-
利用上述确定的有效储层岩性下限,选取镇泾区块8口井(图 1b)的长8油层组细砂岩进行常规物性、压汞分析、核磁共振、相渗透率、覆压孔渗及应力敏感性试验进行低孔渗储层有效物性下限的综合取值,以求油气充注期临界物性的精确厘定。
-
通过在坐标系内分别绘制有效储层(主要包括油层、油水同层、含油水层及水层)与非储层(主要包括干层、差油层)的物性频率分布曲线[20-23],基于58个样品点所得两条曲线的交会点(图 3a)可知长8油层组孔隙度下限约为9.0%,利用孔隙度—渗透率交会图拟合孔渗关系(图 3f)得到渗透率下限约为0.15×10-3 μm2。
-
大量的岩芯分析资料表明,低孔渗储层的物性与含油性之间具有一定的相关性(图 3b),砂岩的含油产状随着物性变好而变好,由此根据含油产状对储层物性下限进行确定。多数油田含油级别达到油迹及油斑以上级别即可出油[24-26],由此长8油层组孔隙度下限为8.0%,渗透率下限为0.10×10-3 μm2。
-
利用8口取芯井的试油资料,结合单层孔隙度、渗透率平均值编绘产层(油层、水层、油水同层、含油水层)和非储层(干层、差油层)的岩芯孔渗交会图版(图 3c),由此长8油层组孔隙度下限为9.0%。
-
前人在统计岩芯实测孔隙度、渗透率数据的基础上,以低孔渗段累计储渗能力丢失占总累计的5%左右的物性值作为有效储层的孔渗下限[22-26, 28, 35]。考虑到长8油层组低孔渗的储层特点,以累计频率丢失不超过总累计的15%,累计储能丢失不超过总累计的10%进行统计。通过研究区长8油层组564块岩芯样品的孔隙度和渗透率数据,分别绘制孔隙度和渗透率的分布直方图、累计频率及累计能力丢失曲线(图 3d,e),由此长8油层组孔隙度下限为7.5%,渗透率下限分别为0.15×10-3 μm2。
-
根据长8油层组岩芯实测孔渗交会图(图 3f)可知,按趋势变化可将孔渗曲线大致划分为三段式:第一段的渗透率变化甚微,主要为表现为无渗透能力的孔隙;第二段的渗透率呈明显增加趋势,为具一定渗透能力的有效孔隙;第三段的渗透率表现为急剧增大的趋势,此段孔喉半径增大,岩石渗流能力较强并趋于稳定[22-23],以第一、二段的转折点作为划分储集层与非储集层的物性界点,由此长8油层组孔隙度下限为8.5%,长8油层组渗透率下限为0.11×10-3 μm2。
-
由驱替压力与渗透率的关系图(图 4a)分析表明,由于渗透率是表征岩石渗流能力的直观参数,驱替压力与渗透率呈幂函数关系,且驱替压力的变化具有一个明显的拐点,当渗透率低于拐点处渗透率值时,驱替压力梯度值迅速上升;当渗透率高于拐点处渗透率值时,驱替压力值的变化范围不大[26-28]。求取该拐点对应的渗透率值即为研究区致密砂岩储层的渗透率下限,然后结合孔渗交会图(图 4a),以渗透率的下限推算相应的孔隙度下限,由此长8油层组孔隙度下限为4.8%,渗透率下限分别为0.05×10-3 μm2。
-
前人一般利用油水相渗曲线的交叉点(等渗点)对应渗透率作为储层渗透率的下限标准[29-30],通过对工区内3口井利用非稳态法测定各油层组油水相对渗透率(图 4b),由此长8油层组孔隙度下限分别为4.8%,渗透率下限分别为0.05×10-3 μm2。
-
核磁共振技术采用孔隙度和可动流体空间大小来计算核磁共振分析孔隙度,并由核磁共振测量样品T2信号的幅度值,可以得到样品的可动流体饱和度和渗透率Knmr[25-26, 31, 39]:
(1) 式中:Knmr为核磁共振分析渗透率,ϕ nmr为核磁共振分析孔隙度,T2为截止值,该公式中C取值0.5。
在低孔渗油藏中,可动流体饱和度可作为评价油层物性优劣、确定产油能力下限的重要指标之一。结合研究区7口井岩芯样品的气驱法核磁测试结果(图 4c)和廊坊国家重点实验室对可动流体饱和度的下限标准(> 10%),长8岩屑核磁渗透率最小(0.034 7×10-3 μm2)的样品点对应可动流体饱和度为10.80%,因而0.04×10-3 μm2可以作为研究区长8储层开采下限值,对应的3.9%可作为孔隙度下限值。
-
一般将既能储集油气又能使油气渗流的最小喉道称为油气的最小流动孔喉半径。普遍认为0.1 μm厚度的束缚水相当于水湿性碎屑岩表面附着的水膜厚度[21, 24-26, 28, 30, 32-34],当喉道半径 < 0.1 μm时,油气难以克服极高的毛细管阻力进入储层。根据常规压汞实验,以0.1 μm作为研究区储层的最小流动孔喉半径,通过绘制喉道半径与渗透率的交汇图(图 4d),由此长8油层组孔隙度下限分别为9.0%,渗透率下限分别为0.15×10-3 μm2。
-
经验统计法、分布函数曲线法、物性试油法、含油产状法、孔渗交会法是基于大量致密砂岩储层的测井、录井统计数据为基础,从统计学角度出发的静态的方法;而核磁共振法、驱替压力实验法、最小流动孔喉半径法、渗透率应力敏感性法及油水相对渗透率法是基于致密砂岩储层微观孔隙结构及渗流特征为基础的动态模拟的方法。
致密砂岩储层具有非达西流、非均质性较强、储层裂缝异常发育及微细孔喉为特点,因而采用常规方法研究其下限具有一定的局限性,综合上述9种方法来看,剔除奇异值后,所得长8油层组孔隙度下限范围为4.8%~9.0%,渗透率下限范围依次为0.04~0.15×10-3 μm2,所得物性下限区间变化范围较大,为避免因研究方法单一和适用性受限而在对有效储层下限标准取值时产生较大的偏差,在此对上述几种常规方法进行优选。
(1)基于致密砂岩储层非均质性强的特征,储层物性主要呈现非正态分布,分布函数曲线法并不适用。
