计126个样品点(表 1)。
表 1 本研究使用资料统计
Table 1. Statistics of data used in this study
地区 扇体 井数/口 深度/m 岩芯/m 铸体薄片/个 扫描电镜/个 电子探针/个 X荧光光谱分析/个 玛东斜坡 夏盐扇 6 4 114~5 161 53.67 52 15 13 31 玛东扇 10 3 644~4 225 121.52 55 10 17 23 玛西斜坡 夏子街扇 12 3 008~3 641 240.4 81 12 7 36 黄阳泉扇 6 3 759~4 113 122.37 17 8 4 36 -
玛北地区乌四段储集层主要为灰色、灰绿色、褐灰色砾岩,其结构成熟度低,分选差—中等,砾石直径2~25 mm,最大可达40 mm,碎屑结构,颗粒多为次棱—次圆状,杂基支撑和颗粒支撑,具重力流、牵引流交互发育的沉积特点(图 2)。综合录井、测井和古地貌资料,可以将其解释为潮湿—陡坡背景下的扇三角洲—湖泊沉积体系。
图 2 玛湖凹陷玛北地区下乌尔禾组典型岩芯和岩石薄片照片
Figure 2. Typical core and thin section photographs of the Lower Urhe Formation in the northern Mahu Depression
对研究区214块岩石薄片鉴定数据统计可知,研究区乌四段砾岩几乎全部为岩屑砾岩(图 3a),碎屑颗粒中石英和长石含量较低,平均含量仅为3.07%和2.91%,岩屑成分多达92.41%,其中沉积岩岩屑平均含量12.62%,变质岩平均含量6.41%,岩浆岩岩屑73.38%(图 3b),其中岩浆岩主要为喷出岩中的凝灰岩。X衍射结果显示,储层黏土矿物以不规则伊/蒙混层为主(平均47.21%),其次为绿泥石(平均35.55%),少量高岭石(平均8.91%)和伊利石(平均8.33%)。
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由图 2和图 3可知,研究区下乌尔禾组的母岩以凝灰岩占绝对优势为特征。由于凝灰岩岩屑结晶程度差,未结晶的玻屑广泛发育,常规岩石薄片鉴定难以判别其母岩性质(化学组成或岩浆性质的差异)。为此,此次利用布鲁克M4 Tornado X荧光光谱仪对研究区岩石薄片进行X射线扫描,利用多导毛细管聚焦镜将微X射线聚焦到非常小的区域,通过X射线激发待测样品中的原子,使之产生次级的特征X光荧光,以获得极佳的空间分辨率,对样品中火山岩屑进行快速化学含量元素分析。
对玛北地区4个扇体砾岩颗粒的XRF测试结果表明,研究区4个扇体砾岩母岩性质存在较明显的差异性:夏盐扇31个岩屑中,中基性火山岩含量高,达到62.86%;其次为玛东扇,中基性火山喷出岩含量52.17%;黄羊泉扇和夏子街扇中基性岩屑比例明显偏低,其中黄羊泉扇中基性喷出岩含量39.56%,夏子街扇中基性火山喷出岩来源占比最低,中基性火山喷出岩含量30.56%(表 2)。
表 2 玛北地区乌四段砾岩126个岩屑岩石成分分析结果
Table 2. Component analysis of 126 rock fragments from the Lower Urho Formation in the northern Mahu Depression
扇体 井号 深度/m 岩屑/个 岩屑性质 超基性 基性 中性 酸性 夏盐扇 夏盐2井 4718 31 5.71% 25.71% 31.43% 37.14% 玛东扇 盐北2井 4468.7 23 4.35% 8.70% 39.13% 47.83% 夏子街扇 玛009井 3730.2 36 2.78% 2.78% 25.00% 69.44% 黄羊泉扇 玛607井 4103.5 36 0 5.56% 25.00% 69.44% -
绿泥石颗粒细小,在束电流作用下容易发生破碎,电子探针所测氧化物很难达到标准值(85%~88%)。利用核工业北京地质研究院分析测试研究中心实验室IMS1280HR电子探针对玛湖凹陷二叠系下乌尔禾组乌四段砾岩储层中的绿泥石化学成分进行了分析,所挑选数据氧化物的总量大于80%,电子探针数据见表 3。
表 3 玛湖凹陷下乌尔禾组绿泥石晶体化学成分数据(%)
Table 3. Crystal chemistry (%) analyses of chlorites in the Lower Urho Formation, Mahu Depression
类型 点号 Na2O MgO FeO CaO Al2O3 SiO2 MnO K2O TiO2 Cr2O3 总量 自生绿泥石 孔隙衬里 1 0.1 19.78 20.95 0.31 16.43 30.69 0.48 0.07 0.14 0.03 89.07 2 0.13 18.04 21.88 0.39 17.74 29.27 0.58 0.06 ― 0.05 88.14 3 0.25 18.32 19.24 0.3 15.79 28.64 0.49 0.16 ― 0.14 83.33 4 0.39 19.23 19.36 0.31 14.96 29.74 0.48 0.19 0.08 0.03 84.07 孔隙充填 1 0.11 22.53 17.68 0.58 16.22 34.11 0.25 0.02 ― ― 91.5 2 ― 21.88 17.78 0.42 17.65 33.24 0.14 0.02 0.11 0.08 91.32 3 0.09 20.78 19.21 0.37 16.79 32.01 0.37 0.07 0.16 0.14 89.99 结果显示,自生绿泥石中铁氧化物(FeO)含量较高(17.68%~23.23%),平均为20.27%,氧化镁(MgO)含量较高(11.87%~22.53%),平均为19.03%。