(2)由于大多致密砂岩储层样品渗透率均小于1×10-3 μm2,不能满足油水相渗的行业标准SY/T 5345—1999测试规范规定的渗透率不小于5×10-3 μm2的要求,且理论上应以残余油饱和度时的水相相对渗透率进行划分,只是因为拐点不易确定,实际上采用等渗点(交叉点)对应渗透率为储层渗透率的下限标准,故油水相渗测试结果也仅供参考。
(3)最小流动孔喉半径法是以常规储层设定的0.1 μm为水膜厚度,而致密储层因非达西流特性,束缚水的水膜厚度可能高于0.1 μm[26],本次研究利用核磁共振测井技术对最小孔喉半径进行确定为0.111 5 μm(图 5),因此运用最小流动孔喉半径法还需对致密储层水膜厚度进行统计。
图 5 镇泾区块长8油层组可动流体饱和度与平均孔喉半径交会图
Figure 5. Cross-plot of movable fluid saturation vs. average pore-throat radius for Chang 8 oil-bearing layer in the Zhenjing block
(4)通过对HH103、HH12等井的长8储层进行应力敏感性分析,由于送检样品渗透率均小于1×10-3 μm2,不能满足行业标准SY/T5358—2002测试规范渗透率不小于1×10-3 μm2的要求,且由于储层早已致密化,增压过程中应敏较小(图 6),可能导致误差较大,故致密储层不宜采用此方法进行划分。
图 6 镇泾区块长8油层组HH12井渗透率应力敏感性分析
Figure 6. Stress sensitivity analysis for Chang 8 oil layer of well HH12, Zhenjing block
(5)因致密储层一般裂缝较发育,导致“甜点”异常发育,由孔隙度储油能力、渗透率产油能力计算公式(公式2)所得累计曲线中储层“甜点”所占权重较大,导致误差较大。另外,储层“甜点”异常发育(图 7),可能导致孔渗关系无法确定孔渗曲线的“三段式”,故对于裂缝极其发育的致密储层,经验统计法及孔渗交会法也不适用。
(2) 图 7 镇泾区块长9油层组孔隙度与渗透率交会图
Figure 7. Cross-plot of porosity vs. permeability forChang 9 oil-bearing layer in Zhenjing block
式中:Qϕi:第i个样品孔隙度储油能力,%;QKi:第i个样品渗透率产油能力,%;ϕi:第i个样品孔隙度,%;Ki:第i个样品渗透率,×10-3 μm2;hi:第i个样品的长度,m。
综合以上分析,此次优选出驱替压力实验法、核磁共振与含油产状法相结合,基于统计学的原理对上述各种方法获得的物性下限求取平均值,最终确定研究区致密砂岩长8储层物性的下限范围为7.17%和0.10 ×10-3 μm2(表 1)。
表 1 镇泾区块长8油层组有效下限综合取值一览表
Table 1. Effective lower limits of Chang 8 oil-bearing layer in the Zhenjing block
方法 对致密储层的适用性 孔隙度/% 渗透率/(×10-3 μm2) 分布函数曲线法 曲线形态呈非正态分布,仅供参考 ≥ 9.0 ≥ 0.15 含油产状法 优选 ≥ 8.0 ≥ 0.10 物性试油法 非达西流渗流特征,使表征储油能力的孔隙度与表征产油能力的渗透率之间相关性较差 ≥ 9.0 — 驱替压力实验法 非均质性强,孔隙结构复杂,非达西流,优选 ≥ 4.8 ≥ 0.05 油水相对渗透率法 < 5 ×10-3 μm2,测试仅供参考 ≥ 4.8 ≥ 0.05 核磁共振法 反映致密储层孔隙结构的复杂性,优选 ≥ 3.9 ≥ 0.04 最小流动孔喉法 水膜厚度采用常规储层标准(0.1 μm),致密储层束缚水水膜大于0.1 μm,仅供参考 ≥ 9.0 ≥ 0.15 经验统计法 基于大量致密储层的物性统计数据为基础,对储层甜点异常发育区不适用(如长9) ≥ 7.5 ≥ 0.15 孔隙度—渗透率交汇法 储层甜点异常发育,无法确定三段式 ≥ 8.5 ≥ 0.11 渗透率应力敏感性法 < 1 ×10-3 μm2,且储层早已致密化,应敏较小可能导致误差较大 — — 综合取值 剔除奇异值,求取均值 ≥ 7.17 ≥ 0.10 依据石油天然气行业标准[40],油层埋深1 000~2 000 m时,试油产液量必须 > 1 t/d属于工业油层,油层埋深2 000~3 000 m时,试油产液量必须 > 3 t/d属于工业油层。通过对长8油层组试油层段的产液量与储层物性进行交会(图 8),可知按照上述综合取值,有效储层最低产液量为2.871~4.052 t/d,符合该地区致密储层的工业油流标准。
-
由于沉积微相对储层物性起控制作用,选取代表不同沉积微相的HH12和HH105井对储层临界物性进行厘定。通过进行压力演化史(图 9)恢复,长8段地层现今埋深等效压力约为45 MPa,经历最大埋深时地层压力为60 MPa左右,由覆压孔渗实验(图 10)可知,长8段地层的压实作用持续至今。因此,在进行孔隙度预测之前,需要对地层进行去压实恢复及剥蚀量恢复。
图 9 镇泾区块HH12井(a)和HH105井(b)压力演化史图
Figure 9. Pressure evolution histories of wells HH12 and HH105, Zhenjing block
图 10 镇泾区块长8油层组砂岩物性与覆压关系
Figure 10. Relationship between physical properties andoverburden of Chang 8 oil layer, Zhenjing block
根据声波时差法计算HH12、HH105等井的剥蚀量进行剥蚀量补偿。
Athy[32]和Bloch[38]指出岩石孔隙度与深度之间存在指数关系:
(3) 式中:ϕ(h):孔隙度;ϕ0:初始孔隙度;c:压实系数(1/m);h:埋深。根据不同深度地层岩石的孔隙度测量值,在对数坐标中拟合指数函数做出ϕ-h关系曲线(图 11),从而可以得到HH12井ϕ0为45.458%和c为0.000 3;HH105井ϕ0为48.738%和c为0.001。从初始孔隙度和压实系数来看,HH12可能以砂岩为主,和HH105岩性可能以泥岩为主,这与两口井延长组沉积期沉积微相不同有关[15, 17]。可用压实系数来恢复沉积地层在不同地质时期的原始地层沉积厚度,即去压实恢复[36-38]。
图 11 镇泾区块长8油层组主成藏期储层临界物性确定的孔隙度剖面
Figure 11. Porosity section by the accumulation period, showing the critical properties forChang 8 oil-bearing layer in the Zhenjing block
岩石骨架厚度(hs)如下计算:
(4) 由此得出:
假设地层骨架厚度不变,则可得:
式中:h4,h3为某一层位原始顶底面埋深;h2,h1为某一层位现今的顶底面埋深。因此根据迭代法在已知现今顶、底埋深的基础上,求出长8油层组的原始顶面埋深。
-
由于产生岩石颗粒有效应力与孔隙流体应力的根本原因在于上覆地层产生的负荷,故孔隙度大小可用上覆负荷表示,即:
(5) σ:上覆负荷。
如果考虑时间因素,由马克斯韦尔黏弹性蠕变曲线可知岩石的应变量ε与时间t呈线性关系:
(6) 式中:ε:应变;σ0:应力;E:弹性模量;η:黏性系数;t:时间。
在小变形情况下,应变基本上反映介质孔隙度的改变量,即:
(7) 故存在:
(8) 如果将压实过程分解为一系列蠕变过程,则任意时间t的孔隙度ϕ可以对公式(8)求和得:
(9) 式中:ϕ0:初始孔隙度(沉积初期);σ(t):随时间变化的上覆压力,MPa。
Sombra et al.[14]于1997年首次使用时深效应指数TDI探讨与砂岩储层孔隙度的相关性,进而预测储层孔隙度。
(10) hi(t)为不同地质时期埋藏深度随时间变化的函数,km。
从式(9)和(10)可知,孔隙度ϕ和TDI均与作用时间(t)呈线性关系,不同之处在于孔隙度受上覆负荷压力σ(t)影响,而TDI则与地层埋深h(t)有关。另一方面,上覆负荷与埋深呈正比,即:
(11) 式中,a,b:系数;σ(t):上覆负荷。
以上分析与刘震等[18]2007年提出的地下岩石孔隙度的时间与深度双元函数模型相符:
(12) 式中,a、b、c、ϕ0为常数。
因此,孔隙度ϕ与TDI都是埋深和地质时间的函数,尝试通过建立TDI与ϕ之间的关系,对致密储层临界物性进行分析。通过关系拟合(图 12),对数关系拟合最优[17]。
(13) 图 12 镇泾区块HH12井与HH105井实测孔隙度与时间深度指数散点图
Figure 12. Cross-plot of measured porosity vs. TDI of wells HH12 and HH105, Zhenjing block
a代表各种沉积和成岩参数对孔渗的综合影响,它综合反应了诸如颗粒粒径、矿物分选性、岩性岩相、早期压实、胶结、溶蚀等多种因素的影响。利用HH12、HH105拟合方程对孔隙度进行预测,利用现今实测孔隙度(ϕ)及初始孔隙度(ϕ0)对预测孔隙度曲线进行端点约束(图 11)。
对于储层临界物性ϕlimit等于现今储层有效下限值ϕe加上成藏后孔隙度变化量△ϕ。
(14) 结合流体包裹体特征分析及构造演化史进行了成藏期次分析,可知长8油层组主成藏期对应135~125 Ma及95~82 Ma。由拟合所得的方程进行计算,可知△ϕt=90约为9.54%~10.34%,△ϕt=130约为19.84%~19.92%,结合所确定的储层物性下限通过式(14)计算得出,第一期充注(130 Ma)的临界物性为27.01%~27.09%;第二期充注(90 Ma)的临界物性为16.71%~17.51%。结合前人对镇泾区块长8—长9油层组的成岩相研究,油气成藏期之后储层发生了较严重的化学压实、方解石—硅质胶结作用导致储层物性大幅度降低[4-6, 30],自油气充注以来储层发生了较严重的致密化过程。
Determination of Lower Limits of Critical Properties of Chang 8 Tight Sandstone Reservoirs, Zhenjing Block, Ordos Basin
-
摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组广泛发育致密砂岩油气藏,其中长8油层组是该区富有潜力的勘探开发层位。成岩作用的复杂性,使得长8致密储层现今孔隙度与成藏期相比发生很大变化,因此,对长8油层组成藏充注期储层临界物性的厘定,有助于动态地评价储层质量,客观地评价储层的含油气性。根据粒度分析资料、砂岩薄片资料及含油产状统计,确定了研究区有效储层岩性下限为油斑—油迹细砂岩。并通过长8油层组有效储层的测井解释、试油、常规物性、压汞、核磁共振、相渗透率、覆压孔渗及应力敏感性试验等资料,基于统计学和超低渗透油藏流体渗流机理,优选合适的评价方法求出取镇泾区块长8油层组有效储层的物性下限为7.17%和0.10 ×10-3 μm2。基于孔隙度与时间、温度、深度、压力的函数关系,以地史模拟为基础,利用初始孔隙度及现今实测孔隙度进行端点约束,利用时深指数TDI对致密储层的临界物性进行厘定,得出两期油气充注的临界物性约为27.0%和17.0%,表明自油气充注以后储层发生了较严重的致密化过程。Abstract: Tight sandstone reservoirs occur widely throughout the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin. The Chang 8 oil-bearing layer is a potential exploration and development horizon in the area. Complex destructive diagenesis further compacted the reservoir, such that present-day porosity differs considerably from what is usual for the accumulation period. Therefore, determining its critical physical properties during knowledge of the charging periods helps to dynamically evaluate the quality of the reservoirs and their oil and gas properties. Firstly, by combining grain-size analysis, sandstone sheet data and comprehensive statistics of the oil grade, the lower limits of the lithology in the area were determined from spot-oil traces in the fine sandstone. Then, the log of the Chang 8 oil-bearing sandstone and oil production tests was analyzed by conventional physical property testing, mercury injection analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing, two-phase permeability analysis, overburden pressure and stress sensitivity analysis, etc. Based on statistical principles and fluid seepage mechanisms of ultra-low-permeability reservoirs, several methods applicable to tight reservoirs were selected to comprehensively determine the lower limits of the physical properties of effective reservoirs in the Chang 8 oil-bearing layer. Finally, the initial porosity was reconstructed by geohistory modeling from the relationships between porosity and time, temperature, depth and pressure. The measured porosity and the critical physical properties of the reservoirs are reported in terms of a time-depth index. The preferred NMR method of comprehensively determining the lower physical limits, along with displacement pressure testing and oil-bearing occurrence methods appropriate to tight reservoirs, gave a porosity of 7.17% and seepage of 0.1×10–3 µm2. The geohistory model endpoint constraints were the original (pre-compaction) and measured porosities. The time-depth index showed that the critical porosities during the two periods of hydrocarbon charging were about 27.0% and 17.0%, indicating that the reservoirs were significantly compacted after hydrocarbon charging.