此外,绿泥石中SiO2/Al2O3比值1.65~2.1,平均为1.89,研究区自生绿泥石属于铁—镁过渡型中偏富铁绿泥石。自生绿泥石在成岩过程中持续的生长,其化学成分变化反映了成岩过程中地层孔隙流体的变化。相对早期铁离子处于过补偿状态,孔隙衬里绿泥石较为富铁(平均20.36%),而相对晚期铁离子处于欠补偿状态,孔隙充填绿泥石铁元素降低(平均18.22%),FeO/MgO比值也逐渐降低,常见晚期不含铁的浊沸石等其他矿物充填于绿泥石胶结剩余原生粒间孔中,形成绿泥石—浊沸石成岩矿物组合。
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通过对研究区乌四段岩石铸体薄片、X衍射、扫描电镜和电子探针等综合分析,研究区砾岩储层中自生绿泥石主要以颗粒薄膜绿泥石、孔隙衬里绿泥石和孔隙充填(绒球状绿泥石和玫瑰花状绿泥石)形式产出。
(1)颗粒包膜绿泥石呈薄膜状包裹着碎屑颗粒,其内部发育一层不等厚的黏土矿物或钛铁质包膜(图 4a),厚度一般小于10 μm,在显微镜下很难识别。背散射下观察发现颗粒薄膜绿泥石较为致密,晶间孔不发育(图 4c)。颗粒包膜绿泥石晶体多呈不同角度斜切颗粒,晶体间杂乱排列,单个绿泥石结晶程度差,晶形不完整,呈不规则假六边形片状产出(图 4b)。
(2)孔隙衬里绿泥石是研究区自生绿泥石最常见产出形式,一般发育于较大孔隙处,而在碎屑颗粒接触处不发育(图 4a)。单个孔隙衬里绿泥石晶体具有相对充足的生长空间,呈自形的叶片状垂直或高角度斜切碎屑颗粒表面(图 4c),由碎屑颗粒边缘向孔隙中心方向绿泥石晶体自形程度逐渐变好,叶片增大变疏(图 4d),绿泥石晶体存在大量的晶间孔(图 4c),厚度一般为5~15 μm。
(3)按照孔隙充填绿泥石晶体的晶形可分为绒球状绿泥石和分散片状绿泥石。孔隙充填绿泥石晶形自形程度高,绿泥石晶体与碎屑颗粒无明显垂直或平行关系,以玫瑰花状(图 4e)和分散片状(图 4f)充填于剩余原生孔隙和次生溶孔中。
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通过对研究区34口井214块铸体鉴定结果统计发现,研究区乌四段自生绿泥石含量一般在2%~8%,最大可达12%。研究区自生绿泥石在空间上具有明显的分带性:玛东斜坡夏盐扇的51块岩石薄片中,自生绿泥石的含量最高,其分布频率和绝对含量分别为65.4%和3.37%,多发育绿泥石—浊沸石共生矿物组合;其次为玛东扇,在53块岩石薄片中自生绿泥石的分布频率和绝对含量分别为60%和1.45%;玛西斜坡自生绿泥石较为少见,黄羊泉扇自生绿泥石分布频率和绝对含量分别为30.6%和1.00%;夏子街扇自生绿泥石分布频率和绝对含量最低,分别为24.6%和0.28%,常见浊沸石与凝灰质共生(图 5)。
Influence of Source Rock Properties on the Development of Authigenic Chlorite in Conglomerate Reservoirs and Its Significance for Oil and Gas Reservoirs: A case study from the Lower Urhe Formation in the Mahu Depression, Junggar Basin
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摘要: 近期取得重大发现的准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷砾岩油气藏表现出近源、粗粒、深埋、低渗的特征,其中下乌尔禾组(砂)砾岩储层质量与其中自生绿泥石及其伴生的成岩作用密切相关。基于大量铸体薄片观察和扫描电镜、电子探针、X荧光光谱等测试技术,对玛湖凹陷北部地区二叠系下乌尔禾组四段开展了岩石学、矿物学研究,以明确自生绿泥石含量、分布、成因及其对储层的影响,探索火山岩物源供给条件下储层成岩作用差异和优质储层发育规律。研究表明:1)玛北地区自生绿泥石主要为铁—镁过渡型偏富铁绿泥石,以颗粒薄膜、孔隙衬里和孔隙充填产出,物质主要来源于中基性火山物质;2)研究区发育4个砾岩扇体,物源区母岩性质差异较为明显。玛东斜坡夏盐扇、玛东扇砾岩储层中发育大量的自生绿泥和浊沸石,玛西斜坡夏子街扇和黄阳泉扇砾岩储层自生绿泥石缺乏,以浊沸石胶结为特点。不同母岩性质砾岩体在埋藏成岩演化过程发育不同的成岩序列;3)砾岩储层质量与物源区母岩性质关系密切,玛东斜坡自生绿泥石和浊沸石的析出导致储层胶结程度高、整体致密,储层质量取决于后期裂缝的改造。玛西斜坡缺乏自生绿泥石,浊沸石的析出抵抗了储层压实作用,保存了少量原生孔隙,为后期酸性流体的注入和浊沸石的溶蚀提供了可能。其中构造高部位浊沸石溶蚀程度高,储层质量好。