-
图 3 静态方法综合确定长8油层组有效储层物性下限
(a)分布函数曲线法;(b)含油产状法;(c)物性试油法;(d)(e)经验统计法;(f)孔渗交会法
Figure 3. Determination of the lower limits of effective reservoir properties of Chang 8 oil-bearing layer by static methods
(a) distribution function curve method; (b) oil-bearing occurrence method; (c) physical property test method; (d)(e) empirical statistical methods; and (f) porosity-permeability intersection method
图 4 动态方法综合确定长8油层组有效储层物性下限
(a)驱替压力实验法;(b)油水相对渗透率法;(c)核磁共振法;(d)最小流动孔喉半径法
Figure 4. Determination of the lower limits of effective reservoir properties of Chang 8 oil-bearing layer by dynamic methods
(a) displacement pressure testing; (b) oil-water relative permeability testing; (c) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing; and (d) minimum flow pore-throat radius testing
表 1 镇泾区块长8油层组有效下限综合取值一览表
Table 1. Effective lower limits of Chang 8 oil-bearing layer in the Zhenjing block
方法 对致密储层的适用性 孔隙度/% 渗透率/(×10-3 μm2) 分布函数曲线法 曲线形态呈非正态分布,仅供参考 ≥ 9.0 ≥ 0.15 含油产状法 优选 ≥ 8.0 ≥ 0.10 物性试油法 非达西流渗流特征,使表征储油能力的孔隙度与表征产油能力的渗透率之间相关性较差 ≥ 9.0 — 驱替压力实验法 非均质性强,孔隙结构复杂,非达西流,优选 ≥ 4.8 ≥ 0.05 油水相对渗透率法 < 5 ×10-3 μm2,测试仅供参考 ≥ 4.8 ≥ 0.05 核磁共振法 反映致密储层孔隙结构的复杂性,优选 ≥ 3.9 ≥ 0.04 最小流动孔喉法 水膜厚度采用常规储层标准(0.1 μm),致密储层束缚水水膜大于0.1 μm,仅供参考 ≥ 9.0 ≥ 0.15 经验统计法 基于大量致密储层的物性统计数据为基础,对储层甜点异常发育区不适用(如长9) ≥ 7.5 ≥ 0.15 孔隙度—渗透率交汇法 储层甜点异常发育,无法确定三段式 ≥ 8.5 ≥ 0.11 渗透率应力敏感性法 < 1 ×10-3 μm2,且储层早已致密化,应敏较小可能导致误差较大 — — 综合取值 剔除奇异值,求取均值 ≥ 7.17 ≥ 0.10 -
[1] 淡卫东, 程启贵, 牛小兵, 等.鄂尔多斯盆地重点含油区块长4+5-长8油层组低渗透储层综合评价[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报), 2011, 33(8):48-53. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=jhsyxyxb201108011 Dan Weidong, Cheng Qigui, Niu Xiaobing, et al. Integrated evaluation of low permeability reservoirs of Chang 4+5-Chang 8 Formations of main oil-bearing blocks in Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology (Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute), 2011, 33(8):48-53. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=jhsyxyxb201108011 [2] 赵靖舟, 吴少波, 武富礼.论低渗透储层的分类与评价标准:以鄂尔多斯盆地为例[J].岩性油气藏, 2007, 19(3):28-31, 53. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2007.03.005 Zhao Jingzhou, Wu Shaobo, Wu Fuli. The classification and evaluation criterion of low permeability reservoir:An example from Ordos Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2007, 19(3):28-31, 53. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2007.03.005 [3] Wang Y, Zhu Y M, Wang H Y, et al. Nanoscale pore morphology and distribution of lacustrine shale reservoirs:Examples from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2015, 24(4):512-519. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2015.06.004 [4] Li Y, Chang X C, Yin W, et al. Quantitative impact of diagenesis on reservoir quality of the Triassic Chang 6 tight oil sandstones, Zhenjing area, Ordos Basin, China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2017, 86:1014-1028. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.07.005 [5] Li Y, Chang X C, Yin W, et al. Quantitative identification of diagenetic facies and controls on reservoir quality for tight sandstones:A case study of the Triassic Chang 9 oil layer, Zhenjing area, Ordos Basin[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2019, 102:680-694. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.01.025 [6] Wang G W, Chang X C, Yin W, et al. Impact of diagenesis on reservoir quality and heterogeneity of the Upper Triassic Chang 8 tight oil sandstones in the Zhenjing area, Ordos Basin, China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2017, 83:84-96. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.03.008 [7] 刘震, 黄艳辉, 潘高峰, 等.低孔渗砂岩储层临界物性确定及其石油地质意义[J].地质学报, 2012, 86(11):1815-1825. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5717.2012.11.011 Liu Zhen, Huang Yanhui, Pan Gaofeng, et al. Determination of critical properties of low porosity and permeability sandstone reservoir and its significance in petroleum geology[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2012, 86(11):1815-1825. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5717.2012.11.011 [8] 金博, 韩军, 姜淑云, 等.储层临界物性对岩性圈闭油气成藏的意义:以准噶尔盆地东部白家海凸起侏罗系储层为例[J].西安石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2012, 27(3):1-7. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-064X.2012.03.001 Jin Bo, Han Jun, Jiang Shuyun, et al. Control of critical physical properties of reservoir to the hydrocarbon accumulation in lithological traps:Taking Jurassic of Baijiahai uplift in the eastern Junggar Basin as an example[J]. Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University (Natural Science Edition), 2012, 27(3):1-7. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-064X.2012.03.001 [9] 刘震, 刘静静, 王伟, 等.低孔渗砂岩石油充注临界条件实验:以西峰油田为例[J].石油学报, 2012, 33(6):996-1002. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/syxb201206010 Liu Zhen, Liu Jingjing, Wang Wei, et al. Experimental analyses on critical conditions of oil charge for low-permeability sandstones:A case study of Xifeng oilfield, Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2012, 33(6):996-1002. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/syxb201206010 [10] Liu M J, Liu Z, Sun X M, et al. Paleoporosity and critical porosity in the accumulation period and their impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation:A case study of the middle Es3 member of the Paleogene formation in the Niuzhuang Sag, Dongying Depression, southeastern Bohai Bay Basin, East China[J]. Petroleum Science, 2014, 11(4):495-507. doi: 10.1007/s12182-014-0365-y [11] 潘高峰, 刘震, 赵舒, 等.砂岩孔隙度演化定量模拟方法:以鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾地区延长组为例[J].石油学报, 2011, 32(2):249-256. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8719.2011.02.016 Pan Gaofeng, Liu Zhen, Zhao Shu, et al. Quantitative simulation of sandstone porosity evolution:A case from Yanchang Formation of the Zhenjing area, Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2011, 32(2):249-256. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8719.2011.02.016 [12] 潘高峰, 刘震, 胡晓丹.镇泾长8砂岩古孔隙度恢复方法与应用[J].科技导报, 2011, 29(3):34-38. doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2011.03.004 Pan Gaofeng, Liu Zhen, Hu Xiaodan. Restoration methodology of sandstone paleoporosity and its application to Chang Formation in Zhenjing area[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2011, 29(3):34-38. doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2011.03.004 [13] 石广仁, 米石云, 张庆春, 等.盆地模拟原理方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社, 1998:129-132. Shi Guangren, Mi Shiyun, Zhang Qingchun, et al. Basin simulation principle method[M]. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press, 1998:129-132. [14] Sombra C L, Kiang C H. Burial history and porosity evolution of Brazilian Upper Jurassic to Tertiary sandstone reservoirs[M]//Kupecz J A, Gluyas J G. Reservoir quality prediction in sandstones and carbonates. Tulsa: AAPG Memoir, 1997: 79-89. [15] 乐友喜, 袁青, 韩宏伟, 等.时深效应指数在超压储层孔隙度预测中的应用[J].物探与化探, 2012, 36(5):793-797. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/wtyht201205017 Yue Youxi, Yuan Qing, Han Hongwei, et al. The application of TDI to predicting porosity in deep overpressure environment[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2012, 36(5):793-797. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/wtyht201205017 [16] 王粤川, 孟元林, 贺茹, 等.用时深效应指数预测储层孔隙度:以辽河坳陷西部凹陷南段沙三中亚段为例[J].中国海上油气, 2006, 18(5):308-312, 329. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1506.2006.05.004 Wang Yuechuan, Meng Yuanlin, He Ru, et al. Predicting reservoir porosity by time-depth index:A case study on Es3m in the southern Xibu Sag, Liaohe Depression[J]. China Offshore Oil and Gas, 2006, 18(5):308-312, 329. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1506.2006.05.004 [17] 袁青.深层超压环境储层孔隙度预测方法研究[D].青岛: 中国石油大学(华东), 2011. http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10425-1011287848.htm Yuan Qing. Study of porosity prediction in deep overpressure environment[D]. Qingdao: China University of Petroleum (East China), 2011. http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10425-1011287848.htm [18] 刘震, 邵新军, 金博, 等.压实过程中埋深和时间对碎屑岩孔隙度演化的共同影响[J].现代地质, 2007, 21(1):125-132. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2007.01.016 Liu Zhen, Shao Xinjun, Jin Bo, et al. Co-effect of depth and burial time on the evolution of porosity for classic rocks during the stage of compaction[J]. Geoscience, 2007, 21(1):125-132. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2007.01.016 [19] Xia L, Liu Z, Li W L, et al. Initial porosity and compaction of consolidated sandstone in Hangjin Qi, North Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2018, 166:324-336. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2018.02.060 [20] 万玲, 孙岩, 魏国齐.确定储集层物性参数下限的一种新方法及其应用:以鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田为例[J].沉积学报, 1999, 17(3):454-457. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.1999.03.019 Wan Ling, Sun Yan, Wei Guoqi. A new method used to determine the lower limit of the petrophysical parameters for reservoir and its application:A case study on Zhongbu gas field in Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1999, 17(3):454-457. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.1999.03.019 [21] 王艳忠, 操应长.车镇凹陷古近系深层碎屑岩有效储层物性下限及控制因素[J].沉积学报, 2010, 28(4):752-761. http://www.cjxb.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract590.shtml Wang Yanzhong, Cao Yingchang. Lower property limit and controls on deep effective clastic reservoirs of Paleogene in Chezhen Depression[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2010, 28(4):752-761. http://www.cjxb.ac.cn/CN/abstract/abstract590.shtml [22] 李烨, 司马立强, 闫建平, 等.低孔、低渗致密砂岩储层物性下限值的确定:以川中P地区须二段气藏为例[J].天然气工业, 2014, 34(4):52-56. doi: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2014.04.007 Li Ye, Sima Liqiang, Yan Jianping, et al. Determination of petrophysical property cutoffs of tight sandstone gas reservoirs:A case study of T3x2 gas reservoirs in P area of central Sichuan Basin[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2014, 34(4):52-56. doi: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2014.04.007 [23] 黎菁, 赵峰, 刘鹏.苏里格气田东区致密砂岩气藏储层物性下限值的确定[J].天然气工业, 2012, 32(6):31-35. doi: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2012.06.007 Li Jing, Zhao Feng, Liu Peng. Determination of lower limits of porosity and permeability of tight sand gas reservoirs in the eastern block of the Sulige gas field[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2012, 32(6):31-35. doi: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2012.06.007 [24] 郭睿.储集层物性下限值确定方法及其补充[J].石油勘探与开发, 2004, 31(5):140-144. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0747.2004.05.039 Guo Rui. Supplement to determining method of cut-off value of net pay[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2004, 31(5):140-144. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0747.2004.05.039 [25] 魏小薇, 谢继容, 唐大海, 等.低孔渗砂岩储层基质物性下限确定方法研究:以川中LA构造沙一段油藏为例[J].天然气工业, 2005, 25(增刊. 1):28-31, 11. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-TRQG2005S1007.htm Wei Xiaowei, Xie Jirong, Tang Dahai, et al. Methods of determining the matrix petrophysical cutoffs of low porosity and low permeability sandstone reservoir:Taking the J2s1 oil reservoir in LA field in central Sichuan as an example[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2005, 25(Suppl. 1):28-31, 11. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-TRQG2005S1007.htm [26] 焦翠华, 夏冬冬, 王军, 等.特低渗砂岩储层物性下限确定方法:以永进油田西山窑组储集层为例[J].石油与天然气地质, 2009, 30(3):379-383. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9985.2009.03.019 Jiao Cuihua, Xia Dongdong, Wang Jun, et al. Methods for determining the petrophysical property cutoffs of extra-low porosity and permeability sandstone reservoirs:An example from the Xishanyao Formation reservoirs in Yongjin oilfield[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2009, 30(3):379-383. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9985.2009.03.019 [27] 李明, 刘继梓, 王雪荔, 等. S油田W南区长6特低渗透储层物性下限标准研究[J].辽宁化工, 2010, 39(10):1065-1068. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0935.2010.10.022 Li Ming, Liu Jizi, Wang Xueli, et al. Study on petrophysical property cutoff of the southern W Chang 6 extra-low permeability reservoir in the S oilfield[J]. Liaoning Chemical Industry, 2010, 39(10):1065-1068. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0935.2010.10.022 [28] 付金华, 罗安湘, 张妮妮, 等.鄂尔多斯盆地长7油层组有效储层物性下限的确定[J].中国石油勘探, 2014, 19(6):82-88. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2014.06.0010 Fu Jinhua, Luo Anxiang, Zhang Nini, et al. Determine lower limits of physical properties of effective reservoirs in Chang 7 oil formation in Ordos Basin[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2014, 19(6):82-88. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2014.06.0010 [29] 彭勃, 吕国祥, 完颜祺琪.