Abstract: The conglomerate reservoirs discovered recently in the Mahu Depression, Junggar Basin have been characterized as near-source, coarse-grained, deep-buried, and low-permeability. The conglomerate reservoir quality of the Lower Urhe Formation is closely related to the authigenic chlorite and its associated diagenesis. Petrology and mineralogy were studied for the Permian Lower Urhe Formation in the northern Mahu Depression using thin section observation, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrum to clarify the content, distribution, and genesis of authigenic chlorite and its impact on reservoir quality and to explore the reservoir difference mechanism of diagenesis. The research shows that: 1) The authigenic chlorites in the northern Mahu Depression belong to iron-magnesium transitional iron-rich chlorites, produced by grain-coating, pore lining, and pore filling and controlled by iron-magnesium-rich volcanic material; 2) Four conglomerate fans were developed in the northern Mahu Depression, and the provenance properties of the source rock are obvious. The Xiayan and Madong fans along the slope of eastern Mahu Depression are characterized by the development of a combination of authigenic chlorites and laumontites, while both the Xiazijie and Huangyangquan fans along the slope of the western Mahu Depression are characterized only by laumontite cementation. Different conglomerate reservoirs from various source rocks are characterized by obvious differences within their diagenetic sequence; 3) The conglomerate reservoir quality is closely related to the properties of their source rock. The precipitation of authigenic chlorites and laumontites along the slope of the eastern Mahu Depression leads to high cementation and tightness overall. The good reservoir depends on later fracturing. Due to the lack of authigenic chlorites along the slope of the western Mahu Depression, the development of laumontite resists normal compaction and retains some of the primary pores, providing possible migration channels for the injection of later acidic fluids and laumontite dissolution. The conglomerate reservoirs located in the high part of the topography are possibly good quality due to a high degree of laumontite dissolution.