低孔低渗砂岩储层物性下限确定方法研究:以子洲气田山西组山23段气藏为例[J].天然气技术, 2009, 3(1):34-36. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-TRJJ200901017.htm Peng Bo, Lü Guoxiang, Wanyan Qiqi. Determining lower limit of physical property in low-porosity and low-permeability sandstone reservoirs:An example from the 3rd layer in P1s2 of Zizhou gasfield[J]. Natural Gas Technology, 2009, 3(1):34-36. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-TRJJ200901017.htm [30] Shi B B, Chang X C, Yin W, et al. Quantitative evaluation model for tight sandstone reservoirs based on statistical methods:A case study of the Triassic Chang 8 tight sandstones, Zhenjing area, Ordos Basin, China[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2019, 173:601-616. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2018.10.035 [31] 公言杰, 柳少波, 赵孟军, 等.核磁共振与高压压汞实验联合表征致密油储层微观孔喉分布特征[J].石油实验地质, 2016, 38(3):389-394. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=sysydz201603016 Gong Yanjie, Liu Shaobo, Zhao Mengjun, et al. Characterization of micro pore throat radius distribution in tight oil reservoirs by NMR and high pressure mercury injection[J]. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 2016, 38(3):389-394. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=sysydz201603016 [32] Athy L F. Density, porosity, and compaction of sedimentary rock[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1930, 14(1):1-24. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=b6041494bd398fc31dace86cb77e1788 [33] 姜航, 庞雄奇, 施和生, 等.基于毛细管力的有效储层物性下限判别[J].地质论评, 2014, 60(4):869-876. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dzlp201404016 Jiang Hang, Pang Xiongqi, Shi Hesheng, et al. Physical threshold of effective reservoir evaluation based on capillary pressure[J]. Geological Review, 2014, 60(4):869-876. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dzlp201404016 [34] 宋子齐, 程国建, 王静, 等.特低渗透油层有效厚度确定方法研究[J].石油学报, 2006, 27(6):103-106. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-2697.2006.06.023 Song Ziqi, Cheng Guojian, Wang Jing, et al. Determination of effective thickness for oil reservoirs with extra-low permeability[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2006, 27(6):103-106. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-2697.2006.06.023 [35] 侯雨庭, 郭清娅, 李高仁.西峰油田有效厚度下限研究[J].中国石油勘探, 2003, 8(2):51-54. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2003.02.009 Hou Yuting, Guo Qingya, Li Gaoren. The study of net pay cut off about Xifeng oilfield[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2003, 8(2):51-54. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2003.02.009 [36] 杨桥, 漆家福.碎屑岩层的分层去压实校正方法[J].石油实验地质, 2003, 25(2):206-210. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6112.2003.02.019 Yang Qiao, Qi Jiafu. Method of delaminated decompaction correction[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2003, 25(2):206-210. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6112.2003.02.019 [37] 李绍虎, 吴冲龙, 吴景富, 等.一种新的压实校正法[J].石油实验地质, 2000, 22(2):110-114. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6112.2000.02.003 Li Shaohu, Wu Chonglong, Wu Jingfu, et al. A new method for compaction correction[J]. Experimental Petroleum Geology, 2000, 22(2):110-114. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6112.2000.02.003 [38] Bloch S. Empirical prediction of porosity and permeability in sandstones[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1991, 75(7):1145-1160. http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=0992ae7504914f0c44a68d2ff372b5f4&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn [39] 韩文学, 高长海, 韩霞.核磁共振及微、纳米CT技术在致密储层研究中的应用:以鄂尔多斯盆地长7段为例[J].断块油气田, 2015, 22(1):62-66. http://www.cnki.com.cn/article/cjfdtotal-dkyt201501013.htm Han Wenxue, Gao Changhai, Han Xia. Application of NMR and micrometer and nanometer CT technology in research of tight reservoir:Taking Chang 7 member in Ordos Basin as an example[J]. Fault-Block Oil & Gas Field, 2015, 22(1):62-66. http://www.cnki.com.cn/article/cjfdtotal-dkyt201501013.htm [40] 中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会. SY/T 6293-2008勘探试油工作规范[S].北京: 石油工业出版社, 2008. National Development and Reform Commission. SY/T 6293-2008 Specifications of well testing in exploration[S]. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 2008.