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图 2 玛湖凹陷玛北地区下乌尔禾组典型岩芯和岩石薄片照片
(a)砾石叠瓦状排列,牵引流沉积,盐002井,4 640.2 m;(b)砾石定向排列,牵引流沉积,玛005井,3 558.9 m;(c)砾石漂浮状,泥质杂基支撑,碎屑流沉积,玛西1井,3 754.8 m;(d)自生绿泥石与浊沸石胶结,单偏光,夏盐2井,4 718 m;(e)岩石薄片扫描结果,颗粒边缘发育钛铁质膜,岩石薄片XRF扫描结果,盐001井,4 983.5 m
Figure 2. Typical core and thin section photographs of the Lower Urhe Formation in the northern Mahu Depression
图 4 不同类型绿泥石特征
(a)孔隙衬里绿泥石(Chl⁃b),内部发育不等厚的钛铁质黏土矿物薄层(黄色箭头),盐001井,4 984.9 m,单偏光;(b)颗粒包膜绿泥石(Chl⁃a),玛211井,3 794.15 m,扫描电镜;(c)颗粒包膜绿泥石(Chl⁃a),晶间孔不发育,盐001井,4 983.7 m,背散射图像;(d)颗粒包膜绿泥石(Chl⁃a)和孔隙衬里绿泥石(Chl⁃b),绿泥石晶体晶形逐渐变好,盐北4井,3 915 m,扫描电镜;(e)绒球状绿泥石(Chl⁃c)与自生硅质(Q),玛211井,3 783.72 m,扫描电镜;(f)玫瑰花状绿泥石(Chl⁃c)与自生硅质(Q),盐北4井,3 869.12 m,扫描电镜
Figure 4. Characteristics of different types of chlorite
图 7 玛湖凹陷玛北地区下乌尔禾组典型成岩现象
(a)黏土包膜(黄色箭头所指),玛211井,3 771.9 m,单偏光;(b)不等厚钛铁质包膜(黄色箭头所指)和孔隙衬里绿泥石,盐001井,4 984.9 m,单偏光;(c)蒙脱石和绿泥石,似蜂巢状,玛217井,3 791.61 m,扫描电镜;(d)浊沸石溶孔内发育孔隙充填绿泥石(Chl⁃b),盐001井,4 984.9 m,单偏光;(e)碎屑颗粒间多为伊/蒙混层(I/S),玛3井,3 344.7 m,单偏光;(f)伊/蒙混层(I/S),玛009井,3 782.3 m,扫描电镜;(g)浊沸石与凝灰质,似示顶底结构,玛607井,4 103.5 m,单偏光;(h)浊沸石(Lmt)及浊沸石溶孔(黄色箭头所指),玛003井,3 635.25 m,单偏光;(i)浊沸石(Lmt)及浊沸石溶孔(黄色箭头所指),玛009井,3 730.2 m,单偏光
Figure 7. Typical diagenesis of the Lower Urhe Formation in the northern Mahu Depression
表 1 本研究使用资料统计
Table 1. Statistics of data used in this study
地区 扇体 井数/口 深度/m 岩芯/m 铸体薄片/个 扫描电镜/个 电子探针/个 X荧光光谱分析/个 玛东斜坡 夏盐扇 6 4 114~5 161 53.67 52 15 13 31 玛东扇 10 3 644~4 225 121.52 55 10 17 23 玛西斜坡 夏子街扇 12 3 008~3 641 240.4 81 12 7 36 黄阳泉扇 6 3 759~4 113 122.37 17 8 4 36 表 2 玛北地区乌四段砾岩126个岩屑岩石成分分析结果
Table 2. Component analysis of 126 rock fragments from the Lower Urho Formation in the northern Mahu Depression
扇体 井号 深度/m 岩屑/个 岩屑性质 超基性 基性 中性 酸性 夏盐扇 夏盐2井 4718 31 5.71% 25.71% 31.43% 37.14% 玛东扇 盐北2井 4468.7 23 4.35% 8.70% 39.13% 47.83% 夏子街扇 玛009井 3730.2 36 2.78% 2.78% 25.00% 69.44% 黄羊泉扇 玛607井 4103.5 36 0 5.56% 25.00% 69.44% 表 3 玛湖凹陷下乌尔禾组绿泥石晶体化学成分数据(%)
Table 3. Crystal chemistry (%) analyses of chlorites in the Lower Urho Formation, Mahu Depression
类型 点号 Na2O MgO FeO CaO Al2O3 SiO2 MnO K2O TiO2 Cr2O3 总量 自生绿泥石 孔隙衬里 1 0.1 19.78 20.95 0.31 16.43 30.69 0.48 0.07 0.14 0.03 89.07 2 0.13 18.04 21.88 0.39 17.74 29.27 0.58 0.06 ― 0.05 88.14 3 0.25 18.32 19.24 0.3 15.79 28.64 0.49 0.16 ― 0.14 83.33 4 0.39 19.23 19.36 0.31 14.96 29.74 0.48 0.19 0.08 0.03 84.07 孔隙充填 1 0.11 22.53 17.68 0.58 16.22 34.11 0.25 0.02 ― ― 91.5 2 ― 21.88 17.78 0.42 17.65 33.24 0.14 0.02 0.11 0.08 91.32 3 0.09 20.78 19.21 0.37 16.79 32.01 0.37 0.07 0.16 0.14 89.99 -
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